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The article reviews the results of research devoted to the study of the mental health of the civilian population of Kharkiv and the Kharkiv region under conditions of Russia's full-scale military invasion of Ukraine. The research was conducted by scientists from the Department of Sociology and Psychology of the Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. Some results regarding the assessment of levels of subjective well-being, neuropsychological tension, and post-traumatic stress are discussed. Attention is paid to the examination of research tools, the basis of which is the corresponding psychodiagnostic methods, as well as the peculiarities of the application of these methods in relation to mass surveys. The main conclusions drawn from the research indicate that the mental health indicators of respondents fluctuate within the normal range, which can be considered a sign of psychological resilience. The study has formulated hypotheses regarding the factors that influence mental health and, at the same time, psychological resilience, including: the prevalence of specific coping strategies (seeking/providing support); optimism, self-belief, and faith in the future; social activity; and positive interpersonal relationships. It is emphasized that these hypotheses provide a foundation for further research into the state of mental health and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity is a moral characteristic of a person that distinguishes him from other living creatures. In a civilized society, the highest value is life, honor, dignity and freedom, it is these characteristics that make us subjects of society. Crimes against humanity are unlawful acts that do not simply violate human rights, but are actually aimed at transforming it from a subject of society into an object, destroying humanity. One of the forms of a crime against humanity is rape. Currently, this form of a crime against humanity is committed against the civilian population of Ukraine. In order to effectively bring those guilty of committing this crime to justice at the international and national levels, it is necessary, first of all, to conduct a detailed study of rape as a form of a crime against humanity. That is why this scientific article analyzes in detail the concept and features of a crime against humanity, the genesis of the formation of such a phenomenon as rape in the context of crimes against humanity, and provides a criminal-legal characterization of the composition of this crime in accordance with international regulatory legal acts, in particular the Rome Statute. Of great importance in this study is the analysis of rape as a form of crime against humanity from three different aspects. The first aspect is the analysis of a crime against humanity as a general legal category - revealing the concept and features of this crime. The second aspect is to reveal the meaning of this international crime, in particular its form as rape, through a historical prism, during the world wars. And the third aspect is the criminal-legal characterization of the composition of rape as a form of crime against humanity from the point of view of international law. Therefore, this scientific work is intended not only to examine in detail rape as a form of crime against humanity in scientific and practical terms, but also to once again emphasize the importance of protecting human rights, as well as learning the historical lessons of the past to properly hold those guilty of crimes against humanity accountable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the civil war in Syria is no longer the primary focus of the global political and media landscape, the population in Syria will feel the consequences of flagrant violations of human rights and international humanitarian law for a long time. The conflict, which began in 2011, is still ongoing, albeit at reduced intensity, while economic and social conditions in Syria continue to deteriorate. The negative consequences resulting from the war are complex and diverse, with immediate as well as long-term effects, including physical, psychological, economic, and social aspects. The focus of this paper is the treatment and consequences of civil war on the civilian population in Syria, viewed through the prism of specific impacts, including primary and secondary effects. The aim is to delve deeper than the obvious consequences, which are not only reflected in the loss of human lives, but also in the long-term effects on key social sectors where the impact of war is most strongly felt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the topic of the psychological impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the civilian population of Ukraine is due to the urgent need to understand and minimise the negative psychosocial consequences of the conflict. Mass displacement, loss of loved ones, economic instability and constant threat to life have a significant impact on the mental health of the population, creating new challenges for the healthcare system and social institutions. The study aims to investigate the psychological consequences of war for the civilian population of Ukraine. Its object is the mental state and socio-psychological characteristics of people affected by the war. The methodological basis of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature, covering theoretical and empirical works in the fields of crisis psychology and psychosocial support. The results of the study showed that the most common psychological problems among the affected population are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, sleep disorders and other psychosomatic disorders. In addition, the study revealed the impact of the war on social ties, increased isolation, and difficulties in adapting to new living conditions, especially among internally displaced persons. The study's practical significance lies in the fact that its results can be used to develop effective psychosocial support programmes for different groups of people affected by the war. The proposed measures are aimed at restoring mental health, improving adaptation and reducing the risk of developing long-term psychological consequences of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'Enquête de Santé publique post-attentats du 13 novembre 2015 (ESPA 13 novembre) est une enquête épidémiologique réalisée par Santé publique France, dans le cadre du programme 13 novembre. Le première phase a été réalisée en 2016. Elle interroge les personnes civiles et les intervenants (professionnels et bénévoles) exposés aux attaques afin d'explorer l'impact post-traumatique des attentats sur leur santé ainsi que leur recours aux soins. L'enquête se présente sous la forme d'une série de questions fermées ainsi que de plusieurs questions ouvertes. Nous exposons ici l'analyse des réponses des civils, rédigées entre 8 et 12 mois après les attentats, à la question spécifique suivante : « Si vous avez des enfants, pouvez-vous nous dire si vous pensez que l'expérience que vous avez vécue a eu un effet sur eux, ou sur la relation avec eux ? Pouvez-vous nous expliquer ? ». Il s'agit de connaître l'impact des attentats sur les enfants des civils exposés et sur les relations parents–enfants, ce qui a été peu étudié dans le cadre d'attentats de masse. Nous avons procédé à une analyse thématique des réponses des civils à la question spécifique concernant leurs enfants, en constituant les thématiques générales par réduction de données. L'analyse thématique laisse apparaître quatre thèmes principaux qui concernent l'impact des attentats sur les relations parents–enfants, les changements vécus dans leur rôle de parent, les réactions des enfants et enfin, la manière dont ils ont tenté de protéger leurs enfants. Quelques mois après les attentats de novembre 2015, une partie des participants à l'enquête mettent en avant les changements psychiques qui se sont opérés chez eux : mal-être, peur du monde extérieur, inquiétude concernant la sécurité de leurs enfants. Ils relèvent d'existence de difficultés chez leurs enfants termes de stress, d'insécurité, de perturbations psychiques jusqu'à l'émergence de véritables troubles. S'ils ont tenté de mobiliser leur fonction de protection de multiples façons, une partie d'entre eux indiquent se sentir impuissant et avoir des difficultés à trouver des espaces de soins adaptés. Les enfants de leur côté peuvent également se montrer très protecteur avec leurs parents. Pour certains, cette inquiétude mutuelle a provoqué un resserrement des liens familiaux qui a pour fonction la réassurance du groupe. Santé publique France carried out a web-based epidemiological survey (ESPA 13 Novembre) between 8 and 12 months after the terrorist attacks of the 13 November 2015. This was done in order to explore the post-traumatic psychological impact of the attacks on the directly exposed civilians and responders as well as their use of healthcare services. The survey took the form of a series of closed-ended questions as well as several open-ended questions. We present here an analysis of the responses of civilians to the following specific question: "If you have children, can you tell us whether you think the experience you went through had an effect on them, or on your relationship with them? Can you explain?". To find out about the impact of the attacks on the children of exposed civilians and on parent–child relationships, something that has never been studied in the context of mass attacks. We carried out a thematic analysis of civilians' responses to this specific question, building up general themes by data reduction. The analyses revealed four main themes which relate to the impact of the exposure to terrorist attacks on parent-child relationships, the changes experienced in their role as parents, their children's reactions and, finally, the ways in which they tried to protect their children. The parents highlighted the psychological changes that operated in them, their unease, their fear of the outside world, and their concern for their children's safety. They discussed the consequences of the attacks on their children in terms of stress, insecurity, psychological disturbances, and even of the emergence of real disorders. The parents have tried to fulfil their protective role in a variety of ways, sometimes with a feeling of powerlessness reinforced for some by the difficulty of finding suitable care spaces. Attachment bonds have, for the most part, tightened in these families demonstrating their reassuring function within the group. It seems essential to care for children, and the family as a whole, alongside their parents, in order to re-establish secure attachment bonds which are a factor in resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, conflicts between territorial recruitment centers and civilians are becoming increasingly relevant and significant. This topic covers a wide range of issues related to the interaction of military structures and civil society, as well as the problems of social support and integration of military personnel into civilian life. The article examines the peculiarities and essence of the conflict between the civilian population and the Territorial Center for Recruitment and Social Support (hereinafter - TCR and SP). This topic examines the issue of illegal detention or abduction of a person by the employees of the TCR and SP under martial law, and the issue of violation of the constitutional rights of citizens. The main causes of conflicts between the civilian population and the TCR and SP include insufficient awareness of procedures and rights, ineffective communication between military structures and citizens, as well as problems in the organization and provision of social support. Conflicts can arise due to inequitable distribution of resources, bureaucratic obstacles and lack of transparency in the activities of the TCC and SP. Misunderstandings arise for a variety of reasons, including insufficient communication between military and civilian organizations, violations of current Ukrainian legislation, shortcomings in social policy, and the lack of adequate support and rehabilitation mechanisms. The study examines the main causes and consequences of such conflicts, as well as possible ways to resolve them. Particular attention is paid to the role of the state and civil society organizations in providing social support to the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The essence of such conflicts lies in the confrontation between the interests of the civilian population and military structures, which can lead to a decrease in trust in state institutions, increased social tension and a deterioration in the quality of life of citizens. Conflicts can also affect the morale of not only military personnel but also the entire society, which requires special attention and support during martial law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An interview recorded in August 2023 from a witness to the events of the first two months after the large-scale invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine on February 24, 2022, is presented. The purpose is to introduce into scientific circulation the testimony of a man of advanced years who became an eyewitness to the rapid attack of enemy forces on the north of the Kyiv region in February — March 2022, and, therefore, highlight the situation of the civilian population of villages that were close to the already occupied territories and were constantly threatened by the enemy’s further advance towards Kyiv, enemy artillery fi re, bombings, fires, and casualties. The methodology is based on obtaining information of a subjective nature through semi-structured interviews using predetermined questions, leaving room for flexibility depending on the person’s answers about events from his personal life. In the future, individual experience can be compared with other sources regarding the realities of the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian war. The scientific novelty lies in reconstructing the daily survival practices of the peasants who were under the threat of occupation due to the enemy’s advance on Kyiv. Currently, it is difficult to understand them completely without referring to oral texts, including those that can be interpreted as personal documents. Conclusions. The interview materials reflect a living, non-static story. The latter appears in a three-dimensional section: place, time, and circumstances in which the individual found himself. Considering the fleeting nature of events and the impossibility of their immediate documentary recording, the oral history narrative about the personal experience of the survival of an average person in the extraordinary circumstances of the war can be included in the future mega-historical narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Currently, a pressing scientific problem is a comprehensive study of the systemic genocide of civilians carried out by the Nazi administration in the occupied territories of the USSR. In the legal dimension, such activities are associated with various factors, including the forced transfer of Soviet citizens to forced labor in Germany. In this context the integrated reconstruction of internal counteraction to the repressive practices of the Nazi authorities is of significant interest, carried out by underground organizations and partisan detachments. Materials and Methods. In this article, armed resistance to the forced relocation of the civilian population in the occupied territory of the Rostov region is examined on the basis of documentary sources contained in regional archives and identified as part of the heuristic work of the team of authors. Historical reconstruction is based not only on the objective results of source analysis, but also on the conceptual foundation formed by the previous historiographical tradition. Analysis. Significant empirical material, extracted from differentiated sources, qualitatively illustrates the author’s conclusion, according to which the active actions of underground organizations and partisan detachments helped a significant number of local residents avoid forced deportation in Germany. Armed resistance to the criminal actions of the Nazi occupation authorities was based on the broad support of the civilian population, which determined the high efficiency of the practical actions of theTaganrog partisans and underground fighters in difficult natural and social conditions. Results. A significant role in the systemic prevention of the forced movement of Don residents to Germany was played by both voluntary assistants of underground organizations and direct participants in combat groups, skillfully introduced into the administrative structures of German administration.

Humanitarian diplomacy, in order to foster respect for the civilian population and, in general, for non-combatants, does not aim to legally evaluate the events occurring during an armed conflict. Instead, it is limited to adopting the pertinent and possible measures to assist the actual or potential victims of the crisis generated by it. In the case of serious and repeated breaches of international humanitarian law, it seeks to hold the violators accountable, primarily through the criminal sanctioning of war crimes or serious violations of this branch of public international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The protection of civilians is a basic ethical, strategic, and legal requirement for the international community and every democratic state, one of the key aspects of any military (combat) action. Such protection should not only be proclaimed, but also serve as a priority. If armed forces during armed conflicts rely on the foundation laid by international humanitarian law and adhere to civilised rules of military (combat) operations, then the damage caused to the civilian population can be minimised. This problem is also important in terms of the international and national legal protection of the civilian population during the international military conflict in Ukraine.

INTRODUCTION. Fighting is increasingly taking place in populated areas, including large cities, which leads to indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian objects. This problem is recognized by the UN, by an increasing number of States and requires training of combatants to choose and apply appropriate means and methods of war in populated areas to prevent or minimize accidental harm to the civilian population and civilian objects in such conditions. However, for example, the actions of the US-led coalition in 20162017 to liberate Iraqi Mosul from terrorists, the armed formations of Ukraine in the Donbas since 2014, which caused unjustifiably large civilian casualties and destruction of urban infrastructure, indicate that the Western powers and their satellites ignored these requirements.The purpose of the article is to identify and scientifically analyze problematic issues in the application of international humanitarian law for the protection of civilians and civilian objects in armed conflicts in urbanized areas.MATERIALS AND METHODS. To reveal the theoretical aspects of the problem under consideration, a system-structural approach, generalization, deduction, methods of scientific abstraction, logical and system analysis are applied. Special research methods were also used: historical-legal, comparative-legal and formal-legal.RESEAECH RESULTS. Within the framework of this publication, the authors analyzed the problems of international legal protection of civilians and civilian objects in the context of hostilities in an urbanized area and developed proposals for their solution.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. According to the results of the study, it was found that the principles and norms of international law developed by mankind as a whole make it possible to ensure the protection of the civilian population and civilian objects during the conduct of hostilities, including in cities, under the key condition the realization of responsibility for crimes against peace, humanity and war crimes.

The relevance of the topic is due to the increased risk of radiation hazards on the territory of Ukraine caused by the frequent shelling of nuclear power plants in the Zaporizhzhya region. This research work aims to calculate the percentage of the population that is sufficiently aware of the issues in providing medical care for radiation and other injuries. During the scientific research, the authors used analytical, statistical, and diagnostic methods to study information on radiation hazards and define the specifics and consequences of the use of various types of biological weapons. The main results achieved within the framework of this scientific study would be a clear justification and assessment of the radiation hazards for Ukrainians and a determination of the feasibility and indications for the use of certain medicines. The results obtained and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of practical importance for the military, territorial defence fighters, students of medical universities, sanitary workers, police officers, teachers, drivers, and civilians.

The criminal law assessment of each violation of the rules and customs of war under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of Ukraine) requires reference to international treaties establishing such rules. This is indicated by the disposition of this article. In turn, international treaties have a list of provisions that contain instructions on prohibitions for parties to international armed conflicts and on specific violations of the rules and customs of war. This list is quite wide, due to which problems arise during the practical application of Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in particular, when formulating an indictment. Serious violations of the rules and customs of war include, in particular, turning the civilian population or individual civilians into targets of attack. Establishing objective and subjective signs of this act is of scientific interest. In the norms of international humanitarian law, this violation is formulated atypically for domestic criminal legislation. In addition, there are issues of differentiation with other serious violations of the rules and customs of war, correlation with prohibitions and requirements established in the norms of international humanitarian law. In order to clarify the essence of this violation, the norms of international treaties, which are part of international humanitarian law, as well as their interrelationship, were analyzed. This made it possible to draw conclusions about the objective features by which it is possible to distinguish the analyzed violation from other homogeneous violations, for example, from committing attacks of an indiscriminate nature. Possible variants of a subjective attitude to the commission of such a violation as the transformation of the civilian population or individual civilians into an object of attack are also defined. In addition, examples from judicial practice were considered with an emphasis on ways of formulating charges under Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The importance of instructions for the commission of a serious violation of an international agreement during the formulation of charges in such proceedings is emphasized and substantiated. Prospects for further research on issues related to the criminal-legal assessment of attacks on the civilian population in the context of an international armed conflict are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Numerous wars and armed conflicts have been waged for the last hundred years worldwide. They have resulted in the deaths and injuries of the civilian population, as well as the destruction of cities, villages, settlements, economic facilities and other infrastructure. Unfortunately, wars and armed conflicts continue in various parts of the world, and more and more people are killed which are primarily civilian population. It is necessary that the role of the international community in general, as well as the largest international organizations like OUN, should have more active roles in the terms of the application of all legal frameworks worldwide. That is related to the control of weapons in general and weapons of mass destruction and therefore the protection of all persons protected according to the Geneva Conventions from 1949. Those are primarily the civilian population, wounded, sick, prisoners of war, shipwrecked as well as property, etc. From a global perspective, the international community needs to be more active to try on diplomatic and political level to minimize as much as possible occurrence of war, arm conflict and any kind of armed crisis. In that way the idea of usage of weapons in general and weapon for mass destructions will not be current and civilian population will be more protected.

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article highlights the regional aspect of war crimes committed by the Russian army against the civilian population in the Chernihiv region. It is noted that Chernihiv was under the siege from February 24 to April 2, 2022, and many villages and communities of the Chernihiv region were occupied. The author emphasizes the analysis of war crimes committed by Russian servicemen against the civilian population. The current international act regarding the understanding of war crimes is the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which was signed in 1998. During the war, the Russian Federation violated the legal norms of Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and Art. The analysis of war crimes committed by Russian servicemen was carried out on the basis of the data of the Chernihiv Regional Prosecutor's Office and the report of the UN commission on war crimes committed by Russians in Chernihiv Oblast. The following crimes were recorded in Chernihiv Oblast: shooting of civilians, torture, intentional attacks on buildings intended for religious, educational, artistic, scientific, or charitable purposes; keeping people in the basement (like a concentration camp); the use of cluster weapons, which are prohibited in 90 countries of the world. In the village іt is true that in Chernihiv оblast, the occupiers drove the entire population of the village into the school basement, where they held them for almost a month. So far, employees of the Chernihiv Regional Prosecutor's Office have announced the suspicion of 15 russian servicemen who committed crimes against the civilian population. A criminological portrait of Russian servicemen who committed offensive and humiliating treatment of the civilian population, murder, and torture was compiled. Most of them are representatives of national minorities, who show a cruel mentality towards people, besides, for whom war is also a way of making money. As a conclusion, all recorded war crimes are indisputable evidence of the atrocity of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which violated the requirements of international humanitarian law regarding the conduct of war. should bear criminal responsibility before the International Criminal Court. The Russian Federation must be held accountable before the International Criminal Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this topic is that military conflicts give rise to the problem of protection of citizens, especially such vulnerable categories of society as persons who do not participate in hostilities, the wounded, the disabled people, children, women, pregnant women and mothers of young children, as well as protection of basic human and citizen rights and freedoms. The main purpose of the article is the study and analysis of international legal instruments that ensure the protection procedure of the civilian population in the conditions of armed conflict and the implementation of such protection according to modern realities. The following scientific methods were used during the writing of this work: structural-functional and dialectical methods, logical analysis method, synthesis method, comparative analysis method, scientific literature analysis method and generalisation method. The study work was carried out based on the analysis of international legal treaties, acts and other regulatory documents that regulate the protection of the civilian population during hostilities, as well as the practice of different countries of the world was analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgency of the problem is determined by the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine. There at more than a thousand educational institutions were destroyed or damaged, and 60% of Ukrainian children were forced to become refugees: acquire internally displaced persons in Ukraine or migrate to different countries. During the Russian military aggression in Ukraine in 2022, more than 563 children were injured, 202 children died, and more than 361children were wounded (as of April 17, 2022). Nowadays, when in some regions of Ukraine there is a real threat to life and health of citizens, and in most regions the air alarm is repeatedly announced during the day, the organization of the educational process even by distance learning or using its elements is becoming an increasing problem. The aim of the article is to highlight the historical experience of protecting education from hostilities, forming a legal framework for the protection of civilians and children as a particularly vulnerable category in armed conflict, the formation of a modern system of international humanitarian law to protect the right of children and youth to education. The author used general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and methods of historical research: periodization, historical-comparative, historical-genetic, historical-systemic. The article presents facts from world history that testify to the protection of educational institutions, civilians and children during military conflicts. It is emphasized that in the XX-XXI centuries schools and universities were widely used by the combatants for military purposes: to house personnel or as bases and ammunition depots, detention centers and other military purposes, which affects participants in the educational process and educational staff institutions at risk. The author notes that the right of children and young people in education is violated in most countries affected by conflict or instability. The consequences of attacks on educational institutions are injuries and deaths, destruction of educational infrastructure, reduced quality of education and training, lack of social protection of participants in the educational process, which makes it impossible for countries to realize the right of children and youth to education. The article focuses on modern Ukrainian realities determined by Russian military aggression.

The article examines legal restrictions in the choice of methods and means of waging war. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to limit and prohibit the use of certain methods and means of warfare in the modern world. The subject of the study is the legal norms that applied during armed conflicts, which limit the methods and means of waging war. The methodological basis of the research is a system of scientific methods (general, private and special) and various logical methods and tools that contribute to the knowledge of the problem. The research was carried out based on the dialectical method of cognition using historical, comparative-legal, systemic-structural and formal-logical methods, which made it possible to investigate issues in a holistic relationship. The main international treaties in this area served as a normative basis: the Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land, the Declaration on the Elimination of Explosive and Incendiary Bullets, the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols, the Convention on the Prohibition or Restriction of the Use of Specific Types of Conventional Weapons, which can be considered as causing excessive damage or having an indiscriminate effect and other acts. It is noted that the evolution of norms of international humanitarian law on the methods and means of waging war is due to the emergence of new types of weapons and military equipment as a result of the scientific and technical revolution and the improvement of operational art. The purpose of the restrictions is to protect civilians and minimize the suffering of service members. It is indicated that the systematic implementation of the norms of international humanitarian law on prohibited methods and means of waging war by NATO member states in relation to the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims of 1949 and Additional Protocols I, II to them in 1977 year is the result of the effective application of the implementation mechanism taking into account the peculiarities of national legal systems, the use of means of civil control over compliance with such norms. Further research with new types of weapons regarding the destruction of combat equipment and weapons, the destruction of enemy personnel, the possibility of their use in armed conflicts and the degree of severity of the consequences of their use do not have an assessment of states for compliance with the principles and norms of international law, but they need to be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In Russian historiography, there are works devoted to the Nazi occupation policy on the USSR occupied territories, with historians focusing on the study of the occupation regime policies, the problems of military everyday life, and the partisan movement. The article aims to study pertinent archival documents to reveal the character of the Nazi occupation regime on the territory of the Kalmyk ASSR. Materials and methods. The source base of the research comprised the archival materials of the Extraordinary State Commission for Ascertaining and Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders and their Accomplices and the Republic’s State Commission for Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders and their Accomplices. The materials are largely introduced by the authors into scientific circulation for the first time. The research was based on comparative-historical and statistical methods, the method of source studies, structural-diachronic and system analysis. Results. The article sheds light on the basic principles of the Nazi occupation policy, on the occupiers’ crimes against the civilian population, their economic policy, and the organization of forced labor in the Republic, including compulsory transfer of the population to Germany. Conclusions. The armies of the Wehrmacht followed the program of extermination of millions of civilians, which was set out in the plan “Ost”. The Nazi policy towards the civilian population of Kalmyk ASSR was characterized by the most severe repression for any form of disobedience to the occupation authorities. The reasons for the violence could be any form of resistance against the invaders, contacts with partisans, and refusal of forced labor. The people had to pay numerous taxes, they were subjected to looting by soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht and its allies. These and other acts of Nazi crimes must not be forgotten, liability for them has no statute of limitations.

To what degree do future military officers resemble the traditional hierarchical leadership ideal, and to what degree do they resemble an emerging new kind of network-based leadership ideal? Military organizations are constantly changing in response to pressures from within the organization and surrounding society. Today, such changes exert themselves in novel recruitment strategies for a new generation of military leaders. Previous studies have shown how a new network-organizational paradigm has come to the fore in military leadership and officer recruitment. However, the core requirements of military leadership—remaining calm under pressure and demonstrating an ability to lead others and inspire followership—remain the same. Military psychological scholarship has often focused on subgroups within the military rather than general differences in personality between military and civilian populations. We remedy this limitation in the literature, and use the Big Five taxonomy and a unique dataset consisting of the personality profiles of an entire cohort of Danish officer cadets (n = 190) and a large (n = 1,568) Danish population-representative sample. We compare officer cadets to civilians using a three-level matching procedure, finding that the pool from which future military leaders are selected, the military cadets, are less neurotic, more extraverted and somewhat more conscientious than their civilian counterparts, traits that we theorize fit with the core requirements of traditional military leadership. The results indicate that cadets are no less open or agreeable than their civilian peers, traits that we theorize are related to a balancing towards the network-organizational paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work to highlight the problem of marauding, plundering and brigandage committed by the Russian occupation authorities against civilian population on the temporarily occupied Ukrainian territories of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna during the World War I, that was actualized in connection with the war started by Russia against Ukraine in February 2022. General scientific and special historical methods of research were used, such as causal chain method, system analysis, historical-comparative, retrospective, historicaltypological, historical-genetic and others. Scientific novelty is a special analysis, for the first time in historiography, of the behaviour of Russian occupation forces and civil occupation authorities on the territories of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna during the Great War, which had manifested itself in the form of marauding, plundering and robbery aimed at inhabitants of occupied territories. Main results of the study. The attention is focused on the norms of international humanitarian law adopted before the World War I regarding the protection of life, dignity, religious beliefs, and private property of the civilian population during armed conflicts. Based on archival documents, concrete evidence of the marauding, plundering and brigandage committed by Russian occupation authorities against civilian population on the temporarily occupied territories of Western Ukraine are given, the considered facts were typical and mass. Special attention is paid to the total requisition of grain, foodstuff for the needs of the army from the peasants and landowners, confiscation of property abandoned by its owners, bank deposits and property kept in banking institutions, looting of the personal property of residents in the occupied territories, extortion of indemnities from residents of cities and other actions of Russian army and Russian occupation authorities. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the transportation of looted property during the evacuation of Russian army. Conclusions. Cases of marauding, plundering and brigandage aimed at civilian population of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna, which were committed during the Great War by the Russian troops and Russian civil occupation authorities established in hinterland districts, were mass, cruel, and accompanied by deliberate destruction of private houses and property, that caused poverty and starvation of the local population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this paper is to examine the specific provisions, within the framework of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), that protect the human right to food of the civilian population and to observe to what extent the protection of access to food is an issue taken into account by IHL during the development of an armed conflict. Answering these questions requires a detailed analysis of this branch of international law, in order to identify the specific rules of IHL that aim, directly or indirectly, to ensure that civilians do not see denied their access to food during the armed conflict, whether international or non-international. In many armed conflicts, a greater number of civilians die from food deprivation than as a direct result of hostilities. In this sense, the Statute of the International Criminal Court criminalizes those acts that, during the armed conflict, violate IHL prohibitions related to food issues, thus we will also mention them, with the aim of clarifying the possible individual criminal responsibility attributed to those who carry out such acts. The scientific method that has been used in this work is the legal-sociological method, insofar as it is the one that we consider most appropriate for the multidisciplinary approach, always from the legal point of view, regarding the understanding of the rules, the lack of them, their effectiveness, their rationale, etc. This method is based on the idea that law cannot be studied as an isolated domain but must be analysed as part of social reality. The elaboration of this work, with a multidisciplinary object, has also required the use of several methodological techniques, such as social and legal analysis, legal deduction and induction, description and interdisciplinarity.

Background: Cranial firearm injuries (CFAIs) are expected to be frequent during warfare; however, it is becoming increasingly common among civilian population in our part of the world. These injuries are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in addition to financial loss. The objective of our study is to evaluate the pattern of gunshot injuries to cranium and their outcome. Methods: The study was conducted on 114 patients presenting with CFAIs to Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan, between June 2015 and January 2019. Patients were evaluated with respect to age, gender, pattern of injury, Glasgow coma scale on arrival, radiological and clinical assessment, surgical intervention, and Glasgow outcome score measured at 6 months follow-up. Results: Among patients with cranial gunshot, injuries most were males (76.3%). More than 50% patients aged between 18 and 35 years. About 46.5% of patients presented with moderate traumatic brain injury commonly involving the temporal lobe (36.8%). Of total 114 patients, 84.2% were managed conservatively but wound debridement was done in all patients. At 6 months, the overall mortality in our patients was 33.3%. Patients with good outcome (GOS 4 and 5) were 30.7% and 35.9% patients had bad outcome (GOS 2 and 3). Complication rate was 14.9% and the most common complication was disseminated intravascular coagulation in 5.2%. Conclusion: Surgical intervention has no significant benefit over conservative management on long-term mortality and should be limited to patients with large intracranial hematomas and intraventricular hematomas causing hydrocephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article focuses on the analysis of the first decade (2006-2016) of the Human Rights Council (HRC) work. We analyze particularly the relevance of the HRC special sessions in what concerns to the protection of civilians in current non-international armed conflicts (NIAC). The HRC, that replaced the Commission on Human Rights, was established by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 60/251 adopted on 15 March 2006. This institutional reshaping intended to transform the HRC into an action-oriented body, in an attempt to give a more effective and rapid response to global human rights (HR) protection challenges. Following the 2004 Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, the United Nations General-Secretary Kofi Annan drew attention to the fact that a decisive moment for the United Nations (UN) had began. Kofi Annan highlighted in particular the need to fulfill the aspirations established in the United Nations Charter (UNC), and emphasized in general terms the challenges facing HR protection, particularizing the protection of the civilian population given the complexity of our days armed conflicts. Therefore the HRC appears in this line of institutional restructuring. The special sessions are one of the working methods of the HRC which allows the consideration of gross HR violations that need attention and require an urgent decision-making. The author argues that the analysis of these sessions is particularly relevant, because it allows us, on the one hand to examine which situations were analyzed, and on the other hand the different positions regarding this decision-making method that has not always proved consensual. I also argue that this decision-making procedure reflects some opportunities and faces challenges in trying to deal with the different perspectives of the actors within the HRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]