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Objective: To determine the impacts of climate variability on foodborne diarrhoeal disease worldwide. Methods: This work was performed based on PRISMA guideline. Articles were retrieved from the PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, DOAJ, and Google Scholar. The search was made using Boolean logic operators, medical subject headings, and main keywords related to foodborne diarrheal disease. STATA version 17 was used to perform an analysis. The quality of the articles was evaluated using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. Results: The present study included 54 articles with an estimates of 103 findings. An increases in temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, rainfall, and flooding were associated with 4% [RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.05], 3% [RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06], 2% [RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03], 1% [RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.02], and 42% [RR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.57] increases in foodborne diarrhoeal disease, respectively. Conclusion: There was a significant association between foodborne diarrhoeal disease and climate variability, and indicate the need for building a climate-resilient food safety system to reduce foodborne diarrheal disease. Systematic Review Registration: identifier CRD42024532430. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria, which affects over half of the world's population, is controlled through clinical interventions and vector control strategies. However, these efforts are threatened by resistance to anti-malarial drugs and insecticides, as well as affected by environmental, ecological, and climatic changes. This study examined changes in malaria prevalence and related factors based on data from 18 cross-sectional surveys conducted in two villages in northeastern Tanzania. Methods: From 2003 to 2021, annual cross-sectional malariometric surveys were conducted in two study villages, Mkokola (lowland) and Kwamasimba (highland), samples collected to determine Plasmodium falciparum infection and human exposure to malaria vector Anopheles. Pearson's chi-squared test was used for comparing proportions, logistic and linear regressions test were used analyse associations. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) was used to analyse the relationship between malaria prevalence and climatic variables. Results: Malaria prevalence in Kwamasimba and Mkokola dropped from ~ 25% and ~ 80% to 0% and 1%, respectively, between 2003 and 2011, reaching 0% in both villages by 2014. This decline was associated with increased bed net use and reduced exposure to Anopheles bites. However, between 2018 and 2021, prevalence resurged, with Kwamasimba reaching 2003–2004 levels despite high bed net use. Between 2003 and 2021 there was an increasing trend in average monthly maximum temperatures (R2 = 0.1253 and 0.2005), and precipitation (R2 = 0.125 and 0.110) as well as minimum relative humidity (R2 = 0.141 and 0.1162) in Kwamasimba and Mkokola villages, respectively, while maximum relative humidity slightly decreased. Furthermore, during 2003–2011, malaria prevalence was positively associated with temperature, maximum temperature, and relative humidity, while precipitation showed a negative association (Estimate:− 0.0005, p < 0.001). Between 2012–2021, all climatic factors, including temperature (Estimate: 0.0256, p < 0.001), maximum temperature (Estimate: 0.0121, p < 0.001), relative humidity (Estimate: 0.00829, p < 0.001), and precipitation (Estimate: 0.000105, p < 0.001), showed positive associations. Conclusion: From 2003 to 2014, malaria prevalence declined in two Tanzanian villages but resurged after 2018, particularly in highland Kwamasimba. Most likely, vector dynamics affected by changing climatic conditions drove this resurgence, emphasizing the need for adaptive, climate-informed malaria control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought, as one of the main natural hazards faced by human beings, results in grassland degradation, crop yield reduction, forest activity weakening, and even forest mortality. Utilizing drought indices to identify drought is pivotal for improving ecological protection and hazard mitigation. The temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI) is a remotely sensed index that has been widely applied in monitoring drought and assessing its severity. In this study, the TVDI was utilized to investigate drought across different vegetation types from 2001 to 2020 in Jilin Province, China, and to demonstrate the applicability of the TVDI in this region. Our results showed that the drought degree of different vegetation types showed distinct differences. The forest area experienced lower incidences of drought, whereas the grassland and cropland areas exhibited higher incidences of drought. The variation trends of drought were different in Jilin Province from 2001 to 2020. The increasing trends of drought were mainly distributed in the grassland and cropland, while declining trends of drought were mainly distributed in the forest. The impacts of climatic factors on the TVDI differed among different vegetation types. Evapotranspiration (ET) was the main influencing factor for the TVDI in the forest area, and air temperature played a dominant role in the TVDI in the grassland and cropland areas. The cropland biomass was more susceptible to drought stress than that in grassland and forest areas. This study will serve as a valuable reference for assessing the applicability of approaches to identifying regional drought events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological and micro-morphological traits of characteristics serve as the cornerstone for species identification and taxonomy, and they also ensure the adaptive responses of species to specific environmental conditions. Allium prattii C.H. Wright is mainly distributed in the mountains of southwestern China (MSC) and adjacent regions, and exhibits pronounced variations in leaf morphology and micro-morphology across different growth environments, making it an ideal taxa to study species adaptation to diverse conditions. In this study, we conducted extensive field surveys, sample collections, and morphological experiments, amassing data on leaf morphological and micro-morphological traits from 45 populations of A. prattii. Specifically, we explored the differences in leaf morphology among populations and the patterns of geographical distribution. Consequently, we examined the correlation between seven climatic factors, longitude, latitude, and leaf morphological traits, and simulated the changes in the A. prattii distribution area during different historical periods. Our results indicate that all populations of A. prattii can be categorized into four distinct lineages, characterized by significant leaf morphological divergence and distinct geographical distribution patterns. Populations located in the Hengduan Mountains and neighboring regions demonstrated elevated coefficients of variation (CV) in leaf morphology. The correlation analysis between morphological traits and climatic factors highlighted substantial links between the density of stomata on the upper epidermis and environmental variables, as well as significant correlations between leaf length/width and geographical distribution (latitude and longitude). Simulations of the distribution area revealed that the distribution ranges of A. prattii underwent a significant fluctuation from the Last Interglacial Period (LIG) to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the Mid-Holocene (MH), and the current period, accompanied by expansion of its potential distribution area in the future. These results underscore that the leaf morphology of A. prattii has significantly varied in response to climatic environmental factors across different regions, with a decrease in leaf width and an increase in stomatal density on the upper epidermis. The heterogeneous environment of the southwestern mountain region, characterized by variations in altitude, temperature, and precipitation, is the primary driver of morphological variation and geographical distribution patterns in A. prattii leaves. Our findings hold substantial scientific significance, shedding light on the evolutionary adaptation of species in the MSC and adjacent areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 21st century, large-scale afforestation projects on the Loess Plateau have resulted in significant vegetation greening, contributing to ecosystem restoration and enhanced soil conservation. However, these efforts have also led to soil aridification, declining groundwater levels, and reduced terrestrial water storage. These negative consequences are primarily attributed to increases in evapotranspiration (ET), which has augmented water consumption. Despite these findings, the underlying mechanisms driving ET variations remain contentious due to the complex interplay of multiple factors. In this study, we employed a logical attribution method, which attributes vegetation changes predominantly to anthropogenic activities (e.g., reforestation or land-use changes), while directly linking changes in climatic factors (e.g., temperature and precipitation) to climate change. We separately examined the contributions of long-term trends and interannual variability in ET to reveal distinct driving forces. Between 2000 and 2022, approximately 80% of areas showing significant changes in ET and its components were directly influenced by vegetation greening, particularly in the central part of the Loess Plateau, where restoration efforts were most prominent. In contrast, only around 20% of these changes were attributable to climate change and other factors. After removing long-term trends, interannual variations in ET were found to be more closely associated with climatic factors (temperature and precipitation), especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This indicates that climate is the dominant factor driving interannual variations in ET across the Loess Plateau. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the water cycle dynamics in the context of large-scale vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau. These insights provide a scientific foundation for policymakers to evaluate the environmental impacts and potential water-related risks associated with ecological restoration projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citri grandis Exocarpium (Chinese name Huajuhong, HJH) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely used in traditional medicines and foods in China due to its efficacy in treating coughs and excessive phlegm. This study employed HS-SPME-GC-MS to analyze the volatile compounds in HJH samples from different regions, with the aim of distinguishing samples from Huazhou from those of other origins and exploring their potential relationship with ecological factors. A multidimensional strategy was utilized to analyze the relationships between volatile oils, climatic factors, and soil elements, examining how volatile compounds responded to ecological factors. From 47 batches of HJH samples across various regions, eight significantly different volatile compounds were identified, serving as chemical markers for HJH from Huazhou. The findings elucidate the impact of ecological factors on the volatile compounds of HJH, highlighting environmental factors relating to the authenticity of HJH from Huazhou. The results indicate that the authenticity of HJH is shaped by the unique climatic and soil environments of Huazhou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global warming intensifies, both the frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation events have undergone significant changes, leading to a widespread manifestation of nonstationary characteristics in extreme precipitation sequences. Regarding the current research status in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), there is a deficiency in comprehensive investigations into the connection between extreme precipitation and climate change. This paper aims to identify the primary climate factors affecting extreme precipitation in the YRB and use them for dynamic assessment of future rainstorm risks. It thoroughly examines the correlation between 11 climate factors and extreme rainfall across different temporal scales to identify potential climate drivers for nonstationary models. Subsequently, ten nonstationary generalized extreme value (GEV) models were constructed, and the optimal covariates for 190 stations were determined within a Bayesian framework. Finally, a complete forecasting process was established, and the extreme rainfall in the YRB under nonstationary conditions was assessed. The results indicate that, on average, 144 stations exhibited nonstationary characteristics across various event scales, accounting for an average of 75.8%. The extreme rainfall in the YRB is influenced by multiple factors, with no single factor demonstrating absolute dominance across different time scales. Neglecting the nonstationarity of extreme precipitation will inevitably lead to misconceptions about extreme rainfall. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the maximum scenarios of extreme rainfall under nonstationary conditions is significantly different from that under stationary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Balkan Peninsula is considered one of the most important centres of orchid diversity in Europe. However, the patterns of orchid species richness in the Central Balkans have not been sufficiently studied so far. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify the centres of orchid diversity and the factors that influence the spatial variation in orchid species richness in the Central Balkans. For the analyses, the area of the Central Balkans was divided into 10 × 10 km grid cells. The environmental variables determined for each grid cell and used in the analyses were altitude, bioclimatic variables, geological substrates and habitat types. A random forest (RF) analysis was used to identify the environmental predictors most strongly associated with species richness. In addition to the total number of taxa, orchids with three belowground organ types were analysed separately: (a) rhizomatous orchids, (b) orchids with palmately lobed and fusiform tubers ("palmate tuberous orchids") and (c) orchids with spherical or ovoid tubers ("ovoid tuberous orchids"). In the Central Balkans, 54 orchid species and subspecies have been recorded, and the most important centres of diversity are the Tara, Zvijezda, Jadovnik and Zlatar Mountains and the Ovčar-Kablar Gorge. In general, two groups of grid cells with the largest number of orchid taxa, i.e., hotspots, stood out: (1) grid cells with a large altitudinal range and (2) grid cells occupied by gorges and ravines. The most important gradients influencing orchid species richness are specific habitat types and altitudinal ranges, while climatic factors and geological substrates are less important. The most important factors affecting the richness of total and rhizomatous orchids are altitudinal range and habitat types (Abieti-Fagenion, Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis and Pinion nigrae forests), highlighting the important role of habitat heterogeneity. The maximum altitude, percentage of Abieti-Fagenion and Vaccinio-Picetea forests and the minimum value of the mean temperature of the driest quarter are the most important factors for determining the richness of palmate tuberous orchids, whereas the percentage of xero-thermophilous habitat types (Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis, Asplenietea trichomanis and Pinion nigrae) has the greatest influence on the richness of ovoid tuberous orchids. These results confirm the hypothesis concerning the origin and development of underground organs in orchids, emphasising that palmate tuberous orchids are best adapted to cold and humid habitat conditions, whereas ovoid tuberous orchids have the ability to grow in habitats with very warm and dry conditions. This study provides a good basis for better orchid conservation planning and underlines the importance of belowground strategies as a feature of orchid life history that should be considered when studying patterns of orchid diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Unmasking the Neglected Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa" discusses the persistent threat of cholera in Sub-Saharan Africa due to factors such as economic instability, poor water supply, sanitation, and healthcare infrastructure. Cholera outbreaks are exacerbated by environmental and climatic vulnerabilities, conflict, cultural barriers, gaps in governance, and neglected preventative measures. The article emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies to address the root causes of cholera outbreaks, including investments in clean water, sanitation, healthcare systems, and climate-resilient solutions. International collaboration and community empowerment are essential to breaking the cycle of neglect and improving public health outcomes in the region. [Extracted from the article]

Understanding phenological responses of tropical forest plant communities is crucial for identifying climate-induced changes in ecosystem dynamics. Monitoring phenology across diverse species in natural habitats provides cost-effective insights for conserving both species and forests. We studied tree phenology in a lowland evergreen dipterocarp forest in the Western Ghats, India. About 719 tree individuals representing 95 species were monitored for their vegetative and reproductive phenology from April 2021 to September 2023. Circular statistics detected seasonality in phenological events and Generalized Linear Mixed Modelling (GLMM) identified influence of climate variables on the phenological responses of the tree community. We also assessed how the activity and intensity of phenophases vary over the study period. Our results showed that leaf flushing and flowering peaked during the dry season, with mass flowering observed in two dominant dipterocarps. Fruit production peaked before the monsoon. We also observed diversity in vegetative and reproductive phenodynamics across species groups (forest strata, sexual system, and seed size). Leaf flushing was positively correlated with maximum relative humidity and negatively correlated with maximum temperature and the number of rainy days. Flowering had negative correlations with maximum relative humidity, rainfall days, and maximum temperature but showed a positive correlation with minimum temperature. Fruiting was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with rainy days. This detailed phenological information provides critical knowledge on resource availability and insights into how climate and seasonal changes affect plant growth cycles thereby aiding reforestation and biodiversity conservation strategies in vulnerable forest areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of climatic and non-climatic factors on maize yield over a 33 year period (1990–2022) in Nepal using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The study examines the role of temperature, rainfall, pesticide use, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (per capita and agricultural) in shaping maize productivity. The results show that temperature has an insignificant long-run influence on maize yield. Rainfall shows a significant negative effect in the short-term (-0.861224, p = 0.0424) but a positive but insignificant long-run effect (1.963022, p = 0.1792). Pesticide use significantly increases maize yield, both in the short run (2.093082, p = 0.0095) and the long run (14.35734, p = 0.0000). CO2 emissions per capita (CO2PC) positively affect maize yield in the long run (18754.80, p = 0.0012), whereas agricultural CO2 emissions (CO2AG) exhibit a significant negative impact on maize yield (- 22074.70, p = 0.0001). Granger causality tests indicate that rainfall, temperature, and CO2 emissions Granger-cause maize yield, with the feedback effect from agricultural emissions and productivity. These findings emphasize the need for sustainable farming practices to manage both climate change and agricultural input use effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Assessing the suitability of land for growing grain crops is a relevant issue for ensuring sustainable agricultural production and improving food security. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an effective method of multi-criteria evaluation that systematically addresses all parameters. The study aimed to analyse the usage of the AHP method to determine the weight and priorities of different soil and climate characteristics to analyse the suitability of land for cereal crop cultivation, using wheat as an example. The study identified key factors affecting yields and developed recommendations for effective land management. An AHP was employed to weight various criteria, including physical, chemical and climatic characteristics. The data were processed to determine the impact of each factor on land suitability, with consistency checks to ensure the reliability of the results. The study showed that Flood and erozion hazard characteristics (32.2%) and Soil pysichal characteristics (25.6%) are the most important physical factors. Acidity (pH) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) have a significant impact on nutrient availability, while average temperature and precipitation determine the main climatic conditions for wheat growth. Flood and erosion risks are also addressed for the long-term suitability assessment. The AHP was used to assess the suitability of land for wheat cultivation, identifying the most important factors and their weights. Practical recommendations included applying agronomic measures to reduce erosion risks and improve soil fertility. The results of the study can be used by agronomists, land managers and policymakers to improve land management, which will contribute to increased agricultural production efficiency and food security in the face of climate change

Species composition and diversity of lignicolous fungi occurring in representative Fagus sp. forests have been analyzed along an altitude gradient, in 14 locations from the eastern region of Romania, including mountain forests (Borca, Gosman, Nemtisor, Tarcau), as well as hill forests (Arsura, Bârnova, Dalhauti, Dragomirna, Gâdinti, Homita, Humosu, Magura Ocnei, Runc, Valea Fagilor). The investigations were carried out over three successive years (2020-2022) in a total of 40 study plots with a size of 1000 square meters each. Identification of the main fungal groups was realized using a hierarchical agglomerative clustering procedure, and the differential species were determined based on their indicator value, while the relationship between fungal composition and environmental variables was assessed with detrended correspondence analysis. A total of 89 species of wood-inhabiting fungi has been identified, with approximately 2500 records. These species were grouped in three different clusters: one specific to the mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest in (sub) mountain areas, one specific to hornbeam - beech communities in hilly areas, and one specific to more thermophilic forest communities with Fagus taurica. The main ecological factors influencing the fungal composition were altitude, average annual precipitations and average annual temperatures, which also influence the trees species composition of the analyzed forests.

The aim of the experiment was to analyze the nutritive value of maize silage through the 9-year monitored period in relationship to precipitation and temperature during the growing season in Slovakia. In the maize silage samples (1204) the basic nutrients were analyzed according to 3 regions and 8 counties according to the statistical analysis methods. The statistical evaluation of results was realized by IBM SPSS ver. 26.0. The descriptive statistics of nutritive value of maize silage by One-Way ANOVA, the significant differences by POST HOC Tukey test (P < 0.05), and for the relationship between the nutrients and microclimatic conditions Pearson correlation test (r) was realized. The results confirmed that the nutritive value of maize silage is significantly affected by year, region, and county. The strongest effect of precipitation on the dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was observed. In contrast, the effect of temperature on the content of dry matter and etheric extract was reflected. The positive significant effect of precipitation during April and July on the starch content was determined. Then, temperatures in June significantly increased the DM and NFE content. On the other hand, temperatures caused a significant decrease in EE, CF, ADF, and NDF in maize silage in June.

Climate change has emerged as a major concern at both regional and global scales in recent decades. Northwestern Algeria is particularly vulnerable as a semi-arid zone, where changes in climate and land cover (LC) will have a significant impact on vegetation in the long term. This study analyses, through a multidimensional approach, the influence of climate change and LC on vegetation dynamics. Hierarchical partitioning (HP) analysis was conducted to determine the most influential climatic variables (precipitation, temperature) on the dynamics of NDVI. The results show that the annual NDVI shows a fluctuating spatial trend between decrease and increase in different regions. Trends in seasonal NDVI are spatially varied and less uniform. Variations in precipitation are stable, while temperatures show clear and consistent significant increases across the region, with a general tendency to increase (p

Abstract Objective This study investigates the key factors contributing to the dengue outbreak in Oman. Methods Data on climate (e.g., temperature, humidity, wind pace), population traits (e.g., populace density), and vector dynamics (e.g., mosquito density) within the Seeb district of Oman from 2022 to 2023 were gathered. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was performed to study which variables affect dengue outbreaks. Results The results indicate that climatic factors significantly affect the dengue vector (β = -0.361, p

Abstract Background Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most prevalent preventable cause of mental retardation and intellectual disability in newborns. Genetic and environmental factors have been related to congenital hypothyroidism. Hence, this study was conducted to illustrate the incidence and spatial distribution of the CH using the dataset from the national newborn CH screening information system during 2011-2020in counties affiliated to the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad University of Medical Sciences. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. All newborns that were screened for CH in 3–5 days of age in the health centers of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences were enrolled the study since 2011–2020. Meteorological data including information on temperature, humidity, precipitation in a 10-year period (2011–2020) was taken from the Meteorological Organization. The required information layers include slope, slope direction, height, vegetation and political divisions of the province, were purchased from the organizations that made the layers. The data related to the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism was collected from the 10-year reports of the provincial health center. Addresses of patients were transferred to Arc GIS 10.5 software and entered in urban and rural point’s layer to prepare and draw disease distribution maps in the province’s newborns. The influence of geographical factors on the occurrence of disease was done by SPSS 23 software using multivariate binary logistic regression. P-value

Base flow is an important part of runoff, so it is important to choose a reasonable base flow segmentation method to estimate base flow, understand the changing characteristics of base flow and base flow index, and identify the driving factors of base flow and base flow index change for the protection and management of river ecology. Based on the daily runoff data and meteorological data of 64 hydrological stations in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the base flow segmentation results of three digital filtering methods (Lyne-Hollick method, Chapman-Maxwell method, and Eckhardt Method) and smoothing minimum method were compared, and the driving factors of base flow and base flow index changes were analyzed from the aspects of climate and underlying surface factors. The results show that the Chapman-Maxwell filtering method is more suitable for base flow segmentation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The base flow of the main stream in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is much larger than that of tributaries. The base flow is greater in wet seasons than in dry seasons, while the base flow index is not significantly different between the main stream and tributaries, and the base flow index is significantly greater in dry seasons than in wet seasons. Climate and underlying surface are the driving factors of base flow changes between wet and dry seasons. Specifically, climate is the dominant factor in the reduction of base flow in wet and dry seasons, while the underlying surface is the dominant factor in the increase of base flow in dry seasons.

Rompin has played an active role in Malaysia's rice production for several decades. However, it also faces a threat, particularly from the hemipteran insect pests. There is limited documentation on the abundance of these insects and their relationship with climatic factors. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the abundance of hemipterans in different growth stages and to understand the effects of climatic factors on their population in rice fields. The study was conducted in farmers' rice fields in Rompin, Pahang, Malaysia, during the main and off-season rice planting. Sweep nets, yellow sticky traps, and yellow pan traps were utilized in each plot. Trapped insects were identified based on the rice planting seasons and growth stages. The trends of climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, light intensity, and wind speed were analysed and correlated with insect abundance. A total of 23,023 individuals belonging to eight families and eleven species of the hemipteran order were recorded. Nine of these species were pests, namely Leptocorisa oratorius, Recilia dorsalis, Nephotettix virescens, N. nigropictus, Amaurochrous dubius, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, Nezara viridula, and Scotinophara coarctata. The remaining two species were predators, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and Polytoxus fuscoviftatus. R. dorsalis, N. lugens, S. furcifera, and A. dubius were found in significantly higher numbers and exceptionally high during rice's late vegetative and early reproductive stages. The maximum temperature significantly increased during the main season, while wind speed increased dramatically during the off-season. Wind speed significantly correlated with N. virescens, S. furcifera, L. oratorius, and A. dubius. On the other hand, rainfall exhibited a significant correlation with L. oratorius. Various pest species and their high populations in this study pose a significant threat to plants due to their preferences for different plant parts and strata.