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The purpose of this paper is to undertake a systematic review on various mechanical design considerations, simulation and optimization techniques as well as the clinical applications of energy storing and return (ESAR) prosthetic feet used in amputee rehabilitation. Methodological databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS were searched till July 2022, and the retrieved records were evaluated for relevance. The design, mechanism, materials used, mechanical and simulation techniques and clinical applications of ESAR foot used in developed and developing nations were reviewed. 61 articles met the inclusion criteria out of total 577 studies. A wide variety of design matrices for energy- storing feet was found, but the clinical relevance of its design parameters is uncommon. Definitive factors on technical and clinical characteristics were derived and included in the summary tables. To modify existing foot failure mechanisms, material selection and multiple experiments must be improved. Gait analysis and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) mechanical testing standards of energy-storing feet were the methods for integrating clinical experimentation with numerical results. To meet technological requirements, various frameworks simulate finite element models of the energy-storing foot, whereas clinical investigations involving gait analysis require proper insight. Analysis of structural behavior under varying loads and its effect on studies of functional gait are limited. For optimal functional performance, durability and affordability, more research and technological advancements are required to characterize materials and standardize prosthetic foot protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classic Formulas (Jing fang) are considered the essence and authority of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) due to their long history and proven efficacy. These formulas play a pivotal role in all kinds of different disease prevention and therapeutic strategies. Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang San (YYFZBJS), one of the Classic Formulas, was originally developed for the treatment of chronic intestinal abscess. With the accumulation of clinical experience and the exploration of modern pharmacological research in recent years, YYFZBJS has been extensively employed to address a broad spectrum of conditions such as colorectal cancer. Although numerous studies have explored the clinical efficacy and underlying mechanisms of YYFZBJS, no comprehensive review summarizing these findings exists to date. This study aims to systematically review and critically assess the current clinical and mechanistic research on YYFZBJS, with the objective of providing valuable insights and guidance for TCM research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The focus of this review is on the imaging techniques used to visualize the meniscal vascular network and arteries in clinical, human ex vivo, and animal model applications. For this purpose, research articles from the past decade that have imaged the vascular network of the meniscus and/or the genicular and popliteal arteries were identified according to established PRISMA statement standards. Methods: Various imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography, and optical and fluorescence microscopy, were included and compared based on the type of visualization, imaging resolution, and range of vessel size detection. These imaging modalities were evaluated based on the outcomes of interest, including diagnostic accuracy in identifying the meniscal vasculature and associated pathologies, clinical applications to guide surgical decisions, and translational applications contributing to the research and development of new therapies and the understanding of meniscal physiology and pathology. Results: The analysis conducted in this study highlights the importance of imaging resolution and visualization type in accurately depicting the complex microvasculature of the meniscus with high precision and detail. Conclusions: This review underscores the necessity for high-resolution 3D imaging techniques to comprehensively understand the meniscal vascular network and enhance surgical approaches and treatment options for meniscal lesions and pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by uncoordinated atrial activation, ineffective atrial contraction. It has a high incidence rate and is often complicated by stroke, heart failure, and myocardial disease induced by tachycardia, causing a significant burden on patients and their families. Comprehensive management of AF is crucial for effectively reducing mortality, disability, and improving prognosis. However, traditional electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring often misses asymptomatic and paroxysmal AF at a higher possibility. In recent years, a new device for monitoring AF, insertable cardiac monitor (ICM), has emerged to overcome the limitations of traditional arrhythmia monitoring, for it provides real-time ECG monitoring and alerts for users. ICMs have been widely used in multiple medical senarios, primarily for patients with unexplained syncope, and recently they are adopted to monitor AF However, its role in AF monitoring has not received significant attention in clinical practice.Based on relevant literature, this article reviews the application effect of ICM in monitoring AF and the latest research progress in the field and evaluates its advantages and disadvantages to provide some references for AF management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serine proteases, a significant class of enzymes comprising approximately one-third of known human proteases, are ubiquitously present across various organisms. These enzymes typically exhibit highly conserved catalytic domain structures, and their activity is stringently regulated within the body, playing a pivotal role in numerous physiological processes. Dysregulation of serine protease activity can result in severe consequences, including excessive inflammation, heightened risk of thrombosis and cancer, and even mortality. Serine protease inhibitors have emerged as critical regulators, offering a broad range of physiological functions such as maintaining the coagulation–fibrinolysis balance, modulating inflammatory responses, accelerating wound healing, promoting apoptosis, and providing antitumor and antiviral effects. As a result, the development of serine protease inhibitors has become increasingly vital. In recent years, significant progress in the study of serine proteases has led to the pivotal role of various serine protease inhibitors in clinical diagnosis and treatment. This review explores the fundamental mechanisms of serine protease inhibitors, summarizes those that have been successfully integrated into clinical practice, and discusses the challenges encountered in their development along with partial solutions. These advancements lay the groundwork for further refinement and innovation in serine protease inhibitor therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous strategies have been extensively used in improving the dissolution of insoluble drugs for decades due to their high free energy. However, the formation of amorphous small‐molecule gels (ASMGs) presents a counter‐intuitive discovery that significantly limits their practical application. Recently, ASMGs have garnered attention because of their noncovalent structures, excellent biodegradability, and significant potential in various drug delivery systems in the pharmaceutical field. Hence, a comprehensive review is necessary to contribute to a better understanding of recent advances in ASMGs. This review aimed to introduce the main formation mechanisms, summarize possible influencing factors, generalize unique properties, outline elimination strategies, and discuss clinical application potential with preclinical cases of ASMGs. Moreover, few ASMGs are advanced to clinical stages. Intensive clinical research is needed for further development. We hope that this review can provide more efficient and rational guidance for exploring further clinical applications of ASMGs. Highlights: A comprehensive overview of formation mechanisms is proposed in this review.Influencing factors on gel structures and effects on drug release are overviewed.Pharmaceutical strategies to eliminate undesirable gels are summarized.The clinical potential of various gel drug delivery systems is discussed.Challenges and perspectives are proposed for amorphous small‐molecule gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic polymer coatings have been commonly used in biomedical field, which play an important role in achieving biological antifouling, drug delivery, and bacteriostasis. With the continuous development of polymer science, organic polymer coatings can be designed with complex and advanced functions, which is conducive to the construction of biomedical materials with different performances. According to different physical and chemical properties of materials, biomedical organic polymer coating materials are classified into zwitterionic polymers, non-ionic polymers, and biomacromolecules. The strategies of combining coatings with substrates include physical adsorption, chemical grafting, and self-adhesion. Though the coating materials and construction methods are different, many biomedical polymer coatings have been developed to achieve excellent performances, i.e., enhanced lubrication, anti-inflammation, antifouling, antibacterial, drug release, anti-encrustation, anti-thrombosis, etc. Consequently, a large number of biomedical polymer coatings have been used in artificial lungs, ureteral stent, vascular flow diverter, and artificial joints. In this review, we summarize different types, properties, construction methods, biological functions, and clinical applications of biomedical organic polymer coatings, and prospect future direction for development of organic polymer coatings in biomedical field. It is anticipated that this review can be useful for the design and synthesis of functional organic polymer coatings with various biomedical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics have improved our understanding of lysine acetylation in proteins, including histones and non-histone proteins. Lysine acetylation, a reversible post-translational modification, is catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and lysine deacetylases (KDACs). Proteins comprising evolutionarily conserved bromodomains (BRDs) recognize these acetylated lysine residues and consequently activate transcription. Lysine acetylation regulates almost all cellular processes, including transcription, cell cycle progression, and metabolic functions. Studies have reported the aberrant expression, translocation, and mutation of genes encoding lysine acetylation regulators in various cancers, including digestive tract cancers. These dysregulated lysine acetylation regulators contribute to the pathogenesis of digestive system cancers by modulating the expression and activity of cancer-related genes or pathways. Several inhibitors targeting KATs, KDACs, and BRDs are currently in preclinical trials and have demonstrated anti-cancer effects. Digestive tract cancers, including encompass esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers, represent a group of heterogeneous malignancies. However, these cancers are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage owing to the lack of early symptoms and are consequently associated with poor 5-year survival rates. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers for early detection, as well as to accurately predict the clinical outcomes and identify effective therapeutic targets for these malignancies. Although the role of lysine acetylation in digestive tract cancers remains unclear, further analysis could improve our understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of digestive tract cancers. This review aims to summarize the implications and pathogenic mechanisms of lysine acetylation dysregulation in digestive tract cancers, as well as its potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to construct a diagnostic model by exploring the potential predictors of high-risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (PTMC) and verifying its reliability. Methods: A retrospective analysis of PTMC patients who underwent surgical treatment from 2004 to 2015 in the SEER database (training set) and the clinical pathological ultrasound information of PTMC patients at the Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from 2020 to 2022 (external validation set) was conducted. In the training set, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to screen independent predictive factors for high-risk PTMC patients in pathology. A nomogram diagnostic model was further constructed. Additionally, ROC curves and calibration curves were drawn to evaluate the efficiency of the model. In the external validation set, the diagnostic model was indirectly evaluated based on preoperative ultrasound imaging features to explore the feasibility and reliability of diagnosing high-risk PTMC through preoperative ultrasound imaging features. Results: A total of 1628 patients were included in the training set, and 530 patients were included in the test set. The independent risk factors for pathological high-risk PTMC were sex, age, tumor maximum diameter, tumor invasive, and cervical lymph nodes (P<0.05). The C-index of the nomogram constructed based on these five factors was 0.947, with an optimal sensitivity of 96.7% and a specificity of 86.0%. The calibration curve showed that the model had high consistency. The area under the curve (AUC) value of the ROC curve for high-risk PTMC predicted by the risk score based on ultrasound features was 0.824 [95% CI (0.789, 0.860)], which was highly consistent with the risk score based on pathological features (k= 0.758, P<0.05). Conclusion: Indirect evaluation of a high-risk PTMC diagnostic model based on preoperative ultrasound imaging features had high predictive efficiency and potential value for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of cell capable of regulating the immune system, as well as exhibiting self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as an essential source of seed cells for therapeutic cell therapy. It is crucial to cryopreserve MSCs in liquid nitrogen prior to clinical application while preserving their functionality. Furthermore, efficient cryopreservation greatly enhances MSCs' potential in a range of biological domains. Nevertheless, there are several limits on the MSC cryopreservation methods now in use, necessitating thorough biosafety assessments before utilizing cryopreserved MSCs. Therefore, in order to improve the effectiveness of cryopreserved MSCs in clinical stem cell treatment procedures, new technological techniques must be developed immediately. The study offers an exhaustive analysis of the state-of-the-art MSC cryopreservation techniques, their effects on MSCs, and the difficulties encountered when using cryopreserved MSCs in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as a systemic autoimmune disease, its pathogenesis and mechanism are currently unclear. Traditional chronic anti rheumatic drugs, hormones, etc. have a clear goal of con- trolling inflammation to alleviate the condition, but there are still some patients who are unresponsive or intolerant to treatment. In recent years, the emergence of biological agents has opened up a promising path for rheumatism, and a large number of literature reports have shown its advantages. Therefore, this article analyzed and reviewed the latest relevant literature on the advantages and efficacy of biological agents in treating RA, to provide more evidence for clinical selection of biological agents for treating RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent years have seen a surge of interest in dual-modality imaging systems that integrate functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to probe brain function. This review aims to explore the advancements and clinical applications of this technology, emphasizing the synergistic integration of fNIRS and EEG. Methods: The review begins with a detailed examination of the fundamental principles and distinctive features of fNIRS and EEG techniques. It includes critical technical specifications, data-processing methodologies, and analysis techniques, alongside an exhaustive evaluation of 30 seminal studies that highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the fNIRS-EEG bimodal system. Results: The paper presents multiple case studies across various clinical domains—such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, infantile spasms, depth of anesthesia, intelligence quotient estimation, and epilepsy—demonstrating the fNIRS-EEG system's potential in uncovering disease mechanisms, evaluating treatment efficacy, and providing precise diagnostic options. Noteworthy research findings and pivotal breakthroughs further reinforce the developmental trajectory of this interdisciplinary field. Conclusions: The review addresses challenges and anticipates future directions for the fNIRS-EEG dual-modal imaging system, including improvements in hardware and software, enhanced system performance, cost reduction, real-time monitoring capabilities, and broader clinical applications. It offers researchers a comprehensive understanding of the field, highlighting the potential applications of fNIRS-EEG systems in neuroscience and clinical medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there are negative stereotypes against children who have been through divorce, research indicates that there are a wide range of potential outcomes children can experience after their parents' divorce. Research indicates that there are at least four protective factors that lead to positive mental health and social outcomes for children of divorce: (a) external social support, (b) self-reliance and grit, (c) positive relationships with parents, and (d) resilience and self-compassion. These protective factors are then illustrated through a narrative therapy framework, which focuses on multiple possible realities, meaning making, perception of the client as the expert of their own experience, and the role of dominant discourses in the client's life and clinical intervention. A clinical vignette is then presented, depicting a teenage girl whose parents have divorced after an especially turbulent marriage. Narrative therapy's strength is that it helps the client develop cognitive distance between their sense of self and the problems they are experiencing. However, some limitations to this presentation are that it is highly theoretical and requires further quantitative research to explore the effects of narrative therapy on clients whose parents are divorced. Further research is required to explore the wide spectrum of outcomes children can experience after divorce and how clinicians can help children reach more positive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal cancer (IC) poses a significant global health challenge that drives continuous efforts to explore effective treatment modalities. Conventional treatments for IC are effective, but are associated with several limitations and drawbacks. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) plays an important role in the overall cancer prevention and therapeutic strategies. Recent years have seen a growing body of research focus on the potential of CHM in IC treatment, showing promising results in managing IC and mitigating the adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This review provides updated information from preclinical research and clinical observation on CHM's role in treatment of IC, offering insights into its comprehensive management and guiding future prevention strategies and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The review integrates information on the component composition and biological activity of some Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) species from studies reported over the past 5–7 years. The aerial and underground parts of 34 Astragalus species contain triterpene saponins, flavonoids, polysacharides, tannins, free organic acids, higher fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements, and other constituents. Among the Astragalus species, A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge is the best studied in terms of component composition and biological activity. Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, cardioprotective, and hepathoprotective activities have been experimentally detected in total bioactive substances, fractions, and individual compounds extracted from various parts of A. membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in vitro and in vivo. The composition and biological effects of other Astragalus species are still poorly understood. The review summarizes the recent advances in studying new compounds extracted from Astragalus species and their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA molecules that function as critical regulators of various biological processes through negative regulation of gene expression post-transcriptionally. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs are potential biomarkers for ischemic stroke. In this review, we first illustrate the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and demonstrate the biogenesis and transportation of microRNAs from cells. We then discuss several promising microRNA biomarkers in ischemic stroke in a context-specific manner from three dimensions: biofluids selection for microRNA extraction (Where), the timing of sample collection after ischemic stroke onset (When), and the clinical application of the differential-expressed microRNAs during stroke pathophysiology (What). We show that microRNAs have the utilities in ischemic stroke diagnosis, risk stratification, subtype classification, prognosis prediction, and treatment response monitoring. However, there are also obstacles in microRNA biomarker research, and this review will discuss the possible ways to improve microRNA biomarkers. Overall, microRNAs have the potential to assist clinical treatment, and developing microRNA panels for clinical application is worthwhile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of well-known moxibustion material across the world, Artemisia argyi Folium (AAF) has a definite curative effect. From 1996 to now, various studies on AAF have been increasing year by year. That is why this paper is conducted because of no comprehensive summary except for an essential oil review recently published in 2023. Using "AAF" and "mugwort" as keywords, the related literature was summarized in four internationally recognized databases: PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, and ScienceDirect, mainly include four aspects such as botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical application. Four traditional identification methods and two new ones were reported. A total of 136 compounds were identified, among which 23 new terpenoids and two new flavonoids were discovered. The pharmacological effects of AAF mainly focus on anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, and other aspects. Clinically, it is mainly used in respiratory, immune, digestive, and nervous systems in addition to gynecology. The current research mainly focuses on the composition and pharmacology of AAF. Future studies should thoroughly establish the quality criteria and pharmacokinetics of AAF. According to the different application fields, the corresponding quality standards should be formulated to ensure the efficacy of drugs in the actual treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Honey has been employed for its therapeutic attributes since ancient eras, with a history of medicinal utilization, and recent studies have highlighted its diverse clinical applications. The medicinal benefits of honey can be ascribed to various mechanisms, encompassing its osmotic and acidic characteristics, hydrogen peroxide generation, and particular bioactive compounds. While honey generally has a good safety profile, rare risks exist, particularly in infants under one year of age. More rigorous clinical trials and standardized protocols are needed to establish its optimal dosage, application methods, and specific indications. Economic considerations and regional variations in honey composition and quality should also be considered. Aims: To provide an overview of the clinical uses of honey in the medical field, emphasizing its effectiveness and potential therapeutic benefits. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to gather relevant studies on the clinical applications of honey. The search encompassed various databases and included studies published with the range from May 2001 to May 2023. The selected studies were critically reviewed to extract pertinent information for this critical review. Results: Natural honey comes from two types of honey-producing bees: honeybees and stingless bees. Honey constitutes a multifaceted amalgamation of sugars, enzymes, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds, all contributing to its therapeutic attributes. It exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and antioxidant effects. In wound management, honey promotes healing, reduces infection rates, and minimizes scarring. It also shows promise in treating bacterial and fungal infections. Furthermore, honey has effectively alleviated symptoms associated with respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and dermatological conditions. Conclusions: Honey possesses multifaceted clinical applications in the medical field. Its diverse therapeutic properties and minimal adverse effects make it an attractive option for various conditions. However, further research is necessary to solidify its role in evidence-based clinical practice, including conducting more rigorous clinical trials, establishing standardized protocols, and considering economic and regional factors.

Acute respiratory infections pose a significant burden to global health systems, with viral pathogens as the major contributors. Rapid and accurate pathogen diagnosis is of great significance for timely antiviral treatment, reduction of antibiotic abuse, disease prevention and control after respiratory virus infection. Rapid antigen detection and rapid nucleic acid detection are commonly used clinical methods for rapid respiratory virus detection. Although rapid detection can meet specific clinical needs, there are still some challenges in the clinical application. This review focuses on the development of respiratory virus rapid detection, its value of clinical applications and challenges, aiming to provide clinical reference.

Abstract Intestinal cancer (IC) poses a significant global health challenge that drives continuous efforts to explore effective treatment modalities. Conventional treatments for IC are effective, but are associated with several limitations and drawbacks. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) plays an important role in the overall cancer prevention and therapeutic strategies. Recent years have seen a growing body of research focus on the potential of CHM in IC treatment, showing promising results in managing IC and mitigating the adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This review provides updated information from preclinical research and clinical observation on CHM’s role in treatment of IC, offering insights into its comprehensive management and guiding future prevention strategies and clinical practice.

Corneal densitometry (CD) uses the biological properties of the cornea to visualize the morphology of the cornea and determine the degree of corneal transparency. At present, it is an emerging metric that has shown promise in various clinical diagnosis and evaluation of eye diseases and surgeries. We introduce the different methodologies used to measure CD. Furthermore, we systematically categorize the diagnostic value of CD into high, medium, and low levels based on its clinical significance. By analyzing a wide range of conditions, including keratoconus, postrefractive surgery changes, and other corneal pathologies, we assess the utility of CD in each context. We also discuss the potential implications of these classifications for disease monitoring and prognosis evaluation. Our review underscores the importance of integrating CD assessments into routine clinical practice to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of diagnostic processes for corneal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Recent experimental and clinical stu­dies have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of serratiopeptidase (SRP) as a powerful anti-inflammatory agent, highlighting its potential benefits across various fields of medicine. The ­purpose was to analyze current literature on the mechanisms of action of SRP as a means of systemic enzyme therapy for low-intensity chronic inflammation and pain syndromes, its clinical applications, and prospects for implementation in general medical practice. ­Materials and methods. To identify relevant literature sources, a comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases, inclu­ding PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. ­Results. According to modern literature data, SRP demonstrates quite powerful anti-inflammatory, analgesic, reparative, fibrinoly­tic, and mucolytic properties, and exhibits a certain antimicrobial activity, especially against biofilm-forming bacteria. The combination of this enzyme with traditional antibiotics provides a more effective treatment of infectious processes. SRP has significant potential in the treatment of conditions and diseases associated with the development of low-intensity chronic inflammation and pain syndromes (especially in comorbid ones) due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous, antithrombotic, and analgesic properties associated with the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, 5-lipoxygenase activity, myeloperoxidase and elastase, suppression of the formation and/or release of bradykinin, biogenic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, cleavage of bradykinin-related peptides, limitation of oxidative-nitrosative stress. The effectiveness of the enzyme notably increases when it is combined with some prebiotics and/or probiotics. Conclusions. The development of new dosage forms of SRP, along with further preclinical and clinical trials, could lead to new strategies for the prevention and treatment of inflamatory diseases.

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of cell capable of regulating the immune system, as well as exhibiting self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as an essential source of seed cells for therapeutic cell therapy. It is crucial to cryopreserve MSCs in liquid nitrogen prior to clinical application while preserving their functionality. Furthermore, efficient cryopreservation greatly enhances MSCs’ potential in a range of biological domains. Nevertheless, there are several limits on the MSC cryopreservation methods now in use, necessitating thorough biosafety assessments before utilizing cryopreserved MSCs. Therefore, in order to improve the effectiveness of cryopreserved MSCs in clinical stem cell treatment procedures, new technological techniques must be developed immediately. The study offers an exhaustive analysis of the state-of-the-art MSC cryopreservation techniques, their effects on MSCs, and the difficulties encountered when using cryopreserved MSCs in clinical applications.

The olive tree is currently cultivated worldwide, with higher incidence in Mediterranean Basin. Its climate is highly favorable to the synthesis of phenolic compounds, stored in olive leaves; their consumption has been linked to a lower incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disorders for which the research interest upon this feature has increased in last decade. This study aimed (i) to review evidence about the importance of olive leaf extract (OLE) on human health and the physiological effect of its major compounds; (ii) to update the state of the art of studies conducted on the health and technological usage of olive leaf extract; (iii) to report potential uses of OLE in pharmaceuticals, food production, and cosmetics; and (iv) to prospect the future of clinical applications of OLE from diverse cultivars, especially in metabolic inflammatory conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Overall, cultivars richer in TPC, including TFC, αT, omega-3 and omega-9, present a main research target for supplementation alone or in conjunction with vitaminic compounds, due to their nutraceutical value in metabolic disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, and anti-aging treatments, whereas cultivars with less water content might be useful as substrates for food preservation. With regard to future prospects, it would be of great interest to clarify the specific mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of OLE on neuro-immune and cardiovascular health to design safer and healthier nature-based medicine for a wide array of costly and highly prevalent chronic diseases, such as inflammatory and metabolic-related syndromes, namely, PCOS.

Myasthenia gravis(MG) is an autoimmune disease mainly mediated by autoantibodies that disorders the transmission of excitation at the neuromuscular junction. The predominant clinical manifestation is the muscle fluctuant weakness and fatigability, and the extraocular and skeletal muscles are slightly affected at the early onset for the majority of MG patients. However, there is a rapid progression in a short period of time for a small group, involving the laryngeal muscles and respiratory muscles and developing the myasthenia crisis, which severely threatens their lives. It’s commonly used for such patients to be rescued by therapeutic plasma exchange(TPE) or intravenous immunoglobulins(IVIG) that rapidly relieves their symptoms of muscle weakness and improves the respiratory function. In recent years, plentiful clinical studies about TPE have emerged, and the clinical value of TPE in improving MG symptoms, exerting early efficacy, reducing the length of ICU hospital stay and its safety has been gradually clarified. This review aims to summarize the clinical research advancement of TPE in the treatment of MG in terms of basic conditions of MG and TPE, the therapeutic efficiency and safety of TPE, and the application of TPE extension technology in the treatment of MG by searching for clinical research articles at home and abroad in the past 5 years, which can provide reference for better clinical application of MG.

Abstract The incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer (EC) are higher worldwide. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles derived from various types of cells, exhibiting a stable presence in bodily fluids, and contain a plethora of bioactive components including proteins, DNA, and RNA. Exosomes can mediate cell-to-cell communication and signaling. Numerous studies conducted both domestically and internationally have indicated the significant involvement of exosomes in tumor development and their potential as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for liquid biopsy. This review seeks to consolidate the role of exosomes and bioactive substances in the progression of EC and elaborate on the opportunities and challenges associated with the clinical application of exosomes in EC.

Abstract Malignant tumors remain a primary cause of human mortality. Among the various treatment modalities for neoplasms, tumor vaccines have consistently shown efficacy and promising potential. These vaccines offer advantages such as specificity, safety, and tolerability, with mRNA vaccines representing promising platforms. By introducing exogenous mRNAs encoding antigens into somatic cells and subsequently synthesizing antigens through gene expression systems, mRNA vaccines can effectively induce immune responses. Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their great contributions to mRNA vaccine research. Compared with traditional tumor vaccines, mRNA vaccines have several advantages, including rapid preparation, reduced contamination, nonintegrability, and high biodegradability. Tumor-targeted therapy is an innovative treatment modality that enables precise targeting of tumor cells, minimizes damage to normal tissues, is safe at high doses, and demonstrates great efficacy. Currently, targeted therapy has become an important treatment option for malignant tumors. The application of mRNA vaccines in tumor-targeted therapy is expanding, with numerous clinical trials underway. We systematically outline the targeted delivery mechanism of mRNA vaccines and the mechanism by which mRNA vaccines induce anti-tumor immune responses, describe the current research and clinical applications of mRNA vaccines in tumor-targeted therapy, and forecast the future development trends of mRNA vaccine application in tumor-targeted therapy.

Abstract Background Whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based prediction of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the potential to guide clinical decisions in the design of optimal treatment regimens. Methods We utilized WGS to investigate drug resistance mutations in a 32-year-old Tanzanian male admitted to Kibong’oto Infectious Diseases Hospital with a history of interrupted multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment for more than three years. Before admission, he received various all-oral bedaquiline-based multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment regimens with unfavourable outcomes. Results Drug susceptibility testing of serial M. tuberculosis isolates using Mycobacterium Growth Incubator Tubes culture and WGS revealed resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs, bedaquiline, and fluoroquinolones but susceptibility to linezolid, clofazimine, and delamanid. WGS of serial cultured isolates revealed that the Beijing (Lineage 2.2.2) strain was resistant to bedaquiline, with mutations in the mmpR5 gene (Rv0678. This study also revealed the emergence of two distinct subpopulations of bedaquiline-resistant tuberculosis strains with Asp47f and Glu49fs frameshift mutations in the mmpR5 gene, which might be the underlying cause of prolonged resistance. An individualized regimen comprising bedaquiline, delamanid, pyrazinamide, ethionamide, and para-aminosalicylic acid was designed. The patient was discharged home at month 8 and is currently in the ninth month of treatment. He reported no cough, chest pain, fever, or chest tightness but still experienced numbness in his lower limbs. Conclusion We propose the incorporation of WGS in the diagnostic framework for the optimal management of patients with drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.

68Ga-DOTA-TATE has been successfully applied in the diagnosis of clinical neuroendocrine tumors，but its short half-life limits its widespread use. This study aimed to develop [18F]AlF-NOTA-TATE to meet the clinical demands of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. A new column chromatography purification method for [18F]AlF-NOTA-TATE was developed and automated synthesis was performed using a clinical single-vessel multi-functional fluorine synthesis module. The lipophilicity, in vitro stability，and pharmacokinetics of [18F]AlF-NOTA-TATE were studied，and biodistribution experiments and PET/CT imaging of nude mice with NCI-H69 (SSTR2 positive expression) small cell lung cancer were conducted，followed by preliminary clinical evaluation on three patients with neuroendocrine tumors. The new column chromatography purification method for [18F]AlF-NOTA-TATE was simple，which was synthesized in a short time with higher than 95% of radiochemical purity and，less than 3% of.ethanol content. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution experiments in BALB/c mice showed rapid blood clearance of the drug and renal metabolism. PET/CT imaging of tumor-bearing mice showed specific uptake of the radiotracer in SSTR-positive tumors. Preliminary clinical application showed that [18F]AlF-NOTA-TATE is well targeted in patients with long retention time and can provide better image quality. The column chromatography method for the preparation of [18F]AlF-NOTA-TATE was simple and had high radiochemical purity. Preliminary clinical results suggested that [18F]AlF-NOTA-TATE has further value for clinical research.

Abstract To explore the advantages and disadvantages of 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization combined with transcranial neuroendoscope in the surgical treatment of deep cerebral micro cavernous hemangiomas. Method The clinical data of patients with deep cerebral micro cavernous hemangiomas treated by our hospital from June 2022 to February 2023 using 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization technology combined with transcranial endoscopic surgery were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 5 cases with complete data were collected, including 2 males and 3 females, aged 9–59 years. All 5 patients had deep supratentorial cavernous hemangiomas with a diameter of less than 1.5 cm, and had clinical symptoms such as headache or epilepsy, and had been diagnosed by CT or MRI. Repeated bleeding from small cavernous hemangiomas in the deep brain can lead to clinical symptoms such as recurrent headache and epilepsy, and is required surgical treatment. However, cavernous hemangiomas often have smaller lesions and are difficult to locate in the deep part. Without neuronavigation, surgery can become extremely difficult. Our team’s newly developed 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization technology which could provide new options for surgical treatment of small cavernous hemangiomas or other small lesions in the deep brain, but its accuracy and safety still need to be verified by further clinical research.

Traditional designs and developments of bone biomaterials mostly concentrate on the positive regulation of osteoblast lineage cells, but often ignore the importance of immune responses and the equilibrium between bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts and bone formation mediated by osteoblasts. Immune dysregulation is associated with an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes, which may influence the efficacy of bone therapy. Therefore, implanted biomaterials should appropriately and precisely modulate subsequent immune responses. Magnesium (Mg) has been used to fabricate various Mg alloys for bone repair because of its favorable attributes such as osteogenic potential, immune regulation characteristics, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Various basic research and clinical trials have been already conducted in many countries to explore the physical properties of Mg-containing implants and their clinical outcomes in bone fracture and defect repair. Therefore, this review summarizes the immune response to Mg-containing implants, and further organizes the current research and development progress of Mg-containing implants. The review aims to offer an overview of the current knowledge on immunomodulation of Mg-containing implants and future challenges in their clinical application, which could provide further insight in the development of better strategies for the treatment of bone defect and fracture.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting the gastrointestinal tract and is ranked third among cancers with the highest incidence and second-highest mortality rate worldwide. CRC exhibits a slow progression providing a wide treatment window. The currently employed CRC screening methods have shown great potential to prevent CRC and reduce CRC-related morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of CRC is achieved by colonoscopy and tissue biopsy, with studies showing that liquid biopsy is more effective in detecting and diagnosing early CRC patients. Increasing number of studies have shown that the tumor components shed into circulating blood can be detected in liquid form, and can be applied in the clinical management of CRC. Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), or tumor-associated platelets (TEPs) in the blood can be used for early screening and diagnosis of CRC, aid tumor staging, treatment response monitoring, and prediction of CRC recurrence and metastasis in a minimally invasive manner. This chapter provides an updated review of CTCs, ctDNA, and TEPs as novel biomarkers for CRC, highlighting their strengths and limitations.

Abstract All types of ginger have common fundamental components, although they possess distinct strengths and inclinations when it comes to effectiveness and medicinal applications. Fresh ginger possesses the ability to effectively stimulate movement within the body, alleviate the act of vomiting, induce sweating, and provide relief for external syndromes. Dried ginger possesses both defensive and stimulant characteristics, which effectively raise the internal temperature and enhance the Yang energy. Fresh ginger is more hydrating than dried ginger, highly skilled at heating the Middle-jiao, alleviating pain, halting bleeding, and managing diarrhea. Dried ginger possesses the ability to alleviate coldness when consumed in a heated form, as well as to alleviate diarrhea when consumed in a heated form. It thrives in warm conditions and has a tendency to revert back to its warm nature. The moisture content of baked ginger is inferior to that of dried ginger, but it is highly effective in alleviating pain, bleeding, and diarrhea by warming the Middle-jiao. Ginger charcoal and stir-fried charcoal, produced through carbonization, have excellent heat retention properties and are effective in warming meridians and stopping bleeding. The potency and ability to spread of roasted ginger is less intense compared to fresh ginger, and its moisture content is not as low as that of dried ginger. The medicinal characteristics of this substance are gentle, making it beneficial for alleviating vomiting in patients who are physically frail. Its primary mode of action is on the Middle-jiao. Nevertheless, the main chemical compositions of various traditional Chinese medicines are nearly identical due to their shared base element. Ginger, in particular, possesses a range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and anticoagulant properties. However, modern pharmacological research has not fully acknowledged the clinical medicinal value of ginger and consequently, fails to provide accurate guidance for clinical medication. This situation has a negative impact on the contemporary advancement of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The research on modernizing ginger is conducted by analyzing and considering the prospects. It is based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory and incorporates the comprehensive perspective of TCM philosophy. In order to modernize ginger, it is essential to have a proper knowledge of the concepts of “recognizing nature by efficacy, homology, and mutual expression of nature and efficacy” and “rationally utilizing modern drug research technology”. By applying these principles, we can construct a bridge towards the advancement of ginger.

Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) can infect humans and a variety of animals, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. However, a more highly sensitive, specific, and repeatable test for its detection is lacking. The objective of this study was to develop a highly sensitive, specific, and repeatable droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR)-based method for the quantitative detection of E. tarda. The gyrB gene was selected as the target gene, and primers and probe were designed and synthesized. Using E. tarda genomic DNA as templates, the reaction method was optimized to establish a linear relationship with realtime PCR detection methods. The sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the method were analyzed, and clinical samples were tested. When the primer and probe concentrations were 900 and 300 nM, respectively, and the annealing temperature was 57°C, the efficiency of the ddPCR amplification reaction was highest and the boundary between positive and negative droplet distribution was clearest. The sensitivity was high, with detection limit being as low as 0.56 copies·µL-1; additionally, and a good linear relationship (R² = 0.9962) between ddPCR and real-time PCR detection, within the range of 1-25,000 copies·µL-1, was evident. The repeatability was good, with a detection coefficient of variation of 2.74%. There was no cross-reactivity with 15 other common pathogenic microorganisms in aquatic animals (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus suis type 2, Nocardia seriolae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas sobria, red sea bream iridovirus, decapod iridescent virus 1, enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, carp edema virus, Koi herpesvirus, goldfish hematopoietic necrosis virus, tilapia lake virus, viral nervous necrosis virus, or grass carp reovirus) in positive samples. Among the 48 clinical samples, including Bahaba taipingensis and its live food fish, pond water samples, and routine monitoring samples (Koi), 21 were positive for E. tarda, consistent with the bacterial isolation and identification results. The E. tarda ddPCR detection method has high specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability, can more accurately quantify E. tarda, and provides a useful reference for research related to this bacterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing interest in postbiotics, a term gaining recognition alongside probiotics and prebiotics, aligns with a growing number of clinical trials demonstrating positive outcomes for specific conditions. Postbiotics present several advantages, including safety, extended shelf life, ease of administration, absence of risk, and patentability, making them more appealing than probiotics alone. This review covers various aspects, starting with an introduction, terminology, classification of postbiotics, and brief mechanisms of action. It emphasizes microbial metabolomics as the initial step in discovering novel postbiotics. Commonly employed techniques such as NMR, GC-MS, and LC-MS are briefly outlined, along with their application principles and limitations in microbial metabolomics. The review also examines existing research where these techniques were used to identify, isolate, and characterize postbiotics derived from different microbial sources. The discovery section concludes by highlighting challenges and future directions to enhance postbiotic discovery. In the second half of the review, we delve deeper into numerous published postbiotic clinical trials to date. We provide brief overviews of system-specific trial applications, their objectives, the postbiotics tested, and their outcomes. The review concludes by highlighting ongoing applications of postbiotics in extended clinical trials, offering a comprehensive overview of the current landscape in this evolving field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved 29 small molecule drugs. These newly approved small molecule drugs possess the distinct scaffolds, thereby exhibiting diverse mechanisms of action and binding modalities. Moreover, the marketed drugs have always been an important source of new drug development and creative inspiration, thereby fostering analogous endeavors in drug discovery that potentially extend to the diverse clinical indications. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive evaluation of drug approval experience and associated information will facilitate the expedited identification of highly potent drug molecules. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the relevant information regarding the clinical applications, mechanisms of action and chemical synthesis of 29 small molecule drugs, with the aim of providing a promising structural basis and design inspiration for pharmaceutical chemists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing global incidence and mortality rates of cancer, the development of novel anti-tumor drugs has become particularly urgent. Scutellaria barbata D. Don, a perennial herb belonging to the genus Scutellaria in the family Lamiaceae, has aroused extensive attention for its medicinal value in recent years. This article presents an exhaustive review of the flavonoid, diterpene, and other chemical constituents harbored within Scutellaria barbata, delving into the intricate mechanisms by which these compounds orchestrate their anti-tumor effects via diverse biological pathways. Remarkably, these compounds distinguish themselves through their capability to regulate cellular signaling, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, trigger apoptosis, disrupt angiogenesis, and bolster immune responses. These anti-tumor effects are achieved through strategic modulation of pivotal signaling cascades, particularly the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, and NFκB pathways. In addition, this article also summarizes the clinical applications of Scutellaria barbata in tumor treatment, especially its potential in alleviating the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy and improving patients' quality of life. In conclusion, this review comprehensively summarizes and analyzes the chemical constituents, anti-tumor mechanisms, and clinical applications of Scutellaria barbata, with the aim of systematically reviewing the existing research results and exploring potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on mutational signatures in colorectal cancer (CRC), highlighting their potential clinical applications. It discusses the challenges and limitations in translating these analyses into clinical practice and proposes strategies to overcome these obstacles. Additionally, it provides insights into future directions and emerging proof-of-concept studies that highlight the translational potential of mutational signature analysis in improving patient care and outcomes in CRC. A multitude of exogenous and endogenous processes have the potential to result in DNA damage. While the repair mechanisms are typically capable of correcting this damage, errors in the repair process can result in mutations. The findings of research conducted in 2012 indicate that mutations do not occur randomly but rather follow specific patterns that can be attributed to known or inferred mutational processes. The process of mutational signature analysis allows for the inference of the predominant mutational process for a given cancer sample, with significant potential for clinical applications. A deeper comprehension of these mutational signatures in CRC could facilitate enhanced prevention strategies, facilitate the comprehension of genotoxic drug activity, predict responses to personalized treatments, and, in the future, inform the development of targeted therapies in the context of precision oncology. The efforts of numerous researchers have led to the identification of several mutational signatures, which can be categorized into different mutational signature references. In CRC, distinct mutational signatures are identified as correlating with mismatch repair deficiency, polymerase mutations, and chemotherapy treatment. In this context, a mutational signature analysis offers considerable potential for enhancing minimal residual disease (MRD) tests in stage II (high-risk) and stage III CRC post-surgery, stratifying CRC based on the impacts of genetic and epigenetic alterations for precision oncology, identifying potential therapeutic vulnerabilities, and evaluating drug efficacy and guiding therapy, as illustrated in a proof-of-concept clinical trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in using extracellular vesicles (EVs) for therapeutic applications. EVs are composed of cytoplasmic proteins and nucleic acids and an external lipid bilayer containing transmembrane proteins on their surfaces. EVs can alter the state of the target cells by interacting with the receptor ligand of the target cell or by being internalised by the target cell. Blood cells are the primary source of EVs, and 1 μL of plasma contains approximately 1.5 × 107 EVs. Owing to their easy acquisition and the avoidance of cell amplification in vitro , using blood cells as a source of therapeutic EVs has promising clinical application prospects. This review summarises the characteristics and biological functions of EVs derived from different blood cell types (platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes) and analyses the prospects and challenges of using them for clinical therapeutic applications. In summary, blood cell-derived EVs can regulate different cell types such as immune cells (macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells), stem cells, and somatic cells, and play a role in intercellular communication, immune regulation, and cell proliferation. Overall, blood cell-derived EVs have the potential for use in vascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, degenerative diseases, and injuries. To promote the clinical translation of blood cell-derived EVs, researchers need to perform further studies on EVs in terms of scalable and reproducible isolation technology, quality control, safety, stability and storage, regulatory issues, cost-effectiveness, and long-term efficacy. [Display omitted] • Blood contains EVs derived from platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes. • Blood cell-derived EVs regulate intercellular communication and immune responses. • Blood cell-derived EVs have therapeutic potential in various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional and basic service models continue to be a source of many issues with public health services. This research aims to optimize the efficiency and quality of service at the Atlantic Clinic through the implementation of a webbased information system. Analysis and trials show that current conventional service methods are no longer adequate, causing suboptimality in the service process. The new system designed is able to increase administrative efficiency by speeding up recording and searching for patient data. In addition, the queuing system provides better time estimation for patients, while the medical record system ensures the security and accuracy of patient data. An integrated cashier system also increases the efficiency of payment transactions, reducing cost calculation errors. Management of master data which includes data on drugs, medical procedures, doctors and users becomes more structured and accurate. The implementation of this system is expected to bring significant changes in the quality of service at the Atlantic Clinic, making it more modern, effective and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive tree is currently cultivated worldwide, with higher incidence in Mediterranean Basin. Its climate is highly favorable to the synthesis of phenolic compounds, stored in olive leaves; their consumption has been linked to a lower incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disorders for which the research interest upon this feature has increased in last decade. This study aimed (i) to review evidence about the importance of olive leaf extract (OLE) on human health and the physiological effect of its major compounds; (ii) to update the state of the art of studies conducted on the health and technological usage of olive leaf extract; (iii) to report potential uses of OLE in pharmaceuticals, food production, and cosmetics; and (iv) to prospect the future of clinical applications of OLE from diverse cultivars, especially in metabolic inflammatory conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Overall, cultivars richer in TPC, including TFC, αT, omega-3 and omega-9, present a main research target for supplementation alone or in conjunction with vitaminic compounds, due to their nutraceutical value in metabolic disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, and anti-aging treatments, whereas cultivars with less water content might be useful as substrates for food preservation. With regard to future prospects, it would be of great interest to clarify the specific mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of OLE on neuro-immune and cardiovascular health to design safer and healthier nature-based medicine for a wide array of costly and highly prevalent chronic diseases, such as inflammatory and metabolic-related syndromes, namely, PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main active constituents of plants of the Paeonia genus are known to have antitumor activity. Hundreds of compounds with a wide range of pharmacological activities, including monoterpene glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenes, triterpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds have been isolated. Among them, monoterpenes and their glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other constituents have been shown to have good therapeutic effects on various cancers, with the main mechanisms including the induction of apoptosis; the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; and the modulation of immunity. In this study, many citations related to the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, antitumor effects, and clinical applications of the Paeonia genus were retrieved from popular and widely used databases such as Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed using different search strings. A systematic review of the antitumor constituents of the Paeonia genus and their therapeutic effects on various cancers was conducted and the mechanisms of action and pathways of these phytochemicals were summarised to provide a further basis for antitumor research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant tumors remain a primary cause of human mortality. Among the various treatment modalities for neoplasms, tumor vaccines have consistently shown efficacy and promising potential. These vaccines offer advantages such as specificity, safety, and tolerability, with mRNA vaccines representing promising platforms. By introducing exogenous mRNAs encoding antigens into somatic cells and subsequently synthesizing antigens through gene expression systems, mRNA vaccines can effectively induce immune responses. Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their great contributions to mRNA vaccine research. Compared with traditional tumor vaccines, mRNA vaccines have several advantages, including rapid preparation, reduced contamination, nonintegrability, and high biodegradability. Tumor-targeted therapy is an innovative treatment modality that enables precise targeting of tumor cells, minimizes damage to normal tissues, is safe at high doses, and demonstrates great efficacy. Currently, targeted therapy has become an important treatment option for malignant tumors. The application of mRNA vaccines in tumor-targeted therapy is expanding, with numerous clinical trials underway. We systematically outline the targeted delivery mechanism of mRNA vaccines and the mechanism by which mRNA vaccines induce anti-tumor immune responses, describe the current research and clinical applications of mRNA vaccines in tumor-targeted therapy, and forecast the future development trends of mRNA vaccine application in tumor-targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer (EC) are higher worldwide. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles derived from various types of cells, exhibiting a stable presence in bodily fluids, and contain a plethora of bioactive components including proteins, DNA, and RNA. Exosomes can mediate cell-to-cell communication and signaling. Numerous studies conducted both domestically and internationally have indicated the significant involvement of exosomes in tumor development and their potential as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for liquid biopsy. This review seeks to consolidate the role of exosomes and bioactive substances in the progression of EC and elaborate on the opportunities and challenges associated with the clinical application of exosomes in EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based prediction of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the potential to guide clinical decisions in the design of optimal treatment regimens. Methods: We utilized WGS to investigate drug resistance mutations in a 32-year-old Tanzanian male admitted to Kibong'oto Infectious Diseases Hospital with a history of interrupted multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment for more than three years. Before admission, he received various all-oral bedaquiline-based multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment regimens with unfavourable outcomes. Results: Drug susceptibility testing of serial M. tuberculosis isolates using Mycobacterium Growth Incubator Tubes culture and WGS revealed resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs, bedaquiline, and fluoroquinolones but susceptibility to linezolid, clofazimine, and delamanid. WGS of serial cultured isolates revealed that the Beijing (Lineage 2.2.2) strain was resistant to bedaquiline, with mutations in the mmpR5 gene (Rv0678. This study also revealed the emergence of two distinct subpopulations of bedaquiline-resistant tuberculosis strains with Asp47f and Glu49fs frameshift mutations in the mmpR5 gene, which might be the underlying cause of prolonged resistance. An individualized regimen comprising bedaquiline, delamanid, pyrazinamide, ethionamide, and para-aminosalicylic acid was designed. The patient was discharged home at month 8 and is currently in the ninth month of treatment. He reported no cough, chest pain, fever, or chest tightness but still experienced numbness in his lower limbs. Conclusion: We propose the incorporation of WGS in the diagnostic framework for the optimal management of patients with drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of gait feedback training for older people remains unclear, and such training methods have not been adapted in clinical settings. This study aimed to examine whether inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based real-time feedback gait for older inpatients immediately changes gait parameters. Seven older inpatients (mean age: 76.0 years) performed three types of 60-s gait trials with real-time feedback in each of the following categories: walking spontaneously (no feedback trial); focused on increasing the ankle plantarflexion angle during late stance (ankle trial); and focused on increasing the leg extension angle, which is defined by the location of the ankle joint relative to the hip joint in the sagittal plane, during late stance (leg trial). Tilt angles and accelerations of the pelvis and lower limb segments were measured using seven IMUs in pre- and post-feedback trials. To examine the immediate effects of IMU-based real-time feedback gait, multiple comparisons of the change in gait parameters were conducted. Real-time feedback increased gait speed, but it did not significantly differ in the control (p = 0.176), ankle (p = 0.237), and leg trials (p = 0.398). Step length was significantly increased after the ankle trial (p = 0.043, r = 0.77: large effect size). Regarding changes in gait kinematics, the leg trial increased leg extension angle compared to the no feedback trial (p = 0.048, r = 0.77: large effect size). IMU-based real-time feedback gait changed gait kinematics immediately, and this suggests the feasibility of a clinical application for overground gait training in older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrated Growth Factors (CGF) represent the third generation of platelet concentrates, a type of platelet-rich biomaterial extracted from the patient's own blood through a specific centrifugation process. CGF contains a high concentration of growth factors and cytokines. It has been shown to enhance wound healing, improve the survival rate of grafts, and stimulate tissue regeneration. In recent years, CGF has been extensively applied in various fields including oral surgery, plastic surgery, dermatology, and others. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the components, biological effects, and clinical applications of CGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mast cells (MCs) are bone-marrow-derived haematopoietic cells that are widely distributed in human tissues. When activated, they will release tryptase, histamine and other mediators that play major roles in a diverse array of diseases/disorders, including allergies, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancers and even death. The multiple pathological effects of MCs have made their stabilizers a research hotspot for the treatment of related diseases. To date, the clinically available MC stabilizers are limited. Considering the rapidly increasing incidence rate and widespread prevalence of MC-related diseases, a comprehensive reference is needed for the clinicians or researchers to identify and choose efficacious MC stabilizers. This review analyzes the mechanism of MC activation, and summarizes the progress made so far in the development of MC stabilizers. MC stabilizers are classified by the action mechanism here, including acting on cell surface receptors, disturbing signal transduction pathways and interfering exocytosis systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the clinical applications and the future development direction of MC stabilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the advantages and disadvantages of 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization combined with transcranial neuroendoscope in the surgical treatment of deep cerebral micro cavernous hemangiomas. Method The clinical data of patients with deep cerebral micro cavernous hemangiomas treated by our hospital from June 2022 to February 2023 using 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization technology combined with transcranial endoscopic surgery were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 5 cases with complete data were collected, including 2 males and 3 females, aged 9–59 years. All 5 patients had deep supratentorial cavernous hemangiomas with a diameter of less than 1.5 cm, and had clinical symptoms such as headache or epilepsy, and had been diagnosed by CT or MRI. Repeated bleeding from small cavernous hemangiomas in the deep brain can lead to clinical symptoms such as recurrent headache and epilepsy, and is required surgical treatment. However, cavernous hemangiomas often have smaller lesions and are difficult to locate in the deep part. Without neuronavigation, surgery can become extremely difficult. Our team's newly developed 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization technology which could provide new options for surgical treatment of small cavernous hemangiomas or other small lesions in the deep brain, but its accuracy and safety still need to be verified by further clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]