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Clove oil disinfects polymethylmethacrylate. Post-clove oil solution immersion high-impact polymethylmethacrylate surface hardness was examined. Thirty high-impact polymethylmethacrylate specimens were used and divided into control, 2% clove oil solution, and 6% clove oil solution groups. Shore-D tester measured surface hardness. Data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way ANOVA at 5% significance, using the SPSS software. The highest surface hardness mean was 6% (80.07), followed by 2% (79.96) and control (79.93). In this study, clove oil didn't affect surface hardness. 2% and 6% groups had similar surface hardness to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a responsive voltammetric electrode was fabricated for the electrochemical analysis of eugenol (EU) by fabricating a bare carbon nanotube electrode (BCNTE) with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS/MWCNT). The surface characteristics and electrochemical behavior of SDS/MWCNT were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The developed sensor showed an enhanced surface area for the detection of the electrochemical response of the EU. The scan rate study at optimum pH 6.5 revealed that the process was adsorption-controlled with the involvement of two electrons and two protons. The prepared electrode displayed excellent response to EU within the concentration range of 0.4 to 90.0 μM with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.409 μM, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.365 μM, and a sensitivity of 0.794 μAμM−1 cm−2. The selectivity of the electrode towards EU was not affected by the presence of vanillin (VN) and other interferents. Moreover, the fabricated electrode showed acceptable repeatability, reproducibility, and stability. The developed electrode was validated for the analysis of EU in real samples using clove oil, clove bud, and curry powder, showing a good recovery rate of 94.90–100.47%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. are the primary soil-borne plant diseases responsible for significant reductions in global crop yields. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the antifungal potentials of clove essential oil (CEO), nanoemulsion form (CEONE) and chitosan/nanoemulsion nanocomposite (CS/CEONE) against R. solani and S. rolfsii through in vitro and in vivo trials. Both CEONE and CS/CEONE were prepared and investigated for their physical chemical and morphological characterization. The poisoned medium method was utilized to evaluate the inhibitory effects of CEO, CEONE and CS/CEONE on the mycelial growth and enzymatic activity of R. solani and S. rolfsii. The changes of hyphae of R. solani and S. rolfsii in response to treating with CEONE and CS/CEONE were observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that CEONE have larger size 86 ± 3 nm and a broader range of PDI 0.121 ± 0.011 on the average. While, CS/CEONE has smaller size of 49 ± 4 nm and narrower PDI of 0.099 ± 0.009. Both nanoemulsions had uniform spherical nanodroplets form and exhibited acidic nature. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) verified the successful incorporation of both CS and CEO within the nanoemulsion system. The results demonstrated a sustained and prolonged release profile from CS/CEONE for up to 4 days. The inhibitory effect of CEONE and CS/CEONE showed dose-dependent activity against mycelial growth of both fungi. CEONE and CS/CEONE at concentration 500 µL/L exhibited the strongest inhibition with a significant (p < 0.05) variation among them with value ranging from 56.11% to 71.94% and 52.2% to 79.2%, respectively. Comparing to control, CS/CEONE revealed the highest inhibitory effect against S. rolfsii after 96 h followed by CEONE with value reached 50.6% and 44.1%, respectively. The antifungal activity of the nanoemulsion showed strain–dependent behavior, where S. rolfsii was the most affected. SEM images showed changes in the hyphal structure of S. rolfsii and R. solani resulting from the impact of CEONE and CS/CEONE. Activity of pectinase and cellulase secreted by both fungi was also negatively affected by CEO, CEONE and CS/CEONE at all tested concentrations. Greenhouse trials revealed that increasing the concentrations of CEO, CEONE, and CS/CEONE from 50 to 500 μL/L gradually increased their effectiveness in reducing the DI% and DS% of black scurf, stem canker, pre-damping off, and post-damping off diseases on potato. The results suggest that incorporation of CS to CEONE enhanced its activity and can be utilized as a secure and non-toxic nanocomposite. Supplementary Material Supplementary Material File [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Grapes are rich in phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant properties that mitigate risks associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, postharvest storage often leads to microbial infestations, significantly deteriorating fruit quality. This study investigated the effects of two composite edible coatings i.e., Coffee Husk Pectin-Clove Oil (CHP-CO) and Freeze-Dried Coffee Husk Pectin-Clove Oil (FD-CHP-CO) on prolonging the shelf life of grapes. Coated and uncoated grapes were evaluated for their physicochemical (weight loss, colour, pH, total soluble solids and titratable acidity), bioactive compounds (total phenolics and total flavonoids), in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties during 14 d of storage at ambient (RT, 25 ± 1 °C) and cold (4 ± 1 °C) storage conditions. Coated grapes maintained better quality compared to uncoated grapes, with FD-CHP-CO reducing weight loss by up to 76 % at ambient conditions (0.92 ± 0.26 % vs. 3.89 ± 1.63 % in uncoated grapes). The FD-CHP-CO coating also resulted in a significant inhibition zone increase against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 from 11 to 15 mm. Additionally, the coated grapes showed higher retention of bioactive compounds, with total phenolics and total flavonoids retention of 86.9 % and 83.7 %, respectively. These results suggest that CHP-CO and FD-CHP-CO coatings effectively extend the shelf life of grapes, maintaining their quality and safety during storage, and highlight the potential of these coatings in reducing food waste and improving consumer satisfaction. Graphical Abstract

Introduction: Today, livestock and poultry health in the advanced production system is the main challenge affecting human health and the global economy. For years, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters to stabilize the microbial population of the digestive tract and improve performance. However, scientific evidence suggests that the massive use of these compounds has led to increased problem of antibiotic resistance and presence of antibiotics residues in feed and compromises human and animal health. Hence, there is a growing need to find effective alternatives to control infectious diseases and limit the spread of resistant bacteria.Organic acids are an alternative to antibiotics in poultry diets. These are improving the immune system of broilers by acidifying the gastrointestinal tract and improving the intestinal microflora. Coating of organic acids prevents their dissociation and digestion in the stomach so that the biological effect of organic acids reaches the distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract and is effective in intestinal microflora and mucosal morphology. Also, Essential oils are volatile oil compounds that are produced as secondary metabolites by plants. Essential oils extracted from plants have anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, antioxidant activities as well as immune-modulating effects, reducing blood fat and stimulating the digestive system of poultry. Organic acids can complete the effect of essential oils through synergism antibacterial and bactericidal activities. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of different levels of butyric acid glycerides and clove oil on growth performance, blood parameters and tibia bone characteristics of broiler chickens. Material and Methods: A total of 300 male and female broilers (Ross 308) with a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, two levels of butyric acid glycerides (0 and 0.2 %) and three levels of clove oil (0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were used. Each of the six dietary treatments was fed to five replicate pens of 10 birds each from 0 to 42 days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weights of immune organs, plasma lipids and physical and mineral characteristics of the tibia were recorded. The collected data were analyzed using SAS software (2003) and using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. The equation of the statistical model of the experiment was according to the relation Yijk = µ + Ai + Bj + (AB)ij + eijk, where Yijk represents the numerical value of each observation, µ is the population mean, Ai is the effect of butyric acid glycerides (0 and 0.2%), Bj was the effect of clove oil (0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg), ij (AB) was the interaction effect of butyric acid glycerides and clove oil, and eijk was the experimental error.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the addition of 0.2% butyric acid glycerides in the diet of broiler chickens reduced feed intake, body weight and daily weight gain compared to the control group (P

The experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, where 112 laying hens were used, which extended from 2/1/2024 until 15/4/2024, including the preliminary period, which lasted 14 days. The birds were divided into (7 ) Treatments / 4 replicates / 4 birds, according to the following treatments: T1: It was the comparison group and free of additives, T2: 0.06 ml of clove oil/kg of feed was added to it, T3: The third treatment was added to 0.08 ml of clove oil/kg of feed, T4: Add 0.1 ml clove oil/kg feed, T5: Add 0.06 ml clove oil/kg + 0.05 zinc oxide. T6: Add 0.08 ml clove oil/kg feed + 0.05 zinc oxide, T7: Add 0.1 ml clove oil/kg feed + 0.05 zinc oxide. The results obtained from the experiment were:: In the qualitative characteristics of eggs, it is observed that there are no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05)for most of the qualitative characteristics, including the thickness of the shell, the Yolk index, alone, the Albumin high. As for the percentage of weight of the yolk, a significant superiority of (p ≤ 0.05)is observed for all addition treatments over the control treatment. As for the percentage of weight of the shell, it is noted There are no significant differences(p ≤ 0.05), in all periods except the fifth period, where it is noted that the addition treatments are superior to the control treatment. As for the weight, it is noted that the relative Albumin weight is significantly lower, (p ≤ 0.05)in all addition treatments compared to the control treatment.

Abstract Apocynin (APO) is a naturally occurring acetophenone with eminent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant peculiarities. It suffers from poor bioavailability due to low aqueous solubility. Herein, APO was loaded in a Clove oil (CO) based Nanostructured lipid carrier (NSLC) system using a simple method (ultrasonic emulsification) guided by a quality-by-design approach (23 full factorial design) to optimize the formulated NSLCs. The prepared NSLCs were evaluated regarding particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency (EE%). The optimal formula (F2) was extensively investigated through transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), in vitro release, and stability studies. Cytotoxicity against human urinary bladder carcinoma (T24) cell line and in vivo activity studies in rats with induced cystitis were also assessed. The results disclosed that the optimal formula (F2) had PS of 214.8 ± 5.8 nm with EE% of 79.3 ± 0.9%. F2 also exhibited a strong cytotoxic effect toward the T24 cancer cells expressed by IC50 value of 5.8 ± 1.3 µg/mL. Pretreatment with the optimal formula (orally) hinted uroprotective effect against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in rat models, emphasized by histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical investigations. In consideration of the simple fabrication process, APO-loaded CO-based NSLCs can hold prospective potential in the prophylaxis of oncologic and urologic diseases.

In the present study, fluconazole (FLU) showed the highest solubility in clove oil and was selected as the oil phase for the FLU-loaded nanoemulsion (FLU-NE). Among the studied cosurfactants, Labrafac was better than ethanol at providing globules with acceptable sizes and a lower polydispersity index (PDI) when Tween 80 was the surfactant. This optimized FLU-NE was thermodynamically stable. Furthermore, FLU-NE stored at 40 ± 2 °C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity for 6 months demonstrated good stability. The FLU-NE was converted to a FLU-loaded nanoemulsion gel (FLU-NEG) using 2% w/v sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The FLU-NEG was acceptable in terms of visual appearance and spreadability. Rheological studies revealed pseudoplastic behavior for FLU-NEG. The viscosity of FLU-NEG decreased when the applied rpm was increased. FLU-NEG showed greater drug release than that from a FLU-GEL formulation. Furthermore, the FLU release from FLU-NEG followed the Higuchi model. The results from the in vitro antifungal evaluation of FLU-NEG on Candida albicans ATCC 76615 strain confirmed the increase in the antifungal activity of FLU by clove oil. Significant differences were observed in the zones of inhibition produced by FLU-NEG compared to those produced by the blank nanoemulsion gel (B-NEG), fluconazole suspension (FLU-SUS), and nystatin samples. Thus, the increase in the antifungal activity of FLU using clove oil as the oil phase in its nanoemulsion formulation was quite evident from our results. Therefore, the developed FLU-NEG could be considered a potential candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated the response of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to different management conditions by assessing their oxygen consumption using an intermittent respirometry system, which serves as an indicator of metabolic rate. Goldfish consumed more oxygen during the day than at night, agreeing with the diurnal pattern of this teleost. Feeding to satiety increased their oxygen consumption by 35%, peaking 3 h after eating and returning to the normal routine values after 7 h. Handling the fish for five minutes caused a 140% increase in oxygen use, which returned to normal after 2.5 h. Increasing the water temperature gradually to 30 °C resulted in a 200% increase in oxygen consumption 2.5 h after the start of the temperature increase. Common aquaculture anesthetics also affected oxygen use for at least 4 h post-recovery. These findings suggest that metabolic rate is a valuable indicator of how goldfish respond to different practices that might increase their energy expenditure and stress. Therefore, intermittent respirometry, which measures oxygen consumption over time, is recommended to help understand and improve fish welfare in aquaculture. This study examined the metabolic rate (MO2, oxygen consumption) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under normal management conditions in aquaculture. Using an intermittent respirometry system, we assessed daily variations and the effects of feeding, handling, temperature increase, and anesthetics. MO2 exhibited a daily rhythm, with higher values during day. Feeding to satiety produced a 35% increase in MO2 compared to fasted animals, with a maximum peak after 3 h and returning to baseline after 7 h. Handling stress (5 min) produced a 140% MO2 peak (from 180 to 252 mg O2 kg−1 h−1), returning to the routine MO2 after 2.5 h. An increase in water temperature (+0.1 °C min−1) up to 30 °C caused MO2 to peak at 200% after 2.5 h from the start of the temperature increase. The use of common anesthetics in aquaculture (MS-222, 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil in deep anesthesia concentration) affects MO2 during the first few minutes after anesthetic recovery, but also during the following 4 h. It can be concluded that the metabolic rate is a good indicator of the goldfish's response to aquaculture practices involving energy expenditure and stress. Thus, intermittent respirometry is a valuable non-invasive tool for understanding and improving fish welfare in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Today, livestock and poultry health in the advanced production system is the main challene affecting human health and the global economy. For years, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters to stabilize the microbial population of the digestive tract and improve faformance. However, scientific evidence suggests that the massive use of these compounds has led to increased problem of antibiotic resistance and presence of antibiotics residues in feed and compromises human and animal health. Hence, there is a growing need to find effective alternatives to control infectious diseases and limit the spread of resistant bacteria.Organic acids are an alternative to antibiotics in poultry diets. These are improving the immune system of broilers by acidifying the gastrointestinal tract and improving the intestinal microflora. Coating of organic acids prevents their dissociation and digestion in the stomach so that the biological effect of organic acids reaches the distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract and is effective in intestinal microflora and mucosal morphology. Also, Essential oils are volatile oil compounds that are produced as secondary metabolites by plants. Essential oils extracted from plants have anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, antioxidant activities as well as immune-modulating effects, reducing blood fat and stimulating the digestive system of poultry. Organic acids can complete the effect of essential oils through synergism antibacterial and bactericidal activities. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of different levels of butyric acid glycerides and clove oil on growth faformance, blood parameters and tibia bone characteristics of broiler chickens. Material and Methods: A total of 300 male and female broilers (Ross 308) with a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, two levels of butyric acid glycerides (0 and 0.2 %) and three levels of clove oil (0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were used. Each of the six dietary treatments was fed to five replicate pens of 10 birds each from 0 to 42 days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weights of immune organs, plasma lipids and physical and mineral characteristics of the tibia were recorded. The collected data were analyzed using SAS software (2003) and using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. The equation of the statistical model of the exfaiment was according to the relation Yijk = µ + Ai + Bj + (AB)ij + eijk, where Yijk represents the numerical value of each observation, µ is the population mean, Ai is the effect of butyric acid glycerides (0 and 0.2%), Bj was the effect of clove oil (0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg), ij (AB) was the interaction effect of butyric acid glycerides and clove oil, and eijk was the exfaimental error.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the addition of 0.2% butyric acid glycerides in the diet of broiler chickens reduced feed intake, body weight and daily weight gain compared to the control group (P<0.05). Addition of 1000 mg/kg of clove oil in the diet reduced feed intake, body weight, daily weight gain and european production index compared to the control group (P<0.05). Body weight, feed efecioncy, european efficiency factor and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens were affected by the interaction effect of butyric acid glycerides and clove oil (P<0.05). The addition of different levels of clove oil with and without butyric acid glycerides in the broiler diet reduced cholesterol and LDL concentration compared to the control group (P<0.05). But the concentration of triglyceride, HDL and VLDL were not affected by the exfaimental treatments. The interaction effect of clove oil and butyric acid glycerides did not affect the weight of bursa of fabricius, thymus and spleen of broiler chickens. The amount of calcium, phosphorus and ash of tibia bone was significantly affected by butyric acid glycerides. Also, the lenth of the tibia of broiler chickens was affected by the clove oil and the interaction effect of butyric acid glycerides and clove oil (p<0.05).Conclusion: In general, no synergistic effect was observed between butyric acid glycerides and clove oil on growth faformance of chickens. Although the use of 0.2% butyric acid glycerides and 1000 mg/kg clove oil led to a decrease in the weight gain of chickens by reducing feed intake, but the addition of butyric acid glycerides caused an increase in the concentration of phosphorus, calcium and ash in the tibia bone of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Candida albicans has emerged as a significant opportunistic pathogen, causing various infections, particularly in immunocompromised geriatric individuals. One of the major hindrances in managing Candida infections lies in its potential to develop and survive in biofilms, which demonstrate resistance to conventional antifungal therapies, thereby complicating treatment strategies. While clove oil has shown promising results as a potential antifungal agent, its specific anti-biofilm effects against Candida albicans biofilms remain relatively underexplored. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive review to evaluate the existing literature on the anti-biofilm properties of clove oil and its mechanisms of action against Candida albicans biofilms. Such a review will provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic applications of clove oil in combating biofilm-associated Candida infections. This review will enable us to infer and understand the potential effects of clove oil against Candida albicans. This systematic review aims to determine the anti-biofilm efficacy of clove oil against Candida albicans. This systematic review was registered in 'PROSPERO' (CRD42024524134) and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The literature searches used Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases. All original studies published in English from 2004 to 2023 were included. From 37 studies found online, only four were reviewed. Results showed that clove oil had significant anti-biofilm activity when assessed against Candida albicans. Our systematic review provides insights into clove oil's potential as a therapeutic agent against Candida albicans biofilms. Clove oil also represents a promising avenue for future research and development in managing Candida biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The machining process is considered a basic procedure in any mechanical-based industry. Machining is the interaction between the tool and the raw material that results in material deformation and thus leads to heat generation in the work zone, and chip formation. Thus, for metal working operations, lubricants commonly employed are generally known as metal working fluids (MWFs). Besides lubrication, MWFs remove heat generated in the work zone, and the chips that form will be carried away. The widely available mineral oil–based MWFs are non-biodegradable and also cause several health disorders to the operator involved, which necessitates the need for biodegradable cutting fluids (CFs). The base-stock for the green cutting fluid (GCF) in this work is rice bran oil (RBO). The poor oxidation stability of the RBO is addressed by chemical modification method. Then clove oil was added as a bio-additive to further enhance the lubricant properties of chemically modified RBO. The performance of the GCF formulated was evaluated and compared with commercial cutting fluid using a pin on disc apparatus. The formulated green cutting fluid is observed to be better in terms of coefficient of friction, corrosion and oxidation stability with comparable performance test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anesthetics have an essential role in aquaculture operations because they minimize physical injury during various handling practices such as sampling, weighing, length measurement and tagging, which decreases stress on fish. Many fish farmers are involved in using alternative fish anesthetic agents with minimal side effects to life such as herbal essential oils. This study aims at investigating the efficacy of clove oil and rosewood oil as anesthetics on goldfish Carassius auratus. Anesthesia effect of both oils was tested in six different concentrations (i.e., 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg/l of water) on ten fish between 6–25 g weight and 9–14 cm length. The efficacy of both oils was assessed on the basis of the fish behavior. The induction time (min) was assessed by loss of swimming (LS), partial loss of equilibrium (PLE), final loss of equilibrium (FLE), and medullar collapse (Mc). The fish were observed for balance and response to a tactile stimulus in each treatment. Both clove oil and rosewood oil contributed well as anesthetics as they caused loss of equilibrium and swimming ability in the goldfish. In contrast, clove oil generated more rapid induction, prolonged recovery, and a narrow margin of safety. Fish farmers should use natural and environment friendly anesthetic agents instead of chemical ones, as they may alter negatively the growth and health of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recent studies suggest that the world is facing an energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. To combat this issue, researchers have turned to biodiesel, a renewable bioenergy source made from vegetable oils, microalgae, and animal fats. A recent study analysed engine parts' particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition during the long-term use of mustard biodiesel and clove oil as antioxidants in a compression ignition engine. Three samples of fuels: DF (diesel fuel), B30 (30% mustard biodiesel and 70% DF), and biodiesel blended fuel with 3000 PPM in a single-cylinder CI engine. The use of 30% biodiesel in diesel fuel (B30) for the endurance test was based on a good mix. The engine was run for 100 h to investigate the particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition. The particulate matter emission data was collected every 25 h, and for carbon deposition, the engine's fuel injector was turned off after 100 h of engine running. The results showed a reduction in particulate matter emissions of about 9.97%, 13.367%, 7.24%, 14.64%, 5.3%, 12.32%, 1.88%, and 7.99% for PM1, PM2.5, PM7, and PM10 in biodiesel blended fuel and biodiesel blended fuel with clove oil, respectively. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with the other fuels. Carbon deposition of the fuel injector was analysed through SEM and EDX tests, and the results showed that the carbon content in biodiesel blended fuel was lower than in diesel fuel. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with biodiesel blended fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the decontamination efficacy of clove oil on broiler Pectoralis major fillets natural spoilage-flora and Salmonella contamination compared to chlorine and a commercial triple-mixture of peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Furthermore, the intervention’s impact on breast fillet shelf-life and physicochemical quality was investigated. Thirty-six fillets (fillets n = 3 × storage-period n = 6 × replication n = 2) were dipped in one of four treatments: sterile water (control), chlorine (50 ppm), clove (1.5%) or PAA (225 ppm). For Salmonella-inoculated experiment, 18 fillets were dipped per treatment (fillet n = 3 × storage-period n = 6). Overall, the PAA retarded most spoilage microflora and Salmonella growth, particularly aerobic plate count, below the unacceptable spoilage level of 6 log CfU/g for 9 chilling-days. However, specific meat quality metrics, particularly oxidative stability, were negatively impacted by PAA. Clove exhibited a lower and/or similar, but delayed, antibacterial effect on spoilage-flora and Salmonella levels than PAA, along with an impressive antioxidant protective effect on fillets attributes, particularly lightness and appearance. Chlorine at the current recommended dose did not extend shelf-life beyond six days or reduce Salmonella growth, although it generated lower yellowness, higher redness, and tenderness scores than other treatments. Treatments did not prolong the fillets shelf-life beyond 6 cooling-days due to oxidizing properties of PAA, diminished chlorine concentration, and shorter contact time of clove. Cloves could therefore be sprayed in another step before final packaging to extend contact-time and boost antioxidant and antibacterial barriers. Lower doses and shorter exposure durations seem desirable and could contribute to minimize the PAA negative oxidative effect on meat quality parameters. Article Highlights Natural and chemical antimicrobial dippings can lower broiler initial bacteria load but do not boost meat shelf life. The PAA strong antimicrobial benefits are hindered by negative oxidative impacts on the quality of broiler fillets. Pre-packaging clove application potentially maximizes preservative benefits on fillets and reducing dipping obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which compared the effects of lidocaine alone and lidocaine combined with clove oil on pain at the episiotomy site. Topics discussed include recommended methods to alleviate perineal pain following episiotomy, comparison of demographic characteristics between the two study groups, and comparison of pain intensity between the two groups.

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Periodontitis is a common disease in dogs. While dental scaling and polishing are effective treatments, they come with drawbacks such as anesthetic risks and high costs. To address these challenges, Alpha-Mangostin and clove oil, known for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, have been used as alternative treatments. Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of medicine, offering unprecedented advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions in both humans and animals. As research and development continue to advance, the potential for nanotechnology to address some of the most challenging medical issues, including antimicrobial resistance, is likely to expand, making it an integral component of modern healthcare. This study represents a pioneering effort in developing a pharmaceutical nanostructured lipid carrier spray loaded with Alpha-Mangostin and clove oil as a therapeutic innovation for periodontitis in dogs. The product displayed bacteriostatic efficacy, surpassing certain antibiotic drugs, and high stability. So, its application is valuable in the field of veterinary dentistry. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) represent the second generation of nanoparticles, offering numerous advantages over conventional delivery systems. These include improved stability, enhanced drug-loading capacity, and controlled release profiles, making them highly attractive candidates for a wide range of therapeutic applications. Their suitability for hydrophobic drugs like a traditional medicinal plant of Thailand as clove oil and alpha-mangostin. We investigated into nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with Alpha-Mangostin and clove oil (NLC-AMCO) into the physicochemical and biological characteristics to identify the formulation with the highest efficacy for treatment. The particle size, charge, polydispersity index, and other characterizations were recorded. The realtime ex vivo penetration was explored using canine gingival tissue. Drug sustained release was assessed by HPLC. Moreover, the antibacterial properties were tested by conventional methods. The NLC-AMCO can be stored at up to 40 °C for 60 days without any alterations in particle characteristics. Gingival tissue penetration and sustained drug release were superior compared to unencapsulated counterparts. It exhibited greater effectiveness in inhibiting bacterial growth than the antibiotics tested, particularly against bacteria from the oral cavities of dogs. Therefore, this alternative treatment approach offers cost-effectiveness and ease of administration for pet owners and reduces discomfort for the animals during restraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) oil is widely used in cosmetics, medicine and food industries. Previous studies have revealed many pharmacological effects of clove oil, including anti-infective, antioxidant, anesthetic and anti-inflammatory. In this study, clove essential oil (CEO) samples obtained from different places in Türkiye, have been extensively evaluated in terms of their compliance with European Pharmacopoeia (EP) standards, which is the official guide that includes international rules and methods. In this study, 13 CEO obtained from Turkish market (Pharmacy and other) were analyzed according to the criteria specified in the "Clove Oil" monograph in European Pharmacopoeia 10.0. Appearance, solubility, thin layer chromatography, relative density, refractive index, optical rotation analysis was conducted for all samples. In addition, GC-MS was used to elucidate detailed phytochemical profiles of the samples. Results revealed that none of the samples from Turkish Market fully met the EP criteria. When the difference between the sources of purchase evaluated, results revealed that there is a significant difference between the sources from which the oils are taken in terms of standards. The deficiency of the CEO samples to fulfil standards of the EP indicates the requirements of performing the necessary effort and auditing to increase the quality of the products on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siamese fishing fish (Betta splendens) or betta are usually subjected to a special method of transportation for global trade, where they are individually conveyed in plastic bags containing just enough water to cover their bodies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transportation on their stress response by measuring hematological values, stress hormone levels, glucose levels, and stress-related gene expression. Betta fish (average body weight 1.91 ± 0.42 g; n = 30) were exposed to simulated transport in a water volume of 40 mL for 12, 24, and 48 h. Baseline levels (pre-transport) were measured prior to the experiment. The control group was transported using water without adding clove oil. Two treatment groups were transported using water with the addition of 1 and 3 mg/L concentrations of clove oil, respectively. The results revealed that transportation can be a factor that affects water quality. The pH and dissolved oxygen levels were significantly lower than baseline, while nitrite and total ammonia concentrations significantly increased. Correlating to the stress responses, significantly increasing total red blood cell counts, plasma cortisol levels, and up-regulating the expression of stress-related genes, including HSP70, GR, MR, and HIF-1α. The addition of 1 mg/L clove oil was found to reduce stress during the transport simulation, as evidenced by a reduction in these stress parameters. Conversely, increasing the concentration of clove oil to 3 mg/L significantly increased plasma cortisol after 12 h of simulated transport, and up-regulated GR, MR, and HIF-1α expression. This study revealed that the transport process can stimulates stress in betta fish but adding a concentration of 1 mg/L clove oil to the transport water could mitigate this stress response and promote animal welfare during their transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical incompatibility of clove oil due to its immiscibility in water may affect the safety, efficacy, appearance, and stability of the drug during immersion anesthesia. Though there are reports of using ethanol to enhance the anesthetic efficacy of clove oil, there are no reports of quantitative calculations of anesthetic efficacy and stages of anesthesia for this combination. To overcome this issue, a study was designed to enhance the miscibility of clove oil in water by incorporating ethanol as an interphase. Two trials were conducted using clove oil at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L, respectively, dissolved in ethanol at a 1:10 ratio. These trials were performed on tilapia fishes (Oreochromis mossambicus) to evaluate the time required for anesthesia induction, duration (maintenance time), and recovery from anesthesia. The results of the study showed an induction time of 1 min for the 100 mg/L concentration and 10 min for the 50 mg/L concentration. The duration of action was observed to be 12 min for the 100 mg/L concentration and 31 min for the 50 mg/L concentration, respectively. The recovery times were 10 min and 3 min for the 100 mg/L and 50 mg/L doses, respectively. Changes associated with various stages and planes for surgical anesthesia were also documented in this study. This study concludes that the mixture of clove oil and ethanol serves as a more effective general anesthetic for fish compared to conventional clove oil immersion anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, clove essential oil (CL), eugenol (EU), and cinnamaldehyde (CI) were immobilized in starch sodium octenyl succinate (SSO) using an emulsification method. The main characteristics, stability, and biological properties of the prepared emulsions were established. Particle size analyses using dynamic light scattering showed that the smaller droplets were characteristic of emulsions containing CI (205–218 nm) and EU (181–236 nm), while the largest droplets were determined for CL emulsions (293–348 nm). Moreover, the highest antioxidant activity was determined for CL (79–83%) and EU (80–88%) emulsions, while CI emulsions showed the greatest antibacterial activity. The obtained emulsions were applied to the paper sheets and the bioactive properties of coated paper were studied. Evaluation of antioxidant properties revealed that high antioxidant activity reaching 76–92% and 87–91% was characteristic of coatings containing CL and EU, respectively. Meanwhile, coatings containing CI showed quite low antioxidant activity (4–9%) but demonstrated the greatest antimicrobial effect on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as yeasts. Hence, CL and EU emulsions could be used as effective natural antioxidants, whereas CI emulsions could be applied as an antimicrobial agent on cellulose-based substrates for a wide range of human health protection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate cinnamaldehyde (CN) and clove oil (CO) effectiveness in inhibiting growth and killing spoilage and total aerobic bacteria when overlaid with catfish fillet stored at 4 °C. A 1.00 mL concentration of CO inhibited growth by 2.90, 1.96, and 1.96 cm, respectively, for S. baltica, A. hydrophilia, and total bacteria. Similarly, treatment with 1.00 mL of CN resulted in ZIB of 2.17, 2.10, and 1.10 cm, respectively, for S. baltica, A. hydrophilia, and total bacteria from catfish exudates. Total bacteria from catfish exudates treated with 0.50 mL CN for 40 min, resulted in a 6.84 log decrease, and treatment with 1.00 mL resulted in a 5.66 log decrease at 40 min. Total bacteria exudates treated with 0.50 mL CO resulted in a 9.69 log reduction at 40 min. Total bacteria treated with 1.00 mL CO resulted in a 7.69 log decrease at 7 days, while untreated pads overlaid with catfish resulted in ≥9.00 CFU/mL. However, treated absorbent pads with catfish at 7 days, using 0.50 mL and 1.00 mL CN, had a bacterial recovery of 5.53 and 1.88 log CFU/mL, respectively. Furthermore, CO at 0.50 mL and 1.00 mL reduced the bacteria count to 5.21 and 1.53 log CFU/mL, respectively, at day 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Essential oil nanoemulsions have received much attention in the last period due to their ability to fight microbes and cancers. In the current study, clove and thyme essential oils CL+TH-emulsion and CL+TH-nanoemulsion were prepared through an eco-friendly method. The prepared CL+TH-nanoemulsion was characterized using DLS and TEM analyses. Results: Results revealed that CL+TH-nanoemulsion droplets were spherical in shape and nanoform in size (68.6 nm) with PDI 0.281. MIC concentrations of CL+TH-nanoemulsion against tested bacteria were found to be between 6.25 and 25 mg/mL. After being exposed to MICs of CL+TH-emulsion and CL+TH-nanoemulsion, which additionally prompted 1.43 log and 3.12 log declines, accordingly, as opposed to untreated (Control), the number of cells grown in the generated biofilms decreased. Furthermore, CL+TH-nanoemulsion exhibited anticancer activity more than CL+TH-emulsion toward HepG2 and MCF-7. Also, the effect of CL+TH-nanoemulsion is more effective and significantly cytotoxic than taxol on MCF-7. Besides, both prepared emulsions increased the rate of apoptosis and decreased the cell viability % of MCF-7 by increasing the activity of caspases 8 and 9. Moreover, CL+TH-nano emulsion decreased the activity of VEGFR-2 in MCF-7 in a more pronounced manner than CL+TH-emulsion and taxol. Conclusions: The prepared CL+TH-nanoemulsion had antibacterial, and antibiofilm as well as anticancer properties, which can be used in different biomedical applications after extensive studies in vivo.How to cite: Hashem AH, Doghish AS, Ismail A, et al. A novel nanoemulsion based on clove and thyme essential oils: Characterization, antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticancer activities. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2023.12.001.

Urea levels in urine play an important parameter in diagnosing bodily conditions through liver and kidney examinations. The typical reagent for detecting urea content in urine is para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (pDMAB). However, it has a drawback related to the instability of color in the resulting Schiff base compound (pDMAB-urea). In this study, the synthesized vanillin compound derived from clove oil serves as the foundational material for a urea chemosensor based on the colorimetric concept. The synthesized vanillin was characterized using FTIR, GC-MS, and 1H-NMR. The formulation of the vanillin compound as a sensor was conducted by assessing the suitable solvent, determining the optimal mass of vanillin, and evaluating the acid-base conditions of the sensor formulation system both qualitatively and quantitatively. Subsequently, the most effective formulation was selected for detecting urea in urine samples. The synthesis of vanillin yielded a purity level of 95%. The optimal formulation was obtained at an optimum mass of vanilla of 0.75 g in 50 mL of 96% ethanol and 10 mL of 10% NaOH. The color change in the sample was from colorless to greenish yellow (436 nm). The vanillin obtained was applied to urine samples with the best results at a sample dilution level of 10,000×.

Objectives: The present study focused on the formulation of mucoadhesive bilayer composite films for the treatment of periodontitis and evaluation of their physicochemical properties. Materials and Methods: The solvent casting technique was used to prepare films. The primary layer (D) was prepared with flaxseed and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose composite to sustain the release of doxycycline hyclate. The second layer (S) comprised sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol composite for faster release of clove oil. Both layers were combined to generate the bilayer film (B). All formulations were characterized further to obtain an optimized formulation. Results: Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared radiation results showed intactness of drug and clove oil in the presence of excipients. The pH of the films was compatible with the periodontal cavity and the thickness was suitable for inserting into the cavity. The immediate release layer showed faster disintegration and swelling. The content of clove oil was above 80%. The rate of swelling of the primary layer was slow and drug content complied with the United States Pharmacopoeia. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed intact, non-porous and smooth films. Films exhibited better mechanical strength and bioadhesiveness. Clove oil was released from the immediate release layer within 10 min, and doxycycline hyclate release was retarded to a minimum of up to 8 h in the primary layer as well as the bilayer. Formulation also had a significant effect on both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: In the current study, bilayers were successfully prepared and characterized. The optimized formulation can be effectively used for the treatment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, Malta, for the pesticide active substance clove oil are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conclusions for the amendment of approval were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of clove oil as a preharvest nematicide on tomatoes and cucumbers (permanent greenhouse use). The representative use evaluated for the renewal of approval of clove oil was as post‐harvest fungicide and bactericide on apples, pears and peaches (indoor uses). The reliable endpoints appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented. Endpoints not relevant to the scope of the proposed amendment of approval conditions will be addressed in the context of the renewal of approval procedure of clove oil running in parallel (AIR IV, EFSA Q‐2016‐00809). Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clove oil extraction has garnered increasing attention for its diverse applications, ranging from traditional medicine to the food and cosmetic industries. This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric review aimed at mapping the evolving landscape of clove oil extraction research. By systematically analyzing a wealth of scholarly publications, the advances, challenges, and future directions in this field. Our bibliometric analysis encompasses key dimensions, including publication trends, prolific authors and institutions, prevalent research themes, and methodological approaches are highlighted. The review identifies notable advancements in clove oil extraction methodologies, shedding light on novel techniques and innovations that have shaped the research landscape. Concurrently, challenges such as standardization, sustainability, and economic feasibility are scrutinized, providing a nuanced understanding of the current limitations in the field. Furthermore, we delve into emerging research directions and propose avenues for future exploration. The synthesis of this bibliometric review not only consolidates existing knowledge but also serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in the sustainable development of clove oil extraction. Through this mapping exercise, we aim to guide the trajectory of future research, fostering innovation and addressing the challenges associated with this vital aspect of essential oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulsion hydrogels are promising materials for encapsulating and stabilizing high amounts of hydrophobic essential oils in hydrophilic matrices. In this work, clove oil-loaded hydrogels (CS/OP-C) are synthesized by combining covalent and physical cross-linking approaches. First, clove oil (CO) was emulsified and stabilized in a chitosan (CS) solution, which was further hardened by Schiff base covalent cross-linking with oxidized pullulan (OP). Second, the hydrogels were subjected to freeze–thaw cycles and, as a result, the clove oil was stabilized in physically cross-linked polymeric walls. Moreover, due to cryogelation, the obtained hydrogels exhibited sponge-like porous interconnected morphology (160–250 µm). By varying the clove oil content in the starting emulsion and the degree of cross-linking, the hydrogels displayed a high water retention capacity (swelling ratios between 1300 and 2000%), excellent elastic properties with fast shape recovery (20 s) after 70% compression, and controlled in vitro clove oil release in simulated skin conditions for 360 h. Furthermore, the prepared clove oil-loaded hydrogels had a strong scavenging activity of 83% and antibacterial and antifungal properties, showing a bacteriostatic effect after 48 and 72 h against S. aureus and E. coli. Our results recommend the new clove oil-embedded emulsion hydrogels as promising future materials for application as wound dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective was to search for a new chemical insecticide to control the stored grain insect pest Trogoderma granarium particularly when this pest developed resistance against the currently used insecticides. Clove oil has been traditionally considered as an effective pesticide. The present study aimed at determining the efficacy of clove oil against the 4th instar larvae of insecticide resistant populations of T. granarium collected from different regions of Punjab i.e., Layyah, Okara, Gujranwala and Lahore. The Layyah population of Khapra beetle was identified as the most susceptible population (LC50= 0.1%), and the Lahore population as the resistant one (LC50= 0.78%) after exposure to various oil concentrations. The energy reserves and degradation enzymes needed to breakdown these energy stores were the main focus of this study. The alterations in the levels of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids were remarkable after treatment with clove oil at LC20 and LC50 doses. In Layyah population, a considerable loss of total protein (28.93%), glucose (84.1%) and glycogen (55.71%) while an increase in trehalose (4.48%) and lipids (264.22%) were recorded after exposure to LC50 doses compared with unexposed group. In Lahore population, a reduction in lipid contents (45.97%), total protein (67.67%), glucose (50.45%), glycogen (34.36%) and trehalose (31.59%) were observed after treatment with LC50 doses in comparison with untreated group. In case of LC20 doses, a decline in all the tested energy stores of both populations were observed in comparison with their respective unexposed groups. The total activities of degradation enzymes i.e., trehalase, amylase and invertase in Layyah population decreased (56.25, 21.10 and 84.62%, respectively) and in Lahore population reduction in activities were 14.62, 87.45 and 75%, respectively after exposure to their respective LC20 doses as compared to their respective unexposed groups. The activities of all tested enzymes were decreased after exposure to LC50 doses except for invertase activity that increased after exposure to LC50 dose in Lahore population. The trends observed at LC20 doses were milder compared to that of LC50 dose. The clove oil can be used effectively against khapra beetle to control its damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Essential oil nanoemulsions have received much attention in the last period due to their ability to fight microbes and cancers. In the current study, clove and thyme essential oils CL+THemulsion and CL+TH-nanoemulsion were prepared through an eco-friendly method. The prepared CL +TH-nanoemulsion was characterized using DLS and TEM analyses. Results: Results revealed that CL+TH-nanoemulsion droplets were spherical in shape and nanoform in size (68.6 nm) with PDI 0.281. MIC concentrations of CL+TH-nanoemulsion against tested bacteria were found to be between 6.25 and 25 mg/mL. After being exposed to MICs of CL+TH-emulsion and CL+THnanoemulsion, which additionally prompted 1.43 log and 3.12 log declines, accordingly, as opposed to untreated (Control), the number of cells grown in the generated biofilms decreased. Furthermore, CL +TH-nanoemulsion exhibited anticancer activity more than CL+TH-emulsion toward HepG2 and MCF- 7. Also, the effect of CL+TH-nanoemulsion is more effective and significantly cytotoxic than taxol on MCF-7. Besides, both prepared emulsions increased the rate of apoptosis and decreased the cell viability % of MCF-7 by increasing the activity of caspases 8 and 9. Moreover, CL+TH-nano emulsion decreased the activity of VEGFR-2 in MCF-7 in a more pronounced manner than CL+TH-emulsion and taxol. Conclusions: The prepared CL+TH-nanoemulsion had antibacterial, and antibiofilm as well as anticancer properties, which can be used in different biomedical applications after extensive studies in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global urgency surrounding plastic waste-induced pollution has ignited significant interest in the biodegradable packaging sector, leading to a dynamic and expanding realm of biodegradable research. Nonetheless, effectively incorporating active agents into packaging materials faces hurdles related to stability and durability. This study takes a momentous leap in this context by shedding light on the transformative potential of integrating clove oil in macro and nanoencapsulation forms into carrageenan-glycerol matrices. A highlight emerges in the remarkable enhancement achieved through nanoencapsulation--a technique that substantially bolsters packaging performance. This improvement is evident in a noteworthy reduction of water vapor transmission, plummeting from an initial 11.011 to merely 6.903 g.mm m-2 d-1. This nearly fifty percent reduction underscores the efficacy of nanoencapsulation in enhancing packaging attributes. Concurrently, the study delves into the nuances of the carrageenan-clove oil composition, unveiling its profound influence on packaging strength, by systematically increasing the carrageenan-clove oil ratio, packaging strength triples, soaring from an initial 0.421 to an impressive 1.434 N/mm. Concerns of heightened brittleness due to increased carrageenan content are firmly dispelled, substantiated by consistent tensile stress values. In summary, this comprehensive investigation advances the core attributes of biodegradable packaging and presents a strategic and adept approach to address the intricate sustainability issues. Through adept manipulation of clove oil integration, the study pioneers the evolution of biodegradable packaging materials, paving the way for a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clove essential oil (CEO) has been reported to be used in the treatment of bacterial, fungal, and yeast infections. It has also been reported to have positive impact on the virulence factors in some pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to investigate the growth inhibitory activity of CEO against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its effect on the expression of key virulence genes for biofilm formation and protease production. The antibacterial activity in respect to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clove oil against six multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was evaluated using the broth dilution method. The cytotoxic, protease production, and biofilm inhibitory effects of CEO were evaluated following standard protocols. The effect of the oil at sub-MIC concentrations on the expression of the virulence genes; aprA and pelF was evaluated by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reduction (RT-PCR) technique. Treatment with CEO resulted in a significant inhibition of biofilm formation and protease production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RT-PCR analysis showed a reduction in the expression of the two virulence genes; pelF and aprA. These findings suggest a potential for the use of CEO as alternative antibacterial agent for the treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urea levels in urine play an important parameter in diagnosing bodily conditions through liver and kidney examinations. The typical reagent for detecting urea content in urine is para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (pDMAB). However, it has a drawback related to the instability of color in the resulting Schiff base compound (pDMAB-urea). In this study, the synthesized vanillin compound derived from clove oil serves as the foundational material for a urea chemosensor based on the colorimetric concept. The synthesized vanillin was characterized using FTIR, GCMS, and 1H-NMR. The formulation of the vanillin compound as a sensor was conducted by assessing the suitable solvent, determining the optimal mass of vanillin, and evaluating the acid-base conditions of the sensor formulation system both qualitatively and quantitatively. Subsequently, the most effective formulation was selected for detecting urea in urine samples. The synthesis of vanillin yielded a purity level of 95%. The optimal formulation was obtained at an optimum mass of vanilla of 0.75 g in 50 mL of 96% ethanol and 10 mL of 10% NaOH. The color change in the sample was from colorless to greenish yellow (436 nm). The vanillin obtained was applied to urine samples with the best results at a sample dilution level of 10,000×. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies suggest that the world is facing an energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. To combat this issue, researchers have turned to biodiesel, a renewable bioenergy source made from vegetable oils, microalgae, and animal fats. A recent study analysed engine parts’ particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition during the long-term use of mustard biodiesel and clove oil as antioxidants in a compression ignition engine. Three samples of fuels: DF (diesel fuel), B30 (30% mustard biodiesel and 70% DF), and biodiesel blended fuel with 3000 PPM in a single-cylinder CI engine. The use of 30% biodiesel in diesel fuel (B30) for the endurance test was based on a good mix. The engine was run for 100 h to investigate the particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition. The particulate matter emission data was collected every 25 h, and for carbon deposition, the engine’s fuel injector was turned off after 100 h of engine running. The results showed a reduction in particulate matter emissions of about 9.97%, 13.367%, 7.24%, 14.64%, 5.3%, 12.32%, 1.88%, and 7.99% for PM1, PM2.5, PM7, and PM10 in biodiesel blended fuel and biodiesel blended fuel with clove oil, respectively. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with the other fuels. Carbon deposition of the fuel injector was analysed through SEM and EDX tests, and the results showed that the carbon content in biodiesel blended fuel was lower than in diesel fuel. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with biodiesel blended fuel.

Siamese fishing fish (Betta splendens) or betta are usually subjected to a special method of transportation for global trade, where they are individually conveyed in plastic bags containing just enough water to cover their bodies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transportation on their stress response by measuring hematological values, stress hormone levels, glucose levels, and stress-related gene expression. Betta fish (average body weight 1.91 ± 0.42 g; n = 30) were exposed to simulated transport in a water volume of 40 mL for 12, 24, and 48 h. Baseline levels (pre-transport) were measured prior to the experiment. The control group was transported using water without adding clove oil. Two treatment groups were transported using water with the addition of 1 and 3 mg/L concentrations of clove oil, respectively. The results revealed that transportation can be a factor that affects water quality. The pH and dissolved oxygen levels were significantly lower than baseline, while nitrite and total ammonia concentrations significantly increased. Correlating to the stress responses, significantly increasing total red blood cell counts, plasma cortisol levels, and up-regulating the expression of stress-related genes, including HSP70, GR, MR, and HIF-1α. The addition of 1 mg/L clove oil was found to reduce stress during the transport simulation, as evidenced by a reduction in these stress parameters. Conversely, increasing the concentration of clove oil to 3 mg/L significantly increased plasma cortisol after 12 h of simulated transport, and up-regulated GR, MR, and HIF-1α expression. This study revealed that the transport process can stimulates stress in betta fish but adding a concentration of 1 mg/L clove oil to the transport water could mitigate this stress response and promote animal welfare during their transportation.

This study investigates the effect of increasing urbanization on the demand for petroleum products, which are limited natural resources. The study evaluated the use of biodiesel and clove oil as additives in diesel fuel to reduce carbon deposition on engine parts and noise emissions. Three fuel samples were tested: B30 (30 % biodiesel and 70 % diesel), clove oil at 3000 parts per million (PPM), and D100 diesel fuel. Endurance tests were conducted at a constant load and revolution per minute (RPM) to analyze carbon deposition on engine parts as well as noise emission levels at constant and variable RPM. It was found that biodiesel blended fuel had higher carbon deposition formation compared to diesel fuel, with a deposition rate of 77.48 % for B30 and 71.84 % for D100. In contrast, when clove oil was added to biodiesel, engine part deposition was decreased compared to diesel fuel, with a deposition rate of 47.71 % for clove oil. Furthermore, the study analyzed noise emissions at four positions (left, right, back, and top) using the three fuel samples. Clove oil showed lower noise emissions compared to diesel, indicating that it can help reduce noise pollution.

In an eight-week experiment conducted throughout the months of January and February, 2023, the goal of this study was to determine how changing the diet of mature male rabbits to include clove oil affected their body's physiological processes and the quality of their sperm. In this study, 24 mature rabbit bucks that were 8 months old and weighed an average of 2.650 g in the first production year were used. In a final randomized plan, the bucks were randomly assigned to two experimental groups, each with twelve rabbits. Bucks served as the control group in the first group and were fed a commercial pelleted food without any supplements. Each buck in the second group received one milliliter of clove along with the daily diet requirement from commercial pellets. Every two weeks, values for weight gain, feed consumption, testosterone levels, blood constituents, libido, and semen quality were assessed. The findings demonstrated that including clove oil in the diet of bucks rabbits resulted in a significant (P

This study examined the metabolic rate (MO2, oxygen consumption) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under normal management conditions in aquaculture. Using an intermittent respirometry system, we assessed daily variations and the effects of feeding, handling, temperature increase, and anesthetics. MO2 exhibited a daily rhythm, with higher values during day. Feeding to satiety produced a 35% increase in MO2 compared to fasted animals, with a maximum peak after 3 h and returning to baseline after 7 h. Handling stress (5 min) produced a 140% MO2 peak (from 180 to 252 mg O2 kg−1 h−1), returning to the routine MO2 after 2.5 h. An increase in water temperature (+0.1 °C min−1) up to 30 °C caused MO2 to peak at 200% after 2.5 h from the start of the temperature increase. The use of common anesthetics in aquaculture (MS-222, 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil in deep anesthesia concentration) affects MO2 during the first few minutes after anesthetic recovery, but also during the following 4 h. It can be concluded that the metabolic rate is a good indicator of the goldfish’s response to aquaculture practices involving energy expenditure and stress. Thus, intermittent respirometry is a valuable non-invasive tool for understanding and improving fish welfare in aquaculture.

Abstract Background Atopic dermatitis is an abnormal skin condition that impacts a significant number of people in the US, with an estimated 9.6 million children and 16.5 million adults being affected by it. The study aimed to characterize and optimize clove oil-based nanomicelles for the possible topical use of bacterial infection-led atopic dermatitis. Clove oil-loaded nanomicelles were produced and carefully analyzed for vesicle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, morphological attributes, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, stability, dermatokinetic parameters, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging behavior and antibacterial activity. Different models, such as Korsmeyer, Higuchi, first order, and zero order were employed to evaluate the in vitro release from the formulations. Results The average size of the clove oil nanomicelles was found to be 100.15 nm with a PDI of 0.2104; they were observed to be darker against a light background. The evaluated mean zeta size was 121.3 nm, the zeta potential was − 15.31 mV. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of the formulation was 61.32 ± 0.98 μg/mL; clove oil was 73.56 ± 1.63 μg/mL, against ascorbic acid was 54.51 ± 0.79 μg/mL. Among the four models tested for in vitro release kinetics, the Korsmeyer Peppas model was followed by the nanomicelles formulation. Clove oil nanomicelles generated a higher concentration of 148.68 w/v on the skin epidermis within 1.5 h, whereas the conventional formulation exhibited 55.287 w/v. Moreover, clove oil nanomicelles generated a higher concentration of 125.84 µg/mL on the skin's dermis within 2 h, whereas the conventional formulation produced 68.263 µg/mL. The nanomicelles also inhibited bacterial growth within a 24-h period. Conclusions The study presents initial evidence regarding the potency of clove oil-based nanomicelles and their enhanced efficiency on the skin. Thus, the prepared formulation can further be studied and incorporated for the possible use against bacterial infection-led atopic dermatitis. Graphical abstract