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Introduction: Coastal reclamation has become a controversial issue with significant impacts on the lives of local fishermen. Reclamation activities aimed at regional and economic development often neglect the rights of traditional fishermen who depend on the sea for their livelihoods, leading to conflicts between development interests and the protection of human rights, particularly the rights of local fishermen. Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze the legal protection of fishermen in the context of reclamation in North Sulawesi, focusing on a human rights perspective. Methods of the Research: The research employs a normative juridical approach, examining relevant legislation related to reclamation and fishermen's rights, as well as analyzing the implementation of laws in practice. Results of the Research: The findings reveal that reclamation in North Sulawesi presents two conflicting sides. On one hand, it offers significant economic benefits to the state, but on the other hand, it poses a risk of human rights violations, particularly for coastal fishermen. The negative impacts of reclamation are evident in the decline in fishermen's income and the increase in living costs since the project was implemented. Legal protection of fishermen's human rights must be enforced through strict sanctions, including substantial fines, against parties who fail to fulfill their obligations to the fishermen.

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As an effective means of sea development and utilization, high-intensity coastal reclamation activities lead to increasingly prominent ecological problems. The accurate implementation of policies is paramount in managing and controlling coastal reclamation. We reviewed China's coastal reclamation management and control policies from 1978 to 2022. Utilizing content analysis and social network analysis, we constructed a policy network to explore the evolution of intergovernmental relations and the habitual combination of policy tools in coastal reclamation management and control. The study shows that (1) The intergovernmental relations of reclamation management and control agencies have evolved from simple to complex, with key departments becoming increasingly prominent; (2) Environmental considerations form the mainstay of policy tools for reclamation control, highlighting an imbalance between supplyside and demand-side approaches; (3) Since 1999, the interactive network between intergovernmental relations and policy tools has begun to exhibit a distinct core-periphery structure, and the social circle has gradually expanded to form a social circle consisting of 23 administrative departments and most departmental policy tools, while there are also some independent working factions at different stages; (4) Policy sustainability is currently inadequate, and in the later stages of management and control, there is a noticeable conflict within the policy texts. The study shows that, China's coastal reclamation management and controlstill faces challenges, It is necessary to continue to explore the policy visualization methods used in coastal reclamation to help balance policy tools and build efficient intergovernmental relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the processes and influencing factors of accretion or erosion in estuaries and tidal basins is important for coastal conservation and utilization, planning, and ecosystem maintenance. This study analyzed the process of topographic changes in Taizhou Bay, China over the past five decades by comparing bathymetric datasets from different years. The coastlines were extracted via remote sensing image interpretation, and the coastal reclamation process was analyzed. The results revealed that this bay experienced slow siltation from 1963 to 2004, which mainly occurred on mudflats and shore slopes. It turned into a feature dominated by erosion between 2004 and 2013, and erosion increased between 2013 and 2019. Coastal reclamation has occurred during every 10-year period since the 1960s. Reclamation occupied a portion of the intertidal flat, decreased the tidal prism, and changed tidal asymmetry, causing net sediment to be transported into the bay and accumulate on the intertidal flat and upper part of the subaqueous shore. The drastic reduction in sediment supply caused by the Three Gorges Dam may have been responsible for erosion from 2004 to 2019. A negative feedback process exists between tidal flat expansion and coastal reclamation. The compensatory expansion of the tidal flat is a much slower process than the advance of reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of tidal flat wetland is closely related to the ecological security of the Yangtze estuary. Based on the method of multi-sourced data analysis, this paper aims at revealing the evolution process of the tidal flat of Chongming Island on a centennial scale and the phases of reclamation intensity change over the last thousand years, and discussing the driving human and environmental factors. The results of this study show that the landscape transformation from natural wetland to reclamation region of Chongming Island has experienced four stages: early development during the seventh to eighteenth centuries, slow reclamation from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, rapid reclamation in the 1960–1990s, and limited reclamation in the last 20 years. The proportion of natural tidal flat above 0 m in elevation (Wusong Datum) outside the sea dikes in total land area of this island dropped from about 50% of the mid-twentieth century to less than 20% of the early twenty-first century. Sediment accumulation was the main cause of tidal flat growth before the 1950s, while human reclamation after the 1950s was the driving factor of tidal flat shrinkage. The rapid urbanization of the Yangtze estuary in the last 30 years has exerted great pressure on the protection of tidal flat wetland. With the evolution trend of tidal flat from expansion to erosion, sharp decline of sediment, and shrinking of the northern branch in the Yangtze estuary, there will be limit space for further expansion of the shape of Chongming Island, and the environmental conditions that supported the past rapid reclamation were no longer held. Maintaining the present tidal flat wetlands space, and constructing ecological reclamation and coastal engineering system for promoting the dynamic balance between human reclamation intensity and tidal flat evolution will be the key to the future ecological security of the Yangtze estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal reclamation alters the ecological environment of wetlands and influences global carbon cycles. However, variations in soil organic carbon fractions and stability in the soil profile during reclamation, particularly in the subsoil, remain unclear. In this study, soil aggregate‐associated organic carbon and its stability were investigated in soil profiles (0–100 cm) at different reclamation times (0, 24, 44, and 64 years) in coastal poplar plantations in East China. Total soil organic carbon concentrations in the topsoil (0–40 cm) increased with increasing reclamation time but varied little in the subsoil (40–100 cm). In the topsoil, the soil organic carbon concentrations in different aggregate fractions tended to increase with increasing reclamation time, which was enhanced mainly by particulate organic carbon within macro‐aggregates. In the subsoil, soil organic carbon concentrations increased in the micro‐aggregate fraction and decreased in the silt and clay fraction with increasing reclamation time, whereas the opposite changes led to smaller variations in total soil organic carbon. This relative balance was regulated by micro‐aggregate formation via new organic matter input (e.g., root litter) and old mineral‐associated organic carbon depletion. Regardless of the soil horizon, soil aggregate stability increased with reclamation time, whereas the total particulate organic carbon/mineral‐associated organic carbon ratio increased with increasing reclamation time, implying that the soil organic carbon stability decreased, which may be attributed to an increase in the vulnerability of soil organic matter to mineralization as the reclamation progresses. These findings indicate that long‐term plantation development influences aggregate‐associated organic carbon accrual throughout the soil profile in reclaimed coastal land. Thus, effective management is required to improve soil organic carbon accrual in coastal woodland subsoil, which is crucial for increasing soil carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal reclamation is an attempt to create new land in coastal areas. The main purpose of reclamation is to transform unused coastal areas into new areas more suitable for the lives of different people, such as residential areas, industrial areas, airports, waste and environmental management areas, tourist destinations and other strategic purposes. This study aims to thoroughly analyze all issues using a systematic approach to increase national resilience to the impacts of land reclamation in Makassar City. The research method uses exploratory research, a mixed method approach, first qualitative and then quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis to analyze experts' opinions regarding the impact of land reclamation on national resilience, and a quantitative analysis to quantitatively measure the value of national resilience using system dynamics techniques. The evaluation of all ideological, political, economic, socio-cultural, and defense and security variables as interacting systems becomes clearer. Each variable is defined and evaluated in terms of its role within the system of interaction or causation. The concepts of system unity and variable totality are emphasized. The research results are expected to serve as a model for enhancing regional national resilience as a result of systematic interaction processes influenced by ideological, political, economic, socio-cultural, and defense/security dimensions.

Analyzing the processes and influencing factors of accretion or erosion in estuaries and tidal basins is important for coastal conservation and utilization, planning, and ecosystem maintenance. This study analyzed the process of topographic changes in Taizhou Bay, China over the past five decades by comparing bathymetric datasets from different years. The coastlines were extracted via remote sensing image interpretation, and the coastal reclamation process was analyzed. The results revealed that this bay experienced slow siltation from 1963 to 2004, which mainly occurred on mudflats and shore slopes. It turned into a feature dominated by erosion between 2004 and 2013, and erosion increased between 2013 and 2019. Coastal reclamation has occurred during every 10-year period since the 1960s. Reclamation occupied a portion of the intertidal flat, decreased the tidal prism, and changed tidal asymmetry, causing net sediment to be transported into the bay and accumulate on the intertidal flat and upper part of the subaqueous shore. The drastic reduction in sediment supply caused by the Three Gorges Dam may have been responsible for erosion from 2004 to 2019. A negative feedback process exists between tidal flat expansion and coastal reclamation. The compensatory expansion of the tidal flat is a much slower process than the advance of reclamation.

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tidal bay evolution is the result of the comprehensive influence of multiple factors. It is crucial to analyze the primary factors to disassemble the comprehensive effects. In this study, remote sensing and bathymetric data were used to investigate anthropogenic activities and geomorphological changes in Puba Bay, China. From 1964 to 2020, the intertidal zone area decreased by 64.5% due to mariculture ponds and coastal reclamation, with the former accounting for 60.4% of the total area. Over five decades, the bay experienced significant silting, with a 61.5% decrease in underwater area, an 88.4% decrease in volume, and considerable reductions inmaximum water depth, cross-sectional terrain depth, andwidth. Anthropogenic activities led to a reduction in tidal prism and tidal velocity, resulting in increased flood dominance and decreased ebb dominance in the main channel, leading to more siltation. Negative and positive feedback mechanisms were observed between anthropogenic activities, seaward expansion of intertidal flats, and bay siltation. The influence of mariculture ponds, as the major factor, on geomorphological changes was found to be similar to that of coastal reclamation. To maintain water depth and capacity for material exchange in the bay, preliminary suggestions for mariculture pondmanagement are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are main energy and nutrient resources for soil microorganisms which are important for ecosystem functioning. Coastal reclamation, a typical land use change activity occurred worldwide, profoundly altered soil C, N, and P content. However, the relationship between soil C, N, and P ratios and microbial diversity and functions under coastal reclamation has not been well characterized. Methods: We collected soil samples from three typical land use types (TF (tidal flats), AP (aquaculture ponds), and CL (croplands)) in coastal reclamation zone. Soil microbial community and functions were measured by amplicon sequencing; soil C, N, and P ratios were estimated by soil organic carbon, total N, and total P contents. Results: Converting tidal flats to agricultural use significantly changed soil bacterial community composition and function, which had strong correlation with soil C:N:P ratios. The bacterial community composition between TF and AP was mainly affected by soil N:P ratio, while bacterial community composition between TF and CL was mainly affected by soil C:N and C:P ratios. Bacterial indicators detected by random forest analysis also had strong spearman correlation with soil C:N:P ratios. Bacterial functional prediction by FAPROTAX further showed that carbon and nitrogen cycling–related functions such as chitinolysis, hydrocarbon degradation, and nitrate reduction had strong correlation with soil C:N:P ratios. Conclusion: These observations suggested that coastal reclamation influenced soil microbial community composition and functions by changing the soil C:N:P ratios, highlighting the importance of soil elemental stoichiometry in assessing the ecological consequences of coastal reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Coastal wetland types have been severely altered by human reclamation activities and Spartina alterniflora invasion. However, how these changes impact C-N-P stoichiometry and nutrient allocation of coastal plants remain unclear. Methods: We investigated C, N, and P contents and ratios in leaf, stem, and root from 30 sites with adjacent natural wetlands (as control, dominated by native Phragmites australis), reclaimed wetlands (dominated by native P. australis), and invasive wetlands (dominated by exotic S. alterniflora) across eastern coast of China. Results: C content and N:P ratio remained constant, N and P contents decreased significantly, but C:N and C:P ratios increased with increasing latitude in natural wetlands. While the direction or magnitude of these latitudinal patterns in reclaimed and invasive wetlands were extremely changed at both individual and organ level. Interestingly, leaf had significant higher C, N, and P contents but lower C:N and C:P ratios than stem and root in each wetland. Compared with natural wetlands, both reclaimed and invasive wetlands had significant lower C and N contents and N:P ratio but higher C:N ratio, invasive wetlands also had significant higher leaf P content. P. australis enhanced the homeostasis for N:P, strength allometric relationship of N and P in leaf, but exhibited a isometric relationship of N and P at individual level after reclamation. S. alterniflora had strict homeostasis for N, P and N:P in most organs and strong ability to decouple the allometric relationship of N and P in leaf, and N changed faster than P at individual level. Conclusions: Importantly, large-scale observations showed that reclamation and especially S. alterniflora invasion significantly decreased N:P ratio in each organ, which might highly affect below- and above-ground trophic chains in the future. Our study provides practical insights in understanding species-specific and multiorgan biogeochemical process and the nutrient allocation strategies of plants under reclaimed and invasive pressures in coastal salt marshes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinization/desalinization processes in the soil vadose zone are important to define agricultural irrigation and drainage schedules, especially in reclaimed crop areas. Numerical modeling of soil–climate interaction is a very helpful tool to understand soil salinity distribution and solute transport and therefore define efficient desalination solutions. A finite element analysis program Code_Bright was used to perform a coupled thermo-chemo-hydraulic analysis aiming at investigating the effect of climate actions on the distribution of soil salinity in depth, by modeling solute transport in the vadose zone under fresh/saline groundwater supply. The analysis separated first the effect of rain infiltration and evaporation, and then a real climate was considered as the boundary condition. A downward flow pattern induced by rainfall in the unsaturated zone resulted in a nonlinear salt leaching process. Significant differences in salt concentration between the surface and lower layer caused by rainfall resulted in a decrement in the leaching efficiency. Evaporation causes water to move upward and salt transport to the surface, thus enhancing the soil salinity above the evaporation front. The salinity above the groundwater table and below the evaporation front were less affected regardless of the salinity of the supplied groundwater. The model simulated the salt leaching process during the wet seasons and salt accumulation processes during the dry ones. The soil salinity and saturation at the soil surface have significantly responded to seasonal climate variability. A typical seasonal climate variability would result in a low salt leaching efficiency through years in the coastal reclamation area. These results would be helpful for the design of soil salinization management strategies, such as reducing salt accumulation by reducing evaporation or leaching the surface salt in the dry season, and increasing the drainage to promote leaching in the wet season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal reclamation has negative impacts on the marine eco-environment and leads to the loss of marine ecosystem services, and it is very important to evaluate the value of marine ecosystem services for the intensive and economical utilization of marine resources and the sustainable development. Based on the characteristics of ecosystem services of Zhifu Bay (ZFB) of Yantai in Shandong Province, a functional value method was adopted, and four ecosystem service indicators were selected, including provisioning service, regulating service, supporting service and cultural service to establish an evaluation model. The evaluation model of the coastal ecosystem services was optimized, and the value loss of marine ecosystem services caused by coastal reclamation in the ZFB was evaluated. The results showed that the total loss of marine ecosystem service value caused by the coastal reclamation of the ZFB for 40 years was 2.95×107 yuan/a, with unit area 3.72×104 yuan/ (hm2·a), of which the annual loss of provisioning service was the largest, accounting for 56.95% of the total loss, followed by the cultural service, the supporting service and the regulating service, accounting for 27.28%, 8.10% and 7.67%, respectively. The rich fishery resources and developed tourism in the ZFB were the main factors that caused the high value loss of provisioning service and cultural service. The evaluation of marine ecosystem services in the present study would provide the scientific basis for ecological compensation of reclamation in the ZFB, and contribute to improving the utilization efficiency of marine space resource. It would also provide scientific support for the rational development and utilization of marine natural resources.

Simple Summary: Coastal reclamation is the process of converting sea area to land. It is a land use practice commonly associated with loss and damage to the environment, pollution, and affecting the subsistence of man, animals, and plant life. In China, seawalls are constructed along the coastlines to transform wetlands into additional productive land. However, the construction of these seawalls comes with some negative environmental impacts. This study examined the impact of seawalls on the distribution of trace metal (TM) pollution in reclaimed and unreclaimed wetlands. Plant and soil samples were collected from the affected wetlands and analyzed in the laboratory. Results show that the construction of the seawalls, coupled with factors such as plant organic matter, soil water, and salt content influenced the significant increase in TM pollution in the reclaimed wetlands compared to the unreclaimed wetlands. A comparison of the results with international standard quality guidelines shows that the soils from wetlands on the coastline of the study region were moderate to severely polluted by copper, zinc, and chromium. Overall, soils affected by reclamation posed a greater ecological risk than in unreclaimed wetlands. Stakeholders can use this scientific outcome to mitigate TM pollution caused by seawall construction in coastal ecosystems. Coastal reclamation by seawall embankments and the spread of invasive C4 perennial grass Spartina alterniflora have recently become more prevalent in eastern China's coastal wetlands. While trace metals (TMs), carbon, and nitrogen dynamics concerning reclamation have extensively been explored across China's coastal wetlands, to date, the impact of reclamation by coastal embankment and exotic plant invasion on TMs' pollution dynamics in coastal marshes remains largely unexplored. We compared TMs Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn cumulation in coastal embankment-reclaimed versus unreclaimed S. alterniflora and Phragmites australis saltmarshes in eastern China coastal wetlands. In both S. alterniflora and P. australis marshes, coastal embankment reclamation spurred an increase in Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations by 31.66%, 53.85%, 32.14%, 33.96% and by 59.18%, 87.50%, 55.55%, 36.84%, respectively, in both marsh types. Reclamation also reduced plant biomass, soil moisture, and soil salinity in both plants' marshes. Our findings suggest that the impact of coastal embankment reclamation and replacement of native saltmarshes by invasive S. alterniflora had a synergistic effect on TM accumulation in the P. australis marshes, as corroborated by bioaccumulation and translocation factors. Reclamation by coastal embankments and invasive alien plants could significantly impair the physico-chemical properties of native plant saltmarsh and essentially weaken the accumulation of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn potential of the coastal saltmarshes. Our findings provide policymakers with an enhanced knowledge of the relationship between reclamation, plant invasiveness, and TM pollution dynamics in coastal wetlands, providing a baseline for attaining future goals and strategies related to the tradeoffs of various wetland reclamation types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal reclamation is becoming a common land restoration trend all over the world as a result of the rising demand for land. Though restoring coastal wetlands has significant economic advantages, a slew of adverse ecological effects threatens the carbon functions of coastal wetlands. For the objective of making appropriate land use policymaking, the ecological-economic trade-offs of reclamation initiatives must be carefully considered. In this study, we utilized appropriate models to estimate the ecosystem service values and economic benefits of invasive alien plants and embankment seawall coastal reclamation in China. We centered on three main ecology-related ecosystem services: greenhouse gas regulation, storm-flood-erosion control, and waste treatment/habitat preservation. Coastal reclamation intensity index and financial analysis were utilized to assess the trade-offs between ecological degradation and economic benefit resulting from land reclamation. Findings reveal that a total of 26,322 ha and 10,731 km of coastal wetlands were reclaimed by Spartina alterniflora and seawalls respectively from 2000 to 2020 in China. S. alterniflora reclamation resulted in a significant decline of ESV loss of 5,702,454 Yuan ha−1, while seawalls reclamation yielded some Ecosystem service value (ESV) gain of 4,800, 111 Yuan km-1 from 2000-2020. The combined effects of coastal armoring and invasive S. alterniflora reclamation led to a loss of about 32.2 billion Yuan in ESV for the study duration. Economic gains failed to make up for the ecosystem service value ESV loss, since the cumulative ESV loss significantly exceeded the economic gains across the period studied. This correlation of trade-offs emerged from reclamation development that favored quick economic gains over long-lasting ecological value, posing a potential long-term threat to the ecological integrity and carbon sinks in coastal wetlands. To establish an equilibrium between seawall reclamation and Invasive alien plant species spread in coastal wetlands, stakeholders could use this scientific knowledge as leverage to avert future irreparable losses.

Efforts to restore and reclaim coastal wetlands have led to the evolution of invasive alien plant species and coastal defenses across significant parts of the globe. Synergistic stresses on coastal environments are intensifying due to the implementation of invasive alien plant species (IAPS) and the rapid expansion of coastal protection. Combined with sea-level rise and other projected climate change impacts, coastal habitats are expected to face much greater pressures and habitat degradation. The lack of more extended timescale studies on IAPS and the insufficient knowledge about the ecological impacts of coastal armoring suggest that life cycle assessment (LCA) is still underutilized within the coastal environment. We examine quantitative methods for cause-effect evaluation of three major biodiversity loss drivers: biodiversity/habitat loss, greenhouse gases GHG warming and nutrient enrichment/eutrophication, which are pertinent to IAPS, and coastal armoring in wetlands. Though there has been a scarce application of LCA to measure anthropogenic impacts on coastal ecosystems, our analysis shows that impact indicators can be enhanced for all known drivers but at varying levels of cause-effect pathway coverage, ambiguity, and spatial coverage. Modeling methods for predicting the spatial distribution and severity of human-driven actions in the coastal environment are well developed. Such procedures could be deployed to create spatially explicit LCA fate factors. We emphasize unique research paradigms to make LCA a more thorough and rigorous environmental impact assessment tool by incorporating coastal biodiversity loss, especially IAPS and habitat loss, in a consistent manner. Stakeholder participation in coastal ecosystem management may help ameliorate budgetary concerns and enhance wetland restoration practices and implementations.Highlights: Coastal reclamation has facilitated the spread of invasive alien plants and coastal defenses in wetlands. Invasive alien plants and coastal defenses have significantly altered our wetland ecosystems. Cause–effect assessment models of climate change, habitat loss, and eutrophication can be improved. Life cycle assessment is needed to comprehensively and robustly assess coastal ecosystem impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal reclamation is a global threat to coastal wetland ecosystems, but the impacts of coastal reclamation on belowground biodiversity and their consequences for ecosystem nutrient cycling remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined soil bacterial communities, bacterial co-occurrence pattern and soil multi-nutrient cycling index after natural vegetated coastal wetlands were converted for 6-year and 30-year rice-wheat rotation fields. The soil multi-nutrient cycling index was higher in 6-year and 30-year rice-wheat rotation fields than natural vegetated coastal wetlands. For bacterial community, rice-wheat rotation reclamation increased soil bacterial alpha diversity but decreased beta diversity and co-occurrence network complexity than those in the vegetated coastal wetland. Rice-wheat rotation reclamation also changed soil bacterial community assemblages by increasing the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Desulfobacterota while decreasing the relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammproteobacteria. Changes in the relative importance of dispersal limitation and homogenizing dispersal mainly controlled the variations in soil bacterial community assemblages. Soil bacterial community variations induced by rice-wheat reclamation were strongly related to soil multi-nutrient cycling, especially bacterial connection complexity. Our results provide experimental support that belowground microbial interactions are crucial for maintaining ecosystem functioning.

Coastal tidal flats have received considerable attention in recent years, as they provide a direct channel for the discharge of terrestrial microplastics into the ocean. Land reclamation is occurring increasingly frequently in coastal tidal-flats; however, the environmental impacts of these activities remain unclear. Therefore, this pioneering study assessed the microplastic emission characteristics of reclamation geotextiles and performed a risk assessment accordingly. Morphological characterization of geotextile samples collected from five sites in Dongtai, China, provided evidence of sedimentary weathering. Based on several assumptions, the average abundance of microplastics in soil covered by geotextiles was estimated to reach 349±137 particles/kg dry weight, with the total microplastic load in the reclaimed area estimated to be 20.67±8.06 t. Compared with previous studies, this research demonstrates that coastal reclamation areas store a high concentration of microplastics, aggravating marine microplastic pollution. Moreover, conditional fragmentation model results revealed that the weathering and distribution characteristics of soil microplastics in coastal tidal-flat areas exhibit spatial heterogeneity, being more easily affected by natural factors (such as tides) than those in inland areas. As a result of tides, the annual discharge of geotextile-originating microplastics from the studied areas into the ocean was approximately 2465.52±960.77 t. These findings prove that the risks posed by engineering-microplastics are significant, indicating that further investigations are required on the precise laws of transfer and migration, as well as the toxicity mechanisms, in order to improve analytical techniques and policies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Costal reclamation has been carried out extensively along the coastlines of the Arabian Gulf during the last decades. As a small archipelago country, coastal reclamation continues to be a major option for securing land to meet the needs of the expanding population and economic development in Bahrain. Macrobenthic communities often reflect the integrity of ecosystems as they respond to natural and anthropogenic stressors. This study characterized the community structures of macrobenthic invertebrates in three reclaimed intertidal areas and a protected natural mudflat in Bahrain (August 2019 and December 2020). Macrobenthic community structures and sediment characteristics differed significantly between natural and reclaimed areas. A total of 43 species were recorded in the four study areas, of which 38 were collected from the natural mudflat. Polychaetes dominated macrobenthic communities, followed by molluscs and crustaceans. Polychaetes accounted for more than 90% of the communities in the reclaimed coastal areas. Macrobenthic monitoring is considered essential for detecting changes in coastal and marine ecosystems due to dredging and reclamation activities along the coastlines of the Arabian Gulf. The findings of this study can provide insights into the ecological dynamics of macrobenthic communities in reclaimed coastal areas for environmental monitoring and coastal planning and management in the Arabian Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of coastal embankments on nitrogen (N) cycling in the Spartina alterniflora salt marsh have been extensively reported. However, it remains unclear effects of the embankment on the sizes of diverse N subpools in the plant-soil subsystems year-round. This study examined seasonal changes in various N subpools of plant subsystems; soil subsystems [e.g., soil organic N (SON), recalcitrant organic N (RON), labile organic N (LON), dissolved organic N (DON), ammonium N(NH+4 N), and nitrate N(NO3-N)]; N mineralization [e.g., soil net ammonification (RA) and nitrification (RN) rate]; and immobilization [e.g., microbial biomass N (MBN)] in embanked and adjacent S. alterniflora natural salt marshes on the coast of Eastern China. The embankment significantly reduced the litter N storage by 62.7–71.8% over the four seasons and decreased the root N storage by 53.0% during winter. The SON, LON, RON, and N H +4 N concentrations declined significantly by 43.0–60.2%, 35.8–64.8%, 44.9–59.0%, and 20.8–42.2%, respectively, over the four seasons following the embankment construction. Furthermore, the embankment dramatically reduced the DON concentrations by 21.9% in spring, 14.6% in summer, and 10.4% in winter, while notably diminishing the NO3 N concentrations by 33.4% in autumn and 44.9% in winter, and the RA and RN in spring and summer. However, the embankment clearly increased the MBN concentrations during summer and autumn, the NO3 N concentrations in spring, and the RA and RN in winter at different levels. Due to the decreased soil N inputs from plants, the embankment decreased the organic and inorganic N subpools every season to varying degrees, except for the NO3 N concentration in spring. We suggest that the decreased soil salinity following embankment establishment might increase the uptake of ions by microbes, while stimulating the production of MBN. Ultimately, the NO3 N and DON were two vital N sources for S. alterniflora, and plants absorbed N from the soil to promote their biomass, as well as N concentration and storage. This study is conducive toward understanding the mechanisms behind the effects of coastal embankments on the N transfer among various N subpools in the plant and soil systems.

Quantitative analysis of the species composition and succession law of a plant community in a coastal reclamation area is of great significance for revealing the community construction and species coexistence mechanisms, and provides a basis for the rational use and conservation in coastal reclamation areas. Through the investigation of natural plant communities in Dongtai reclamation area and the adjacent national nature reserves in Jiangsu Province, eastern China, the composition and succession of plant communities were studied. A quantitative method was explored to analyze the process of plant succession and its representative species. The results showed that (1) A total of 65 species were found in the vegetation survey. These belonged to 26 families and 61 genera, and Poaceae is the most common plant species. The plant communities in the unreclaimed areas were mainly composed of Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The plant species increased after reclamation, which were mainly composed of Poaceae and Asteraceae; (2) The plant coverage greatly reduced after three years of reclamation, from 80% of the tidal flat to 37.34%, then gradually increased, and remained generally between 50% and 70%; (3) The above-ground biomass of the plant community was sharply reduced after reclamation, from 1.823 kg/m2 in the tidal flat to 0.321 kg/m2 in three years of reclamation, and then maintained at 0.11~0.27 kg/m2; (4)The species succession process of the plant community in the coastal wetland ecosystem that was affected by the reclamation activities transformed from a halophyte community that was dominated by a salt marsh plant community (Suaeda salsa, Spartina alterniflora, Scirpus mariqueter, and Phragmites australis) to a mesophyte plant community that was constructed with pioneer species such as Setaria viridis, Eleusine indica, etc., and eventually succeeded to a xerophyte plant community that was dominated by Humulus scandens and Cyperus difformis, etc. Reclamation activities have a profound impact on the characteristics and succession rules of natural vegetation communities along coastal wetland ecosystems. The period of seven years is presumed to be the tipping point in the succession of the plant community in coastal reclamation areas. The results of this study can provide a basis and reference for ecological protection and restoration in coastal reclamation areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2000, many coastal land reclamation projects have been implemented in China to alleviate the shortage of coastal land resources with rapid urban sprawl and economic growth. As a result, both the length and proportion of artificial shoreline increased significantly. Meanwhile, coastal reclamation inevitably brings some negative environmental and ecological issues, such as biodiversity loss, water pollution, and wetland degradation. In this study, based on the GlobeLand30 product and the OpenStreetMap based coastline data, we tracked the coastal reclamation expansion in China in the 21st century. Specifically, we analyzed the coastal reclamation intensity and coastal reclamation types of all coastal provinces in China, and explored the relationship between reclamation intensity and GDP growth to understand the reclamation status of coastal areas during 2000–2020. Our results showed that the total area of reclaimed land along the coast in China was 5135.31 km2, of which artificial land and aquaculture were two main land-use/land-cover (LULC) types, accounting for 71.89% of the total reclamation area. Among all coastal provinces, Tianjin exhibited the greatest reclamation intensity (i.e., 7.16 km2 km−1) and Zhejiang Province had the largest reclamation area (i.e., 1304.65 km2). We also found the positive correlation between economic development and coastal reclamation. In addition, the progress of coastal reclamation activities has been greatly slowed down owing to national policies released in recent years.

Karagöz, B. and Musaoğlu, N., 2024. An extended analysis of coastal reclamation areas through the utilization of remote sensing data and landscape metrics. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 539-543. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal areas are regions with high ecological fragility. Factors such as natural disasters, climate crises, rising sea levels, population growth, and urbanization contribute to spatial transformations in the land use of coastal areas. Consequently, these changes lead to the loss of ecological characteristics in coastal zones, the expansion of residential areas, and the emergence of challenges related to controlling this growth, which is emphasized within the scope of this research. This study will conduct a Long-Term Analysis using remote sensing data and landscape metrics, focusing on parameters such as changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC), alterations in the habitat loss in coastal reclamation areas. This study focuses on analyzing land reclamation areas along the Sea of Marmara coast using satellite imagery from 1990 to 2023. Initially, LU/LC map were obtained from CORINE Level 1 data for the year 1990. Besides, 2023 LU/LC cover map produced from Sentinel-2 data. Furthermore, a detailed examination of habitat fragmentation and loss in coastal areas were conducted using landscape metrics. According to the analysis results, there was a 138.70% increase in artificial areas within the study region, leading to the creation of a total of 1,410.42 hectares of reclamation area. These changes resulted in significant habitat alteration and loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Costal reclamation has been carried out extensively along the coastlines of the Arabian Gulf during the last decades. As a small archipelago country, coastal reclamation continues to be a major option for securing land to meet the needs of the expanding population and economic development in Bahrain. Macrobenthic communities often reflect the integrity of ecosystems as they respond to natural and anthropogenic stressors. This study characterized the community structures of macrobenthic invertebrates in three reclaimed intertidal areas and a protected natural mudflat in Bahrain (August 2019 and December 2020). Macrobenthic community structures and sediment characteristics differed significantly between natural and reclaimed areas. A total of 43 species were recorded in the four study areas, of which 38 were collected from the natural mudflat. Polychaetes dominated macrobenthic communities, followed by molluscs and crustaceans. Polychaetes accounted for more than 90% of the communities in the reclaimed coastal areas. Macrobenthic monitoring is considered essential for detecting changes in coastal and marine ecosystems due to dredging and reclamation activities along the coastlines of the Arabian Gulf. The findings of this study can provide insights into the ecological dynamics of macrobenthic communities in reclaimed coastal areas for environmental monitoring and coastal planning and management in the Arabian Gulf.

Study on morphological changes of a bay can help to identify the effects of anthropogenic activities on coastal environment and guide the exploration of marine resources. In this paper, morphological data including coastline and water areas in five discrete years between 1968 and 2015 were selected and extracted from the remote sensing images and historical marine charts to study the morphological changes in Laizhou Bay (LZB), one of the bays in the southwest of the Bohai Sea. A systematic analysis on spatial variations of the coastline and the surface areas of different types of waters in LZB was conducted. The results showed that the surface area of LZB was decreased by 1253.2km2 in the last half century, which is 17.4% of the total in the 1970s. The areas of the natural wetland and the intertidal zone were decreased by 17.2% and 56.1%, respectively, and the average water depth varied from 9.05m to 8.16 m at low tide level from 1968 to 2015. The coastline and shape variations of the bay turned to be complex after the 1980s, and the shape index of LZB showed an increasing trend in more recent years. The centroid of the bay generally migrated to the northeast direction, i.e., the direction of the center of the Bohai Sea, and the shrinking direction of the bay was consistent with the migration direction of the coastline. The reclamation area during 1968–2015 in LZB was 1201.7 km2, and 94.1% was in the inter-tidal zone. The overall morphological change of the bay during the last half century was mainly controlled by the coastal reclamation activities, and the Yellow River runoff including the river course change and sediment load variation was also an important controlling factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way of procuring new land in Indonesia is through the reclamation of coastal areas in several regions in order to increase the benefits of land resources and to answer the needs for land due to the high population, especially in coastal areas, by landfilling and draining. This raises a number of crucial problems, including the biodiversity extinction of various mangrove species, seagrass beds, species of fish, shellfish, crabs, birds, and various other living things; the increased potential for flooding and rob coupled with rising sea levels due to global warming; the changes of the level of slope, the composition of river sediments, patterns of tidal and ocean currents along the coast; the damage of water management area; and the changes of landscape (geomorphology) and water flow (hydrology) in the reclamation area and its surroundings. Disruption of the ecosystem's balance on a large scale can ultimately lead to the total destruction of our planet. The reclamation that causes large scale damages to the planet does not only contradict to Islamic law's objective in taking care of the environment (maqāṣid sharī'ah fi ri'āyah al-bī'ah) but also contrary with Islamic law's objectives in preserving one's soul, lineage, intelligence, wealth, and honor (maqāid sharī'ah fi hif al-nafs wa al-nasl wa al-'aql wa al-māl wa al-'ir). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alternations in soil physicochemical properties caused by the reclamation of coastal tidal land can strongly affect the activities of soil extracellular enzymes. Soil extracellular enzymes are one of the most active organic components in soil ecosystem, which is involved in almost all the biochemical reactions. Determining the importance of potential influencing factors of soil extracellular enzymes and thus estimating their activities are important for clarifying the biological mechanism of soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. In this study, the multiple linear regressions (MLR) and random forest (RF) models were conducted to estimate the activities of soil amylase and urease activities using covariates, such as soil water content (SWC), electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and soil organic carbon (SOC) as well as the soil bulk density (BD) and pH. The results reveals that the amylase activity of fishpond was significantly higher than that of other land use types, while the urease activity of rape land, broad bean land, and fishpond were notably higher than that of bare flat, Spartina alterniflora, and uncultivated land. The RF model indicated that the SWC and TN is the main variable affecting amylase and urease activity, respectively. The RF model performed much better than MLR model in estimating the soil amylase and urease activity as it revealed much lower error indices (MAE and RMSE) and higher R2 value. The superiority of RF model in estimating amylase and urease activity is due to its advantages to handle the nonlinear and hierarchical relationships between enzyme activities and covariates, and insensitivity to overfitting and the presence of noise in the data.

Singapore has undertaken coastal reclamation activities since 1976 in the southwest of Singapore's main island bordering the Nipa Island, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia. In reclamation, Singapore took sand from Nipa Island Indonesia bounded by the sea with Singapore. This reclamation will have an impact on several things that is the maritime boundaries and the territorial sovereignty of both countries. This article is attempted to describe how the impact of Singapore coastal reclamation against the maritime boundary and territorial sovereignty of Indonesia-Singapore. The author is using the concept of State Sovereigntyand the International Maritime Law in UNCLOS 1982. Furthermore, this paper is using the descriptive method with the qualitative approach. The data collection technique is literature study consisting of books, journals, and including data from the reliable website in supporting the explanation of this paper. Based on the provisions of UNCLOS 1982, it can be concluded that Singapore's coastal reclamation has no effect on the maritime boundary between Indonesia and Singapore, where maritime boundaries remain at baseline before Singapore reclamates. However, Singapore's coastal reclamation could threaten Indonesia's territorial sovereignty as the mainland of Singapore approaching Nipa Island Indonesia can assume that Singapore wants to take control of Nipa Island, especially the Nipa Island region is strategically located because of its near to the Singapore Strait which is an international shipping line.

The evaluation of coastal zone development and utilization is important for land sea coordination. Previous single-indicator evaluations have often ignored the development potential of coastal zones, which may lead to underestimation and misestimation. This study considered the coastal natural properties based on multi-source remote sensing data. The data were used to comprehensively evaluate the development and utilization intensity of coastal zones by multiple indexes to explore the development suitability. The Liaoning Province in China was used as a case study. The results show that during the past 30 years, human development activities in the coastal zone of Liaoning Province have been more frequent between the early 2000s and 2010. Based on the coastal reclamation intensity and the loss of coastal ecological land, Jinzhou and Panjin near the Liaohe estuary were the most heavily exploited. Nevertheless, combined with the original geological conditions of the coast, Huludao had the most overloaded resources and environment in the perspective of development suitability. We propose an evaluation method of coastal zone development and utilization considering natural ontology, which can provide guidance for future Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) decisions, and hopes to provide reference and revelation for related studies in other regions. • The development and utilization of coastal zones in Liaoning Province were evaluated considering the nature ontology and using multi-perspective spatiotemporal variation indexes from 1990 to 2020. • Human development activities in the coastal zone have been relatively frequent between the early 2000s and 2010. • Huludao had the most overloaded resources and environment in the perspective of development suitability and was overloaded by 2020. • Economic development and population growth caused by urbanization are critical drivers of coastal development. Meanwhile, frequent human activities have caused destruction to the coastal ecosystem, among which the occupation of mudflats and wetlands has produced many adverse consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little information is available on the impacts of coastal reclamation on wetland loss in large-river deltas at a regional scale. Using remote sensing data of coastal wetland and reclamation in four deltas in China from 1978 to 2014, we tracked their continuous area changes in four periods: 1978–1990, 1990–2000, 2000–2008, and 2008–2014. The areal relation between wetland loss and reclamation was quantified and used to identify coastal reclamation mode intensity coupled with another three indicators: reclamation rate, accretion rate and land-use intensity of coastal reclamation. The results showed that coastal reclamation driven by economic development reduced, or even reverse the original growth of delta which was determined by the offset between wetland acceleration rate and wetland loss rate. Generally, the area of reclamation showed a positive linear correlation with the area of wetland loss. The findings imply that human activities should control reclamation rate and intensity to alleviate total wetland loss and maintain wetland 'net gain'. Inappropriate coastal reclamation modes can magnify total wetland loss; therefore, coastal reclamation with a slow increment rate and low impervious surface percent is of great importance for sustainable development in future coastal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific and reasonable marine eco-compensation standard has great significance in optimizing the allocation of marine resources and maintaining the sustainable development of the marine economy. Taking the famous aquaculture reclamation project of Shuhutu in Xiangshan county of Ningbo city as the research object, the paper constructed an index system of ecological services value damage assessment, and methods for assessing the recovery capacity of sea areas and the impact cycle of resources. The damage value and characteristics of various ecological services caused by the aquaculture project were calculated and analyzed. The eco-compensation standard and the recovery cycle of the aquaculture project based on the marine self recovery capability were determined, and the differences in the compensation standards determined directly from the ecological damage value and based on the recovery capacity were compared and analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The total value of the ecological damage caused by the famous aquaculture reclamation project is 3.189 million yuan/a, and the damage value per unit area is 32000 yuan/hm2 ·a. Ecological damage is mainly based on ecological services, accounting for 53.54% of the total. (2) In the category of biological resource damage, the primary category is dominated by the value of resource damage, which accounts for 32.92% of the total. In the second category, the biological damage value of intertidal biological is the highest, at 597100 yuan, followed by the damage value of seaweed farming, fish eggs and larvae, both of which have the same damage value accounting for 13.55% of the total. The value loss of benthos and swimming organisms is smaller. (3) In the category of ecological service damage, the primary category is mainly adjustment service value, accounting for 32.56% of the total. In the secondary damage category, the damage value of waste disposal is the highest, reaching 717700 yuan, while the value of recreation and entertainment is also large, accounting for 12.80% of the total damage. The other types have less value loss. (4) The eco- compensation standard of the famous aquaculture reclamation project based on the sea self- reclamation capacity is 2.809 million yuan/a, and the compensation value per unit area is 28200 yuan/hm2·a. The average compensation value to be paid in installments is 1.8068 million yuan/a and the compensation amount per unit area is 18100 yuan/hm2·a. (5) Compared with the compensation standard determined by the value of ecological damage, the total amount of eco-compensation standard based on the recovery capacity of sea areas is reduced by 11.92%, and the unit area is reduced by 11.88% . After the completion of the project, the recovery speed of nearshore intertidal zone will be 4.632 hm2/a. After a total of 12.97 years, the tidal flat near the new embankment will be restored to the baseline level which existenced before the reclamation starting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most ecologically and economically important ecosystems, tidal flats are under severe threat from extensive coastal reclamation. The lack of time-series topographic data limits the understanding of the evolution of tidal flats under stress. Existing approaches to tidal flat topographic mapping are complex and weak in their representation of micro-geomorphic features. In this study, we propose a pixel-by-pixel inundation-based topographic mapping algorithm (PITMA) to accurately reconstruct tidal flat topography from full-time-series satellite imagery and to assess multi-decadal changes in the tidal flats of Fujian Province, which has undergone intensive coastal reclamation. The results show that the proposed algorithm can generate accurate tidal flat topography with an RMSE of 0.30 m in Fujian province. The total areas of tidal flats were 1311.27 km2, 1136.33 km2, and 1048.18 km2 in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. Coastal reclamation in Fujian Province has resulted in the loss of more than 20% of the tidal flats, but the average elevation of the tidal flats has increased by 40% with mean elevations of −0.68m, −0.82m, and −0.41m in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. Meanwhile, the slope of tidal flats also increased in most tidal flats in bay areas. Topographic profiles in 2000, 2010, and 2020 showed that tidal flats in bay areas gained deposition at higher-elevation areas but suffered erosion at lower-elevation areas, due to insufficient sediment availability and extensive land reclamation, then the tidal flats have become narrower and steeper. In contrast, estuarine tidal flats exhibited seaward expansion with stable slopes because of available sediment provision from the upstream river. Such tidal flat morphology would be at increased risk of erosion as sea level rises and sediment supply decreases. This quantitative assessment of the impact of coastal reclamation on tidal flat evolution provides scientific guidance for sustainable coastal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the shortage of land resources, many coastal cities have implemented coastal reclamation projects over the past few decades. Coastal reclamation can promote the economic development of coastal cities and improve human well-being in coastal zones. However, it can inevitably cause a series of ecological and environmental issues, such as coastal water pollution, ecosystem destruction, habitat loss, and land subsidence. Shenzhen and Hong Kong are two large neighboring Chinese coastal cities in southern China with different systems. As densely populated and economically developed cities, they face similar land shortage issues. However, recent coastal reclamation changes in Shenzhen and Hong Kong are unclear under different social and political systems. To fill this gap, this study aimed to monitor and compare recent annual coastal reclamation in Shenzhen and Hong Kong with totally different systems using free and open satellite products. Then, to compare the results of coastal reclamation between Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Large-scale coastal reclamation in Shenzhen and Hong Kong from 2000 to 2018 can be observed. The total area of coastal reclamation was 4140.7 hm2, of which the total coastal reclamation area in Shenzhen was 3409.8 hm2 and the total coastal reclamation area in Hong Kong was 730.9 hm2. Coastal reclamation in Shenzhen showed a temporal characteristic of “increasing slightly and then decreasing sharply”. Before and after 2010, the area of accumulated coastal reclamation were 3202.9 hm2 and 206.9 hm2. Comparatively, coastal reclamation in Hong Kong exhibited a temporal characteristic of “first decreasing and then increasing and then decreasing”. In 2002 and 2014, the scale of coastal reclamation was relatively large, with a total area of 501.8 hm2, accounting for 69.19% of its total area of coastal reclamation. The comparison between our produced coastal reclamation and the official area on coastal reclamation exhibited a good agreement based on correlation analysis (r = 0.99) and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) (0.72). Since the 21st century, Shenzhen and Hong Kong have shown different, even opposite, policies on coastal reclamation. It will be necessary to continuously monitor future coastal reclamation driven by policies for better conducting sustainable coastal development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Abstract. Modelling of the heated water spreading in Jakarta Bay had been performed as a part of the study on cooling water circulation of Muara Karang Power Plant, North Jakarta. The results of the simulation described in this paper illustrated for cast season (August 1994), transitional season (November 1995), and west season (Januari 1996). The spreading of thermal water in Muara Karang coastal waters near the outlet canal of the power plant for each season and all tidal and wind conditions is dominantly influenced by discharge of cooling water that has maximum value of 35.1 m3/sec. In the far field area the spreading is directed by monsoon (wind-induced) currents and slightly influenced by tidal currents. Thermal water which spreads out from the outlet canal into coastal waters has a minimum area of about 58.60 hectares in transitional season at highest water level, and a maximum area of about 156 hectares in transitional season when water level goes to cbb. In general, the simulation results in the cast season are comparable to the observed data, while in the transitional season of cast-west season of cast-west season the and in the west season the model is still being verified. Pemodelan Penyebaran Air Hangat dari Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap di Peraian Muara Karang, Teluk Jakarta Sari. Pemodelan sebaran panas di Teluk Jakarta merupakan salah satu bagian dari studi resirkulasi air pendingin PLTU Muara Karang, Jakarta Utara. Hasil simulasi pada makalah ini menggambarkan kondisi pada musim timur (Agustus 1994), musim peralihan (November 1995), dan musim barat (Januari 1996). Sebaran termal di perairan Muara Karang dekat saluran outlet PLTU untuk masing-masing musim dan semua kondisi pasang surut dan angina sangat dominan dipengaruhi oleh debit PLTU yang maksimum 35,1 m3/detik. Di daerah jauh, arah sebaran termal bergantung pada arus musim (pengaruh angin) dan sebagian dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut. Temperatur air panas yang keluar dari saluran outlet menyebar ke perairan dengan luas minimum 58,60 hektar pada musim peralihan pada saat air pasang maksimum, dan luas maksimum sekitar 156 hektar pada musim peralihan saat air menuju surut. Secara umum hasil simulasi pada musim timur yang dibandingkan dengan data lapangan hamper sesuai, sedangkan pada musim peralihan dari musim timur ke musim barat dan pada musim barat masih akan diverifikasi lebih lanjut.

Exploring how suitable habitat and population size of Red-crowned crane Grus japonensis respond to long-term coastal reclamation plays an important role in species conservation and in related coastal management. Here, we combined field data for suitable habitats and wintering population size of G. japonensis with GIS-based information to elucidate the influence of long-term coastal reclamation on this species and related conservation efforts. During 1975-2013, the intensity and spatial extent of coastal reclamation exhibited a temporal change, increasing dramatically in 1975-2000 and lessening considerably in 2000-2013. Under the pressure of long-term coastal reclamation, the decline of suitable habitat of G. japonensis was affected by increasing levels of human disturbance and decreasing availability of natural habitat. Moreover, the wintering population size of G. japonensis exhibited a decreasing trend during 1975-2013 as a result of the decreasing availability of fish ponds, bare tidal flats, and increasing spatial extent of residential areas and P. australis habitat, which were indirectly affected by long-term reclamation. Our results highlight the importance of considering the long-term effects of coastal reclamation on both populations and suitable habitat of G. japonensis, which should be considered in future plans for coastal management and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied various soil characteristics associated with Scirpus mariqueter growth and spatial heterogeneity in the Shanghai Nanhui Dongtan wetlands. In September and October 2015, 12 soil characteristics (soil organic carbon, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, orthophosphate, pH, moisture content, particle size, salinity, and tidal elevation) were analyzed from 101 soil samples. The key factors affecting S. mariqueter spatial distribution were determined using canonical correspondence analysis and curve-fitting analysis. Results showed that vegetation indices of height, cover, density, and biomass were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with tidal flat elevation. S. mariqueter was mainly distributed at tidal flat elevations of 2.0-3.4 m. Plant coverage and density were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with total nitrogen and soil salinity. Based on the curve-fitting and independent samples t-test analyses, thresholds of total nitrogen, conductivity, and tidal flat elevation of soil were 0.5475 g/kg, 0.8368 μS/cm, and 2.75 m, respectively. This study provides critical data for future coastal wetland remediation worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide effective measures for reclamation management and alleviate damages on ecosystems under multiple anthropologic interferences, quantification of coastal reclamation hydrodynamic disturbance (CRHD) and determination of the related threshold value of ecosystem are presented in this research. Eleven monitoring areas (approximately 1 km 2 each) in Dongying Port of China are considered. Each monitoring areas were further divided into the affected and non-affected areas based on impact of coastal reclamation engineering by comparing the distribution of hydrodynamic disturbance. According to c the CRHD, which enhance quantification method in terms of (a) quantifying the CRHD for coastal environment under different types of coastal habitants, (b) developing the definition of hydrodynamic disturbance based on ecological threshold, and (c) prognosticating the distribution of IHD with the case study of Dongying port. As the results, IHD for most of affected area was 23.58% higher than that non-affected area in average. Also, CRHD was insensitive to sessile organisms’ growth, relatively sensitive to suspended organisms, and extremely sensitive to swimming organisms. The maximum ecological threshold value for sessile organisms was approximately 3.5, exceeding 45.32% and 38.83% actual intensity for the affected and non-affected areas, respectively. Also, the threshold value for suspended organisms was approximately 2.56, which was 3.55% less than that of the affected area. Comparatively, the threshold value for swimming organisms was approximately 2.05, which was 10.75% less than that of affected area. Therefore, it is not suitable to invest constructional project of coastal reclamation engineering at the northeast and northwest of Dongying port administrative regions. Overall, the quantitative modeling of CRHD is advantageous for policy maker to manage coastal reclamation engineering and protect aquatic biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly productive coastal wetlands play an essential role in storing blue carbon as one of their ecosystem services, but they are increasingly jeopardized by intensive reclamation activities to facilitate rapid population growth and urbanization. Coastal reclamation causes the destruction and severe degradation of wetland ecosystems, which may affect their abilities to store blue carbon. To assist with international accords on blue carbon, we evaluated the dynamics of blue carbon storage in coastal wetlands under coastal reclamation in China. By integrating carbon density data collected from field measurement experiments and from the literature, an InVEST model, Carbon Storage and Sequestration was used to estimate carbon storage across the reclamation area between 1990 and 2015. The result is the first map capable of informing about blue carbon storage in coastal reclamation areas on a national scale. We found that more than 380,000 hectares of coastal wetlands were affected by reclamation, which resulted in the release of ca. 20.7 Tg of blue carbon. The carbon loss from natural wetlands to artificial wetlands accounted for 72.5% of total carbon loss, which highlights the major task in managing coastal sustainability. In addition, the top 20% of coastal wetlands in carbon storage loss covered 4.2% of the total reclamation area, which can be applied as critical information for coastal redline planning. We conclude that the release of blue carbon due to the conversion of natural wetlands exceeded the total carbon emission from energy consumption within the reclamation area. Implementing the Redline policy could guide the management of coastal areas resulting in greater resiliency regarding carbon emission and sustained ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiphase finite-element hydrodynamic model and a phytoplankton simulation approach are coupled into a general modeling framework. It can help quantify impacts of land reclamation. Compared with previous studies, it has the following improvements: a) reflection of physical currents and suitable growth areas for phytoplankton, (b) advancement of a simulation method to describe the suitability of phytoplankton in the sea water. As the results, water velocity is 16.7% higher than that of original state without human disturbances. The related filling engineering has shortened sediment settling paths, weakened the vortex flow and reduced the capacity of material exchange. Additionally, coastal reclamation lead to decrease of the growth suitability index (GSI), thus it cut down the stability of phytoplankton species approximately 4–12%. The proposed GSI can be applied to the management of coastal reclamation for minimizing ecological impacts. It will be helpful for facilitating identifying suitable phytoplankton growth areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Worldwide, humans are facing high risks from natural hazards, especially in coastal regions with high population densities. Rising sea levels due to global warming are making coastal communities' infrastructure vulnerable to natural disasters. The present study aims to provide a coupling approach of vulnerability and resilience through restoration and conservation of lost or degraded coastal natural habitats to reclamation under different climate change scenarios. The integrated valuation of ecosystems and tradeoffs model is used to assess the current and future vulnerability of coastal communities. The model employed is based on seven different biogeophysical variables to calculate a natural hazard index and to highlight the criticality of the restoration of natural habitats. The results show that roughly 25% of the coastline and more than 5 million residents are in highly vulnerable coastal areas of mainland China, and these numbers are expected to double by 2100. Our study suggests that restoration and conservation in recently reclaimed areas have the potential to reduce this vulnerability by 45%. Hence, natural habitats have proved to be a great defense against coastal hazards and should be prioritized in coastal planning and development. The findings confirm that natural habitats are critical for coastal resilience and can act as a recovery force of coastal functionality loss. Therefore, we recommend that the Chinese government prioritizes restoration (where possible) and conservation of the remaining habitats for the sake of coastal resilience to prevent natural hazards from escalating into disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an improved multi-scale integrated modeling framework has been established to evaluate coastal reclamation intensity (CRI). About 7 indicators are considered, including ecological degradation intensity (EDI), hydrodynamic disturbance (IHD), engineering types, water quality, economic investment, population growth, and reclaimed land area. Meanwhile, an integrated framework enhanced methods in terms of (a) measuring intensity of ecological degradation process under multi-scale impact, (b) developing the indicator system of CRI, and discussing the driving forces and trends of coastal reclamation, (c) determining fuzzy preference relations of weight and calculating the specific value of CRI with the case study areas of Yellow River estuary from 2000 to 2015. As the result, the CRI has been expanded unceasingly in recent years. The total growth rate from 2000 to 2015 is about 37.97%. It is concluded that CRI has climbed to a higher intensity level in resent 15 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated indicator system was developed for determining synthetic environmental responses under multiple types of coastal reclamation engineering in the Yellow River estuary, China. Four types of coastal engineering works were analyzed, namely port construction, petroleum exploitation, fishery and aquaculture, and seawall defense. In addition, two areas with limited human disturbances were considered for comparison. From the weights of the response value for each indicator, port construction was determined to be the primary impact contributor among the four engineering works studies. Specifically, hydrodynamic conditions, ecological status, economic costs, and engineering intensity were on average 72.78%, 65.03%, 75.03%, and 66.35% higher than those of other engineering types. Furthermore, fishery and aquaculture impact on water quality was 42.51% higher than that of other engineering types, whereas seawall defense impact on landscape variation was 51.75% higher than that of other engineering types. The proposed indicator system may provide effective coastal management in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of where and how to carry out reclamation work in coastal areas is still not well addressed in coastal research. To answer the question, it is essential to quantify the impact of reclamation and the associated ecological and/or environmental responses. In this study, ordinary least square (OLS) analysis and geographical weighted regression (GWR) analysis were performed to identify the reclamation variables that affect soil and vegetation characteristics. Reclamation related variables, including residential population (RP), years of reclamation (YR), income per capita (IP), and land use-based human impact index (HII), were used to explain nitrate, ammonium, total phosphorous, and heavy metals in soil, and the height, density, and above-ground biomass of native hydrophytic vegetation. It was found that variables IP, RP, and HII could be used to explain the height of Scirpus and Phragmites australis as well as above-ground biomass with a R 2 value of no > 0.55, and almost all the variables could explain the hydrophytic vegetation characteristics with a higher R 2 value. In comparison to OLS, GWR more reliably reflected the reclamation effects on soil and vegetation characteristics. By GWR analysis, total soil phosphorous, and nitrate and ammonium nitrogen could be explained by RP, YR, and HII, with the highest Ad-R 2 value of 0.496, 0.631 and 0.632, respectively. Both of the GWR and OLS analysis revealed that HII and RP were the better variables for explaining the soil and vegetation characteristics. This work demonstrated that coastal reclamation was highly spatial dependent, which sheds a light on the future development of spatial explicit and process-based models to guide coastal reclamation around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal reclamation is the gain of land from the sea or coastal wetlands for agricultural purposes, industrial use or port expansions. Large-scale coastal land reclamation can have adverse effects on the coastal environment, including loss of marine habitats and deterioration of coastal water quality. In recent decades, coastal land reclamation has occurred extensively to meet the increasing needs of rapid economic development and urbanization in China. The overall objective of this study is to understand the coastal reclamation status of China from 1979 to 2014 and analyzed its driving factors for mitigating negative ecological effects. The data of coastal reclamation were done with the ERDAS Imagine V9.2 platform and ArcGIS software based on remote images including Landsat, SPOT, ZY-2 and ZY-3. Potential driving factors for sea reclamation were selected based on statistics bulletins and the knowledge of experts in coastal management. In order to understand the relationships among possible impact factors and coastal reclamation, the Partial Least-Squares Regression models was constructed. The analysis results indicated that the total area of reclamation was 11162.89 km 2 based on remote sensing images between 1979 and 2014. Shandong Province is the largest reclamation area, reaching 2736.54 km 2 , and the reclamation is mainly concentrated in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Liaoning, where the reclamation areas were all more than 1000 km 2 . According to the remote sensing images, there are three coastal reclamation hotspot regions including Bohai bay (in which is located Liaoning, Tianjin and Hebei), Jiangsu province coastal area and Hangzhou bay (in Zhejiang province). A large scale land reclamation plan of more than 5880 km 2 has been made by local government and 2469 km 2 has approved by the State Council. From the analyzed results, there is a significant collinearity between these indicators, and no significant correlation between the area of reclamation and selected indicators. Economic development and employees in marine industries have weak positive correlation and correspondingly, the area of cultivated land (ACL) had a negative correlation. Because of the weak correlation, there is an assumption that economic development, outcome of coastal reclamation and population growth were not only was the direct driving factor, but also the outcome of coastal reclamation and population growth was not the direct driving indicator. Construction land quota and huge economic returns to local government may be the direct driving factors according to our field investigation. To resolve the contradiction between the need for land and coastal wetland conservation, it is recommended that China should establish a special management agency and coordination mechanisms, reconsidered the implementation of the reclamation plans and projects that have been approved, enhance law enforcement and increase penalties and strengthen public participation in reclamation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]