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The development of appropriate and valid multicultural and multilingual instruments research is necessary due to a growing multicultural and multilingual society in the 21st century. We explored the use of a cognitive scale related to subjective complaints, focusing on the first step: a cross-cultural and semantic validation. This study presents the translation and cross-validation process of the "Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia" (SSTICS) for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) region via different languages used in Dubaï/Abu Dhabi. This scale measures cognitive complaints and has been validated with psychosis and used in 20 clinical trials worldwide. It evaluates areas of the illness related to self-awareness focusing on memory dysfunction and deficits of attention, language, and praxis. We described the method of cross-cultural validation, with back-translation, semantic steps, and societal contexts. The use of the Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Emirates (SSTIC-E) was explored with different samples of UAE Arabic-speaking subjects. First, a pilot sample mean SSTICS total score was 16.5 (SD:16.9); (p <0.001). The SSTIC-E was then administered to 126 patients and 84 healthy control participants. The healthy group has a lower mean score of 22.55 (SD=12.04) vs. 34.06 (SD=15.19). The method was extended to nine other languages, namely, Pakistani/Urdu, Hindi, Marathi, Lithuanian, Serbian, German, Romanian, Sinhala, and Russian. The scales are provided in the article. The overall aim of the translation process should be to stay close to the original version of the instrument so that it is meaningful and easily understood by the target language population. However, for construct validity, some items must be adapted at the time of translation to ensure that the questioned cognitive domain is respected. For example, cooking, an executive function, does not have the same occurrence for an Emirati male, or remembering a prime minister's name, semantic memory, requires an electoral system to appoint the leader of a country. Translation methods and processes present many challenges but applying relevant and creative strategies to reduce errors is essential to achieve semantic validation. This study aims to measure personally experienced knowledge or attitudes; such language effects can be a thorny problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, and social networks are constantly rewriting the actual embodied experience of human beings. The deeply immersive media environment created and constructed by emerging technologies further transforms the essence of human-institution system, endows media users with more full initiative, and gradually establishes the "cognitive participation" mechanism in communication situations. How communication arouses and mobilizes the cognitive function of organisms and how communication situations reshape the cognitive function of organisms have become new perspectives in the interdisciplinary study of cognition and communication in the current deeply media context. Under the dimensions of "embodied" and "situation", the multiple "scale" disputes presented by cognition from the level of philosophical epistemology to psychological methodology have also been continuously incorporated into communication studies in the deep media technological innovation, forming a series of emerging theoretical and practical exploration spaces for communication studies. Compared with the existing literature, this paper has expanded the epistemological and methodological aspects. At the epistemological level, based on the deeply mediated context as a complex ecosystem, this paper further clarifies the coupling boundary of organism cognition from the "decoupling/coupling" relationship; Rethinking the cognitive mechanism of the organism in the body-environment in the scale divergence of "de-characterization/representation", highlighting the process of "de-characterization" of media use or daily communication behavior itself; Based on the scale of "causality/composition", it reveals the effect studies that subvert or innovate the traditional communication research paradigm and focus on audience attention and cognitive persuasion, and forms a research perspective that takes cognition as a tool or based on the ontology of cognitive mechanism. At the methodological level, with the application of dynamic systems theory in cognitive science, multi-channel and multi-linear "process" cognition is increasingly surpassing single-pointed "causality" cognition. Among them, the cognitive dynamic program with multiple levels of analysis and interactions across multiple time scales has become one of the ideas in the study of procedural cognition. As far as intelligent communication situations are concerned, the dynamic and non-linear concepts of cognitive states in information processing have been generally recognized, but there is still a lack of a measurement model that surpasses the traditional static linear assessment paradigm to examine the cognitive laws of organisms in communication situations, especially in intelligent communication situations. To a certain extent, the research in this paper reveals the problem of cognitive "scale" caused by differences in starting points, emphases, methods and concepts in the process of cognitive crossover research in the context of deep media communication by reviewing the theoretical differences in the concept, observation angle, sampling method and other "scale" in the field of cognitive science to investigate the manifestation of the cognitive "scale" dispute in the deeply mediated communication situation. The research finds that under the influence of thoughts such as "embodied", "situation" and dynamic ecosystem, the three cognitive differences of "decoupling/coupling", "decharacterization/representation" and "causation/composition" show a trend of harmonization, compatibility and combination within the deep media communication situation, and fully understand and transform the background and logic of the formation of cognitive "scale" disputes in the field of cognitive science. It is more conducive to provide a theoretical and practical exploration space based on the scientific grasp of "scale" for the cross-research of cognitive communication in the deeply media context from the two levels of epistemology and methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poststroke depression (PSD) is a major psychiatric disorder that develops after stroke; however, whether PSD treatment improves cognitive and functional impairments is not clearly understood. We reviewed data from 31 subjects with PSD and 34 age-matched controls without PSD; all subjects underwent neurological, cognitive, and functional assessments, including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Korean version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE), computerized neurocognitive test (CNT), the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), and functional independence measure (FIM) at admission to the rehabilitation unit in the subacute stage following stroke and 4 weeks after initial assessments. Machine learning methods, such as support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, voting ensemble models, and statistical analysis using logistic regression were performed. PSD was successfully predicted using a support vector machine with a radial basis function kernel function (area under curve (AUC) = 0.711, accuracy = 0.700). PSD prognoses could be predicted using a support vector machine linear algorithm (AUC = 0.830, accuracy = 0.771). The statistical method did not have a better AUC than that of machine learning algorithms. We concluded that the occurrence and prognosis of PSD in stroke patients can be predicted effectively based on patients' cognitive and functional statuses using machine learning algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scales measuring cognitive and executive functions are integral to the assessment and management of patients with suspected cognitive impairment. Some of the most commonly used cognitive tests are now subject to copyright restrictions. Furthermore, no existing scale assesses both executive and cognitive abilities. Aims: We aimed to develop and validate a novel hybrid scale for use in clinical practice which integrate measures of cognition and executive abilities ('Free‐Cog'). Methods: The instrument was devised through a national collaboration including health professionals, those with lived experience of dementia and researchers. Following ethics committee approval, the Free‐Cog was assessed in 25 real‐world clinical settings across England, Wales and Scotland. It was compared to three other cognitive tests routinely administered in clinical practice: the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE). Results: The Free‐Cog was tested in 960 patients with clinical diagnoses of dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and normal controls. Similar to the MMSE, MOCA and ACE, it discriminated well between the three groups (p < 0.001). It correlated well with the other instruments. Using a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, Free‐Cog achieved an Area Under Curve of 0.94 for dementia versus controls, 0.80 for MCI versus controls and 0.77 for dementia versus MCI. A version of the tool adapted for telephone consultation, the Tele Free‐Cog, also discriminated well between patient groups. Conclusions: Free‐Cog is a non‐proprietary, empirically derived, concise assessment. Uniquely, it combines cognitive and executive function questions in the one instrument. It could be used to inform the assessment of people presenting with cognitive impairment and is available to anyone interested in trialling it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purposes of this study, a sportsman’s cognition or beliefs in mastering skills was defined as “beliefs in sports skills”. The study aims were to develop a cognitive scale for beliefs in sports skills for soccer players, to examine its reliability and validity, and to demonstrate its factorial structure and characteristics. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 1173 male student soccer players (341 junior high school, 464 high school and 368 college). The collected data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling. The results showed that soccer players’ beliefs in sports skills could be represented by a hierarchical model with 2 higher-order factors and 6 first-order factors. The 2 higher-order factors were termed beliefs in sports skills with striving and that with non-striving, respectively. It was revealed that beliefs in sports skills with striving consisted of 4 first-order factors: understanding the strategy, application of game experiences, importance of training and mastery of skills. On the other hand, beliefs in sports skills with non-striving consisted of 2 first-order factors: dependence on ability and emphasis on results. The cognitive scale developed in this study had sufficient reliability and validity, and made it possible to understand beliefs in sports skills for soccer players. The present study showed that sports skills beliefs could be divided into 2 concepts, i.e. striving and non-striving, for achievement of intentional physical activity, and that inexperienced soccer players had low cognition for mastering these skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since publication in 2006, the Bayley-III scale has been used widely in pediatric populations worldwide; however, there have been very few studies which examined the usefulness and the potential sex differences in a Chinese context.Aims: To assess the reliability and validity of the Bayley-III cognitive scale, and detect possible sex differences in term children so as to provide evidence for clinical and research use in China.Study Design: Cross-sectional study PARTICIPANTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Of the 1589 children from 3 healthcare institutions that were initially recruited, a total of 1444 children were included in the final analysis. We randomly selected 5-10% children from the total sample to evaluate the test-retest, inter-rater and criteria-related reliability in order to meet the psychometric criteria of Bayley-III scale. Inter-item consistency, test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the scale were estimated using Split-half method and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The content validity was evaluated by the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI). The Mann-Kendall trend test was performed to assess trends of cognitive development, and post-hos Least Significant Difference test was used to detect age-appropriateness of items.Results: Six developmental pediatricians were trained to administer the Bayley-III cognitive scale. Inter-item consistency (n = 1444) with Guttman split-half coefficient was above 0.8, while test-retest (n = 144) and inter-rater reliability (n = 74) had good to excellent ICCs of over 0.9. The criteria-related validity (n = 74) of Bayley-III was acceptable, and associations with Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS) were mainly above 0.8. The raw score of Bayley-III scale in total subjects (n = 1444) showed an increased trend across all months of age (p < 0.05), and only the score in age group of 35M16D to 36M15D declined in females (p < 0.05, n = 722). Female children presented a higher score than male children in all subjects and in the 18-23 months age group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Our findings provide important evidence that the Bayley-III cognitive scale is a valid measurement which could be used in Chinese population, as well as the consideration of sex differences when used in a Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researcher used descriptive method by using survey style because it is suitable for this study. The research society is (104) students (boys and girles ) from forth stage in the college of Sport Education , university of Mosul for 2007- 2008. sample of study is sample of building that consists of (70) boys and girls , who still continue in their study after excluding experiment sample which contains 6 students to make the sample 73:8 from the sample total . the researcher used the questioner The present study aims to: • Construction a cognitive scale of the rules of handball for the student of the college of sport education. The scope of the study: Humanely space: senior students in the college of Sport education , university of Mosul • Time Space: from 1/10/2008 - 30/4/2008. • Place space: in door Hall in the college of Sport, university of Mosul and analyzing contents as a mean to collect data: • Accounting mean, Percent, Easily, difficult, distinction, and Getman modulus. The researcher resulted : Building Gauge for Legal Knowledge for Handball for students of college of Sport Education Recommendations: It is recommended that the study uses this gauge as a mean in a month examination for college of Sport Education in the subjects of law of handball.

The current research seeks to develop a detection method for forms of creative thinking in children of different cultures through some free activities such drawing in preschool period. The first mentioned researcher depends on the differential analysis of more than twenty thousand free drawing in Tunisia and France, and a person's body draw; as well as (205) Saudi children, (211) Egyptian children, (255) Tunisian children and (193) French children. The researcher also analyzed the forms of motor language and graphic behavior sequentially. He used ethological reading for videos that show activities of more than a hundred children during the free drawings lessons. The researchers found a new tool that contains 16 levels; between 2 and 6 years old, in order to detect creative thinking of preschool children. As a benefit the researchers focused on test importance in distinguishing between individual problems, and those referring to social upbringing in early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: ObjectiveImpaired quality of life and psychological distress are common in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and may be associated with unhelpful cognitions. Hypnotherapy (HT) is effective in improving both symptoms and quality of life in patients with IBS, and this study was designed to determine whether this improvement is reflected in cognitive change using a validated scale recently developed for use in such patients.: MethodA total of 78 IBS patients completed a validated symptom-scoring questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale and the Cognitive Scale for Functional Bowel Disorders (FBDs), before and after 12 sessions of gut-focused HT.: ResultsHT resulted in improvement of symptoms, quality of life and scores for anxiety and depression (all P''s<.001). IBS-related cognitions also improved, with reduction in the total cognitive score (TCS; P<.001) and all component themes related to bowel function (all P<.001). Cognitions were related to symptom severity because the most abnormal cognitive scores were observed in patients with the highest symptom scores (P<.001). Furthermore, a reduction in symptom score following treatment correlated with an improvement in the cognitive score (P<.001). Regression analysis confirmed that the cognitive score had independence from the other scores and did not serve solely as a proxy for symptom improvement.: ConclusionThis study shows that symptom improvement in IBS with HT is associated with cognitive change. It also represents an initial step in unravelling the many possible mechanisms by which treatments such as HT might bring about improvement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]