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Wind-powered recreational (WPR) activities are increasingly popular and occur in many areas of high conservation value. Possible impacts are poorly understood; existing reviews do not generally include recent widespread forms of WPR or have narrow taxonomic/ecological scopes. We identify the coastal ecosystems/wildlife that may interact with WPR and potential impacts: a) noise, movement and other stimuli, b) direct contact, c) disruption of substrates, and d) transport of pests. Almost all available evidence on impacts involves coastal birdlife, specifically their escape responses. Most studies are a) non-peer reviewed, largely anecdotal or otherwise limited in scope and b) from temperate locations. Sustainable use of WPR craft is required despite the prevailing information gaps. We suggest a precautionary, proactive approach which likely requires a combination of site-based management, plus policy and education initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new cubic barrier with elasticity-inclusive dynamic stiffness for penetration-free contact resolution and strain limiting. We show that our method enlarges tight strain-limiting gaps where logarithmic barriers struggle and enables highly scalable contact-rich simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns the modeling of the transverse impact of an impactor (test sample) on the surface of an infinite elastic layer. The Laplace transform with respect to time and the Hankel transform with respect to the radius for the axisymmetric case were applied. The propagation of elastic waves in the layer and local deformations in the contact zone are taken into account. Impact force, impact time and the coefficient of restitution were examined. The results are compared with the elastic half-space. The calculations carried out showed that for layer thicknesses of more than five impactor diameters, the layer can be considered as a half-space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Discussion In motor nerve conduction studies (MNCS), proximal stimulation should give a longer duration and lower amplitude compound muscle action potential (CMAP) due to higher temporal dispersion. Yet the CMAP waveforms at the distal and proximal stimulation sites appear remarkably similar. The objective of this study was to confirm this anomaly and investigate its possible cause by studying the median and ulnar nerves.Recordings from 50 subjects with normal electrodiagnostic studies were reviewed. The conduction velocity (CV) was measured using different points on the negative phase of the CMAP including its peak and baseline crossing. Collision studies were performed in three healthy subjects to measure the dispersion when nerve action potentials (APs) propagated from elbow to wrist.CV was relatively unaffected by the measurement point on the CMAP. The CMAP duration with elbow stimulation increased minimally compared to wrist stimulation. This was inconsistent with the dispersion of the AP from wrist to elbow measured in collision studies.The insignificant change in the CMAP in spite of axon AP dispersion is an enigma. We hypothesize that the terminal conduction time (TCT) (i.e., conduction in terminal axon branches, neuromuscular transmission, etc.) is independent of axon CV, represents a significant portion of the latency, masks AP dispersion, and reduces CMAP dispersion. This yields similar CMAPs with distal and proximal stimulation. The onset latency at the distal stimulation site does not depend on CV. Thus, onset latency and CV may not reflect the conduction properties of the fastest conducting axons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of body checking injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Men's Ice Hockey. Design: Secondary data analysis of historical cohort data. Setting:A convenience sample of injuries in NCAA Men's Ice Hockey during the 2009/10 to 2019/20 academic years. Patients (or Participants) NCAA student-athletes. Independent Variables: Event type, season, time loss, body part, diagnosis, player position, and mechanism. MainOutcome Measures: This study examined injuries that occurred during practice or competition, regardless of time loss, reported to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used. The injury rate and proportion ratios with 95% confidence intervals were also constructed. Three independent logistic regression models were constructed to examine differential odds of time loss ($1 day; TL) injury and the 2 most common injuries, between body checking injuries and all other injuries. Results: Overall, 1290 body checking injuries (rate 5 1.59/1000 athlete-exposures) were reported during the study period. Most were attributed to the upper extremity (42%) or head/neck (27%). The competition injury rate generally decreased after 2012/13. After adjusting for covariates, odds of (1) a TL injury was lower and (2) an acromioclavicular sprain was higher among body checking injuries as compared with injuries attributed to all other activities. Odds of concussion was not associated with body checking injuries. Conclusions: Body checking injuries were frequently attributed to the head/neck and upper extremities, and the rate of these injuries during competition appeared to be decreasing. Still, improvements in helmet and shoulder pad technology may further improve health and safety. Key Words: concussion, injury prevention, collision, nontime lossObjective: To describe the epidemiology of body checking injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Men's Ice Hockey. Design: Secondary data analysis of historical cohort data. Setting:A convenience sample of injuries in NCAA Men's Ice Hockey during the 2009/10 to 2019/20 academic years. Patients (or Participants) NCAA student-athletes. Independent Variables: Event type, season, time loss, body part, diagnosis, player position, and mechanism. MainOutcome Measures: This study examined injuries that occurred during practice or competition, regardless of time loss, reported to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used. The injury rate and proportion ratios with 95% confidence intervals were also constructed. Three independent logistic regression models were constructed to examine differential odds of time loss ($1 day; TL) injury and the 2 most common injuries, between body checking injuries and all other injuries. Results: Overall, 1290 body checking injuries (rate 5 1.59/1000 athlete-exposures) were reported during the study period. Most were attributed to the upper extremity (42%) or head/neck (27%). The competition injury rate generally decreased after 2012/13. After adjusting for covariates, odds of (1) a TL injury was lower and (2) an acromioclavicular sprain was higher among body checking injuries as compared with injuries attributed to all other activities. Odds of concussion was not associated with body checking injuries. Conclusions: Body checking injuries were frequently attributed to the head/neck and upper extremities, and the rate of these injuries during competition appeared to be decreasing. Still, improvements in helmet and shoulder pad technology may further improve health and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the problem of elasticity and stability of the collision of two kinks with low speed v for the nonlinear wave equation known as the ϕ 6 model in dimension 1 + 1. We construct a sequence of approximate solutions (ϕ k (v , t , x)) k ∈ N ⩾ 2 for this model to understand the effects of the collision in the movement of each soliton during a large time interval. The construction uses a new asymptotic method which is not only restricted to the ϕ 6 model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing and increasingly globalised human population, requiring the movement of goods and commodities, is placing increasing demands on the maritime industry, resulting in a concurrent increase in global shipping activities. This has consequences for the marine environment, particularly for species vulnerable to the impacts of vessel traffic. For example, vessel collisions can result in sub‐lethal or fatal injuries for marine mammals, whilst vessel noise can cause acoustic masking that effectively reduces an animal's listening space, potentially impacting their communication, navigation and foraging capacity.While a number of parallel approaches to mapping collision risk to large whales have arisen, these methods vary in their focus, usually on either co‐occurrence, collision probability, or probability of mortality. However, little attention has been given to the implications of methodological choice and data selection on subsequent risk predictions.To assess differences between these approaches, we used a standardised input dataset comprised of telemetry‐point data from tagged bowhead whales, and satellite‐based Automated Identification System (AIS) data of spatial vessel movements covering the Davis‐Baffin Arctic Marine Area. We applied this data to eight different, previously published analyses for deriving areas of vessel risk.We found that the choice of risk mapping approach affected the location, and total area, identified as 'high risk', and that more computationally complex approaches did not necessarily equate to different predictions. There was considerable variation in the total area of 'high risk' predicted within each map (range = 20–42,246 km2).Synthesis and Applications. The results underscore the importance of methodological transparency, informed data selection and careful interpretation when predicting collision risk. We provide practical recommendations for enhancing transparency when predicting risk, and discuss choice of approach suitable for different situations or management applications. It is critical that managers and policy makers are aware of the implications of applying different approaches when interpreting risk evaluation outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the angular distribution of the ejected electron for single ionization of He by fast proton impact. A four-body formalism of the three-Coulomb wave is applied to calculate the triple differential cross sections at several impact energies in the scattering, perpendicular and azimuthal planes. Moreover, the three-body formalism of three-Coulomb, two-Coulomb and first Born approximation models has also been used to study the many-body effect on electron emission and the validity of the models. In the three-Coulomb wave model, the final state wave function incorporates distortion due to the three-body mutual Coulombic interaction. In this formalism, we use an uncorrelated and correlated Born initial state, which consists of a plane wave for the incoming projectile times a two-electron bound state wavefunction of the helium atom representing the 1s2(1S) state. But, in the case of the three-body formalism, the initial state wavefunction consists of a long-range Coulomb distortion for the incoming projectile and one active electron of the He atom described by the Roothaan–Hartree–Fock wavefunction. The structure with a single or two peaks with unequal intensity is observed in the angular distributions of the triple differential cross sections for the different kinematic conditions. In addition, the influence of static electron correlations is investigated using different bound state wavefunctions for the ground state of the He target. In the four-body formalism, the present computations are very fast by reducing a nine-dimensional integral to a two-dimensional real integral. Despite the simplicity and speed of the proposed quadrature, the comparison shows that the obtained results are in reasonable agreement with the experiment and are compatible with those of other theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firstly, in this study, we utilize the high-order element model (truss link model) simulation method in OpenSees (3.7.0) software and verify the feasibility of this method by comparing it with the shaking table test. Secondly, the structural dynamic response of adjacent structures with different performance levels, spacing, and layout forms under large earthquakes is analyzed, and the corresponding structural failure probability is studied. Furthermore, the life distribution within the design service life of the structure is predicted according to the nonparametric Kaplan–Meier estimation model. Finally, the reliability of adjacent structures is evaluated by using the joint engineering demand parameters. The analysis method of replacing the theoretical analysis based on engineering experience and certainty in the current specification with probability analysis is proposed, which provides a more reliable theoretical basis for decision-making regarding the reinforcement, maintenance, or demolition of structures in the later stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double-differential cross sections (DDCS) as a function of low-energy electron emission at different impact energies are calculated for the collisions of dressed ions with He atoms by using the four-body formalism of the three-Coulomb wave (3CW-4B) model. We report the energy distribution of ejected electrons with energies varying from 5 to 500 eV for different emission angles. In this work, a model potential is used to represent the interaction between the dressed projectile and the active electron of the target. This potential presents a short-range term and a Coulomb long-range term depending on the net charge of the projectile and the number of electrons bound to it. The nine-dimensional integrals for the transition amplitude are partly reduced to a two- and three-dimensional integrals, which can be easily calculated numerically. The present 3CW-4B results are compared with the available experimental data and other theoretical calculations. The results agree favorably well with the existing experimental findings, especially at high-impact energies. We also studied the dependence of the effective charge of the dressed projectile on the electron emission spectra. Furthermore, the DDCS has been calculated in a range of projectile scattering angles (0–2 mrad) along with electron energies (10–300 eV) and discussed the appearance of different structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field evidence indicates c. 40 Ma (Early-Middle Eocene) contractional deformation in the S Amanos Mountains. Following latest Cretaceous southward ophiolite emplacement, an intra-platform basin infilled with shallow to deeper marine, dominantly carbonate sediments. Localized thrusting, reverse faulting, and folding were followed by subaerial erosion and non-marine clastic deposition, sealed by an Early Miocene marine transgression. Eocene emergence elsewhere in SE Türkiye probably also resulted from regional crustal shortening. Alternative hypotheses for collision in SE Türkiye propose latest Cretaceous, Mid-Late Eocene, Early Miocene, or Late Miocene suturing of S Neotethys. Much geological evidence in SE Türkiye and NW Iran supports Mid-Late Eocene initial continent-continent collision. Plate reconstructions suggest S Neotethys survived in this region until the Mid-Late Eocene. Biogeographical evidence points to minor Eocene mammal migration across S Neotethys, followed by Early Miocene large-scale terrestrial migrations. Seawater isotopic data suggest a major decrease in inter-Indian Ocean-Mediterranean Sea current flow during the Early Miocene. Instrumental geophysics and both numerical and analogue modelling suggest that the northern Arabian platform underthrust Eurasia (>200 km in S central Iran). In SE Türkiye, Eocene initial ‘soft’ collision was followed by Early Miocene ‘hard collision’, with crustal thickening and exhumation continuing until the Late Miocene, followed by westward ‘tectonic escape’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the questions still remaining regarding emulsion polymerization is the issue of mass transfer versus reaction limitation since, by its nature, emulsion polymerization requires monomer transport across an aqueous phase. This question is brought into focus lately by the growing use of miniemulsion polymerization in which the monomer transport step is much less important. This paper will explore the possible rate of monomer transport via collision and ratio this to the maximum rate of polymerization using the Damkohler analysis formality. Results indicate that systems relying on monomer transport by collision will be almost universally monomer‐transport‐limited, thus exhibiting lower‐than‐expected rates of polymerizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study symmetric periodic orbits near collision in a nonautonomous restricted planar four-body problem. The restricted problem consists of a massless particle moving under the gravitational influence due to three bodies with the same positive mass (the primaries), following the figure-eight choreography. We use regularized coordinates, in order to deal numerically with motions near collision between the massless particle and one of the primaries. By means of reversing symmetries, we characterize the symmetric periodic orbits near collision. The initial conditions for these orbits were computed by solving numerically some boundary value problems. We explain theoretically, and confirm numerically, how different parts of the diagram of initial conditions are related due to the symmetry of the figure-eight choreography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explosions or collisions of satellites around the Earth generate space debris, whose uncontrolled dynamics might raise serious threats for operational satellites. Mitigation actions can be realized on the basis of our knowledge of the characteristics of the fragments produced during the breakup event and their subsequent propagation. In this context, important information can be obtained by implementing a breakup simulator, which provides, for example, the number of fragments, their area-to-mass ratio or the relative velocity distribution as a function of the characteristic length of the fragments. Motivated by the need to analyze the dynamics of the fragments, we reconstruct a simulator based on the NASA/JSC breakup model EVOLVE 4.0 that we review for self-consistency. This model, created at the beginning of the XXI century, is based on laboratory and on-orbit tests. Given that materials and methods for building satellites are constantly progressing, we leave some key parameters variable and produce results for different choices of the parameters. We will also present an application to the Iridium–Cosmos collision and we discuss the distribution function after a breakup event. The breakup model is strongly related to the propagation of the fragments; in this work, we discuss how to choose the models and the numerical integrators, we propose examples of how fragments can disperse in time, and we study the behavior of multiple simultaneous fragmentations. Finally, we compute some indicators for detecting streams of fragments. Breakup and propagation are performed using our own simulator SIMPRO, built from EVOLVE 4.0; the executable program will be freely available on GitHub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-inspired cellular structures provide excellent elements and design concepts for designing thin-walled energy-absorbing structures of vehicles, trains and aircrafts, due to their special structural characteristics and excellent mechanical properties. This study conducts a literature review of bio-inspired cellular energy-absorbing structures with a double-circular shape and multi-objective optimization problems of energy-absorbing structures. A multi-stage cooperative optimization algorithm, which combines the theories of multi-objective optimization and multi-criteria decision making, is proposed for solving the selection and optimization problems of bio-inspired cellular thin-walled structures. Multi-performance characterization analysis and evaluation of seven types of bio-inspired cellular structures under impact loading are carried out, including horsetail grass, bamboo, lotus leaf vein, beetle elytra, lotus root and shrimp dactyl club. Subsequently, comparative analysis and discussion are conducted to verify that this optimization method is feasible and practical. The results show that the optimized results obtained by this proposed algorithm are reliable, and the optimized bio-inspired cellular thin-walled energy-absorbing structure shows better overall characteristics in collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the latest magnetotelluric models on profiles in the northeastern part of Slovakia and the southeastern part of Poland. These models are focused on deciphering the tectonic structures at the contact of the Inner Carpathians with the European Platform in this area. For the Inner Carpathian block, we propose the term Carpathia. Profile SA-01 shows shallower structures and the parallel MT-05 profile shows deeper structures. These models are also correlated with the seismic profile CEL-05. All results are compatible and show an original subduction-collisional structure, which was later replaced by a transpressive-transtensional one. The most striking structures are thick highly conductive subhorizontal zones in the middle crust and a tectonically controlled deep vertical conductive structure—the Carpathian conductive zone. Other significant structures, which also appear in the seismic section, are back thrusting of Flysch Belt and the Klippen Belt basement (Penninic crust) uplift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age restrictions for productive mineral associations of the two largest gold deposits of the Southern Urals—Svetlinsk and Kochkar, which are located in the East Uralian megazone—are discussed. The 40Ar/39Ar dating method was performed for the first time for potassium-containing hydrothermal minerals (micas and amphiboles) from the ore veins and ore-host alteration, as well as from marbles. The age estimates obtained are in the range of 290–276 Ma; the weighted average value for the Svetlinsk deposit is 276 ± 2 Ma; for the Kochkar field, 284 ± 2 Ma. It is supposed that the studied mineral assemblages of the Svetlinsk and Kochkar deposits were formed in the beginning of the postcollision stage corresponding to the tectonic relaxation regime. Age of hydrothermal mineral formation in the gold fields of the Kochkar anticlinorium are consistent with the time of post-tectonic plutonic activity, which was expressed in the Middle–Southern Urals in large-scale granitization (~300 Ma). The ore-bearing alteration of a femic profile (of the same age for two deposits), which are most likely basificates, are near-synchronous with the granitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology offers efficient connectivity for numerous end devices over a wide coverage area in the Internet of Things (IoT) network, enabling the exchange of data over the Internet between even the most minor Internet-connected devices and systems. One of LoRaWAN's hallmark features is the Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) algorithm. ADR is a resource allocation function which dynamically adjusts the network's data rate, airtime, and energy dissipation to optimise its performance. The allocation of spreading factors plays a critical function in defining the throughput of the end device and its robustness to interference. However, in practical deployments, LoRaWAN networks experience considerable interference, severely affecting the packet delivery ratio, energy utilisation, and general network performance. To address this, we present a novel ADR framework, SSFIR-ADR, which utilises randomised spreading factor allocation to minimise energy consumption and packet collisions while maintaining optimal network performance. We implement a LoRa network composed of a single gateway that connects loads of end nodes to a network server. In terms of energy use, packet delivery rate, and interference rate (IR), our simulation implementation does better than LoRaWAN's legacy ADR scheme for a range of application data intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classic vibration energy collector has functional restrictions, and it can only collect vibration energy in one or two dimensions. At the same time, it has issues with low output power in the low-frequency vibration region and a limited reaction frequency range. This research proposes a segmented nonlinear broadband piezoelectric–magnetic coupled energy collector capable of collecting vibration energy in different directions. The collector is equivalent to current state-of-the-art research in that it can collect vibration energy in three dimensions while also having a wide collection frequency and a high power density. The collection consists of a hemispherical support structure and four fundamental piezoelectric beam collision components. The rationality of the collision segmentation nonlinear principle is first clarified through theoretical calculation and analysis, and then the collision design is applied between the ends of different cantilever beams to broaden the captured energy frequency band, while parallel piezoelectric beams use a 45° tilt treatment to fully utilize the geometrical properties of the tilted beams for multidirectional energy collection. In addition, the collector introduces a magnetic coupling effect to create a bistable structure via magnetic contact. Comsol 5.6 software is used to model and simulate the planned 45° tilted beam structure, which clarifies the piezoelectric beam's linear intrinsic frequency characteristics and multi-directional geometric aspects. To further verify the collector's validity, a physical model is built and a vibration experiment apparatus is created. The experimental results demonstrate that the collector's effective bandwidth range is up to 6.3 Hz under 1 g acceleration excitation, representing a 125.0% increase in bandwidth when compared to the cantilever beam with a linear array. At 14 Hz frequency, the collector produces a maximum total output power of 19.52 mW and a power density of up to 3211uW cm−3 when excitation is provided in the Z -direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of phone use has become a major concern for pedestrian safety. Using smartphones while walking reduces pedestrians' ability to perceive the environment by increasing their cognitive, manual, and visual demands. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of common phone tasks (i.e., reading, tapping, gaming) on walking behaviors during outdoor walking. Nineteen young adults were instructed to complete four walking conditions (walking only, walking-reading, walking-tapping, and walking-gaming) along an open corridor. Results showed that all three phone tasks increased participants' neck flexion (i.e., neck kyphosis) during walking. Meanwhile, the reading task showed a greater influence on the temporal aspect during the early phases of a gait cycle. The tapping task lowered the flexion angles of the middle and lower back (i.e., torso lordosis) and induced a longer terminal double support. And the gaming task resulted in a decrease in middle back flexion, a shorter stride length, and a longer terminal double support while walking. Findings from the study confirmed our hypothesis that phone tasks changed pedestrians' physical responses to smartphone distraction while walking. To avoid potential risks caused by the observed posture and gait adaptations, safety precautions (e.g., roadside/electronic warning signals) might be imposed depending on the workload expected by different phone tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to investigate the damping of slow sausage MHD waves propagating in a gravitationally-stratified magnetic cylindrical structure when the plasma is strongly partially ionised. The problem is treated as an initial value problem and the analysis deals with the temporal evolution of waves in an asymptotic sense, i.e., large values of time compared to the period of waves. The plasma is assumed to be collision-dominated, i.e., we employ a two-fluid approximation. The set of equations describing the plasma dynamics is reduced to a coupled partial differential equations. Our findings show that the slow wave of charged species is affected by the presence of a cut-off. The mode associated with the neutral fluid propagates without any cut-off and decay very quickly due to collisions between particles.

Abstract Collisions between objects are a relatively common phenomenon in nature. Analyses of collision processes can greatly contribute to solving problems such as impact-rub faults and particle impacts. The coefficient of restitution is a critical parameter in the analysis of collision processes. Many experiments have shown that the coefficient of restitution is closely related to the plate thickness, and the smaller the plate thickness, the more inaccurate the coefficient of restitution predicted by the existing model, which seriously affects the process of collision analysis. To remedy this shortcoming, this paper proposes a plate thickness influence factor with the ratio of sphere diameter to plate thickness as the variable. The plate thickness influence factor can optimize the coefficient of restitution model to effectively predict the coefficient of restitution of impacting elastoplastic spheres with finite plate thickness. Finally, the validity of the new model is verified using a large amount of experimental data.

This note sheds new light on the exponentiation approximation of the probability that all K individuals have distinct birthdays across N calendar days. The exponentiation approximation imposes a pairwise independence assumption, which does not hold in general. We sidestep this assumption by deriving the conditional probability for each pair of individuals to have distinct birthdays given that previous pairs do. An interesting implication is that the conditional probability decreases in a step-function form—not in a strictly monotonical form—as more pairs are restricted to have distinct birthdays. The source of the step-function structure is identified and illustrated. We also establish the equivalence between the pairwise approach and another common approach based on permutations of all individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postural stabilization is essential to effectively interact with our environment. Humans preemptively adjust their posture to counteract impending disturbances, such as those encountered during interactions with moving objects, a phenomenon known as anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). APAs are thought to be influenced by predictive models that incorporate object motion via retinal motion and extraretinal signals. Building on our previous work that examined APAs in relation to the perceived momentum of moving objects, here we explored the impact of object motion within different visual field sectors on the human capacity to anticipate motion and prepare APAs for contact between virtual moving objects and the limb. Participants interacted with objects moving toward them under different gaze conditions. In one condition, participants fixated on either a central point (central fixation) or left-right of the moving object (peripheral fixation), whereas in another, they followed the moving object with smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs). We found that APAs had the smallest magnitude in the central fixation condition and that no notable differences in APAs were apparent between the SPEM and peripheral fixation conditions. This suggests that the visual system can accurately perceive motion of objects in peripheral vision for posture stabilization. Using Bayesian model averaging, we also evaluated the contribution of different gaze variables, such as eye velocity and gain (ratio of eye and object velocity) and showed that both eye velocity and gain signals were significant predictors of APAs. Taken together, our study underscores the roles of oculomotor signals in the modulation of APAs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We show that the human visuomotor system can detect motion in peripheral vision and make anticipatory adjustments to posture before contact with moving objects, just as effectively as when the eye movement system tracks those objects with smooth pursuit eye movements. These findings pave the way for research into how age-induced changes in spatial vision, eye movements, and motion perception could affect the control of limb movements and postural stability during motion-mediated interactions with objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the negative impacts of raptor collisions with human-made structures and vehicles. It highlights the need for further research and conservation efforts to address these collision risks. The article specifically discusses the impacts of vehicle collisions, wind turbine collisions, and window collisions on raptors. It suggests various solutions to mitigate raptor collisions, such as using flight diverters, fencing, and bird-friendly glass. The article also mentions other strategies for mitigating raptor collisions, such as planning power line routes and communication tower placement to avoid migratory corridors. The Raptor Research Foundation is dedicated to resolving raptor conservation concerns and promoting the coexistence of raptor populations with human populations. The given text consists of a list of references to various articles and reports related to raptor mortality in urban landscapes. These sources cover topics such as the impact of wind turbines on raptors, bird-window collisions, road mortality, and the use of citizen science to study raptors. The articles provide insights into the causes of raptor mortality and offer potential mitigation strategies. They highlight the need for further research and conservation efforts to protect raptors in urban environments. [Extracted from the article]

As the human footprint expands to meet societal energy needs, as do the impacts to wildlife. Raptors in particular are highly susceptible to anthropogenic caused mortality. Industry sectors are encouraged to offset these causes of mortality. Several options to mitigate these losses have been proposed, including raptor rehabilitation. However, its role as a conservation tool is untested. Currently no peer‐reviewed demographic analyses exist using post‐release data from rehabilitated raptors to evaluate its effectiveness at continental scales. Our objectives were to estimate annual survival of rehabilitated and wild raptors, and then use those estimates in demographic models to assess potential effects at individual and population levels. We hypothesized that rehabilitated raptors would survive similarly to their wild counterparts after an acclimation period, and that longer‐lived species (K‐selected) would benefit most from these releases. We used US Geological Survey Bird Banding Lab band‐recovery data (1974–2018) from 20 raptor species for modeling survival of rehabilitated individuals (n = 125 740) in comparison to wild birds (n = 1 913 352). Results from 17 species with adequate recovery data indicated that five species rehabilitated ≠ wild survival, two species had uncertain estimates, and 10 species rehabilitated ≈ wild survival by years two and three post‐release. We acquired admission (n = 69 707) and release (n = 25 740) data from 24 rehabilitation centers across the US (2012–2021). We integrated survival, fecundity and numbers of releases into demographic models. These models quantified the extent to which rehabilitated raptors may contribute to broader conservation efforts, especially in the context of individual take. All but two species, had measurable numbers of individuals added to the population regardless of the number of releases. The general pattern was for K‐selected species to yield larger benefits from rehabilitated supplementation to the population. These results provide evidence that rehabilitation may serve as mitigation tool to offset incidental take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: We detail the generation of a pulsed atomic oxygen (AO) broad beam with a high flux‐density via collision‐induced dissociation of O2 to support practical industrial exploitation of AOs, particularly for facilitating 2‐dimenstional oxidation/etching at a fast rate of one‐monolayer per second in an area ≥ 1000 cm2. This innovation fuses the following interdisciplinary concepts: (a) a high density of O+ can be produced in an electron‐cyclotron‐resonance (ECR) O2 plasma; (b) O+ can be extracted and accelerated with an aperture‐electrode in the plasma; (c) O+ with adequate kinetic energy can initiate a cascade of gas‐phase collisions in the presence of O2; (d) collision‐induced dissociation of O2 yields AOs with adequate kinetic energy which can cause additional collision‐induced dissociation of O2. Computational simulations of such collisions, with both ab initio molecular dynamics and direct simulation Monte Carlo methods, are used to guide the experimental generation of the proposed AO‐beam. We experimentally demonstrate the highest known AO mean flux‐density of about 1.5 × 1016 atoms·cm–2·s–1 in a broad‐beam, and use it to oxidatively modify a self‐assembled molecular layer of siloxane on a silicon wafer. In addition, we also demonstrate the growth of Al2O3 through an AO‐assisted atomic layer deposition process at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lato Lato is a toy that consists of two identical solid balls that are secured together with a rope and can be used as a learning tool in physics. In this study, we examined why the Lato Lato toy uses two balls with the same mass rather than balls with different masses. The collision of the two Lato Lato balls can be considered an elastic collision. The two balls move symmetrically at the same velocity and form a semi-circular route with opposing motion directions when we use Lato Lato with the same ball mass ( m 2 = m 1 ). The angular momentum of the two balls is also the same but in opposite directions, so they cancel each other out. Hence, the two balls travel steadily when Lato Lato is performed. This condition leads to a balanced movement of the Lato Lato system and prevents it from collapsing. On the other hand, because of their disparate masses ({m_1}$?> m 2 > m 1 ), the two balls of Lato Lato move in an imbalanced manner. A lighter ball travels farther because it moves more quickly than a heavier ball. The angular momentum of the two balls is in opposite directions but not of the same magnitude, so they do not cancel each other out. This results in unstable movement of the two balls when Lato Lato is played. Therefore, the two balls no longer collide centrally, like in Lato Lato, with the same mass, but the collision is glancing. Then, the motion of the two balls facilitates collapse easily. This work can enrich students' understanding of collisions beyond the collisions of two objects commonly discussed in textbooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New U–Th–Pb (SIMS)–geochronological, petro-geochemical, and Sr–Nd isotopic data for granitoids of three plutonic complexes (Sakhani, Omchikanda, and Arga–Emneken), located in the joint area of the two large batholih belts of the Verkhoyan–Kolyma fold area, Glavnyi and Severnyi, are presented. The Valanginian–Hauterivian age of the granitoids of all three complexes is established. The similarity of the granites and leucogranites of the Omchikanda and Sakhani complexes to the I–S-type granites and the similarity of the Arga–Emneken granitoids to the I-type granites are shown. The petro-geochemical peculiarities of the granitoid composition indicate a metasedimentary source for the granites and leucogranites of the Omchikanda and Sakhani complexes and a metamagmatic (amphibolitic) source for granitoids of the Arga–Emneken Complex. Sr–Nd isotopic data show that the granitoids were melted from different crustal sources, in which there are various proportions of mature material of the continental crust. The totality of geological and newly obtained geochronological, petro-geochemical, and isotopic data allow us to suppose a collisional setting of their formation in the terminal Valanginian–Hauterivian stage of collision between the Kolyma–Omolon microcontinent and the Siberian continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the operation of the drill string, it displays a degree of flexibility. Simultaneously, its dynamic properties, influenced by complex stress conditions, manifest nonlinearity and uncertainty. A comprehensive investigation into the dynamics of flexible drill strings is imperative for deep well drilling. This paper presents a model that simulates random interactions between a flexible drill string and the borehole wall, simplifying the actual drill string model using analogous principles. Dynamic simulation software is utilized for analysis, and an indoor experimental setup has been established. The results reveal that with a constant weight on bit (WOB), higher drill string rotational speeds correlate with increased susceptibility to buckling deformation. Additionally, the critical time for deformation onset exhibits a nearly linear relationship with rotational speed. Maintaining a constant rotational speed, an increase in WOB enhances the likelihood of buckling deformation. The experimental findings suggest a correlation between the drill string's rotation frequency and the WOB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: We detail the generation of a pulsed atomic oxygen (AO) broad beam with a high flux‐density via collision‐induced dissociation of O2 to support practical industrial exploitation of AOs, particularly for facilitating 2‐dimenstional oxidation/etching at a fast rate of one‐monolayer per second in an area ≥ 1000 cm2. This innovation fuses the following interdisciplinary concepts: (a) a high density of O+ can be produced in an electron‐cyclotron‐resonance (ECR) O2 plasma; (b) O+ can be extracted and accelerated with an aperture‐electrode in the plasma; (c) O+ with adequate kinetic energy can initiate a cascade of gas‐phase collisions in the presence of O2; (d) collision‐induced dissociation of O2 yields AOs with adequate kinetic energy which can cause additional collision‐induced dissociation of O2. Computational simulations of such collisions, with both ab initio molecular dynamics and direct simulation Monte Carlo methods, are used to guide the experimental generation of the proposed AO‐beam. We experimentally demonstrate the highest known AO mean flux‐density of about 1.5 × 1016 atoms·cm–2·s–1 in a broad‐beam, and use it to oxidatively modify a self‐assembled molecular layer of siloxane on a silicon wafer. In addition, we also demonstrate the growth of Al2O3 through an AO‐assisted atomic layer deposition process at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the present study is to investigate the damping of slow sausage MHD waves propagating in a gravitationally-stratified magnetic cylindrical structure when the plasma is strongly partially ionised. The problem is treated as an initial value problem and the analysis deals with the temporal evolution of waves in an asymptotic sense, i.e., large values of time compared to the period of waves. The plasma is assumed to be collision-dominated, i.e., we employ a two-fluid approximation. The set of equations describing the plasma dynamics is reduced to a coupled partial differential equations. Our findings show that the slow wave of charged species is affected by the presence of a cut-off. The mode associated with the neutral fluid propagates without any cut-off and decay very quickly due to collisions between particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mortise-and-tenon joint prefabricated connection combines the assembly form of mortise-and-tenon joints and cast-in-place wet joints. It achieves reliable joint connections through small joint depths and lap-spliced reinforcement lengths. To study the impact resistance and damage characteristics of the assembled pier, a nonlinear finite element analysis was performed on the assembled and monolithic pier model piers to study the effects of mortise-and-tenon joint depths, lap reinforcement, and grout on the response of the piers to vehicle impact. The results showed that, after impact, the damage to the prefabricated pier was similar to that of the monolithic one. The failure mode involved opening of the seam at the impact face-pier bottom junction and localized concrete compression at the back-impact face pier bottom, and damage accumulated from the column base towards the column centerline. The mortise-and-tenon joint provided substantial horizontal constraint for the pier, imparting excellent resistance to lateral stiffness. Consequently, both piers showed nearly identical peak impact forces, yet the prefabricated pier exhibited a lesser degree of bending deformation compared to the monolithic one. The depth of the mortise-and-tenon joints was a critical factor affecting the impact response of the prefabricated bridge pier. When the depth reached 0.4D or more, it ensured good impact resistance and joint connection, enhancing energy absorption capability and reducing pier damage. The length of lap-spliced reinforcement significantly affected the overall integrity of prefabricated component connections. Lap lengths of 10d or more greatly reduced the probability of failure in the connection between pier columns and cap beams, lowering damage to the pier columns, joints, and pier cap beams, thus ensuring good impact resistance. The diameter of the lap-spliced reinforcement and the elastic modulus of the grouting material affected the local stiffness near the joints. Increasing the diameter of the lap-spliced reinforcement appropriately prevented excessive local damage, while altering the elastic modulus had minimal impact on improving pier damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the deficiencies of large particle radius, strict vibration conditions, and low kinetic energy exchange rate of traditional particle dampers, it is proposed to organically combine the rack and pinion inerter device with a stacked single particle damper (SSPD) to form a novel stacked single particle‐inerter damping system (SSPIS). Based on a detailed analysis of the force state of particles at various stages, the vibration damping mechanism of SSPIS is analyzed, and a mechanical model of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) structure equipped with an SSPIS is established. The numerical simulation and analysis process of SSPIS is provided, and a parametric design method of inerter device based on the structural performance requirements is proposed. The accuracy of the theoretical mechanical model and numerical simulation analysis process of SSPIS is verified through shaking table tests of a single‐story steel frame, and the actual damping control effect of SSPIS on the controlled structure is investigated. Both test and theoretical results show that the numerical simulation analysis process of SSPIS is clear and accurate, and the mechanical model of the SSPIS‐SDOF structural system is highly accurate. The inerter device in SSPIS can significantly improve the momentum exchange efficiency between particles and structures, and SSPIS could adaptively adjust the particle radius size on demand compared with the traditional particle dampers, with a high damping frequency band, and can realize good damping control effect under the earthquake with various types of sites, which has expansive engineering application scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an optimized design approach using nonlinear dynamic analysis and finite element methods to ensure the structural integrity of square-shaped containers made from ductile cast iron for intermediate- and low-level radioactive waste packaging. Ductile cast iron, with its spherical graphite structure, effectively distributes stress throughout the material, leading to a storage capacity increase of approximately 18%. Considering the critical need for containers that maintain integrity under extreme conditions like earthquakes, the design focuses on mitigating stress concentrations at the corners of square structures. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted in five drop directions: three specified by ASTM-D5276 standards and two additional directions to account for different load patterns. Fractures were observed in four out of the five scenarios. For each direction where fractures occurred, equivalent loads causing similar displacement fields were applied to linear static models, which were then used for multi-load topology optimization. Three optimized models were derived, each increasing the volume by 1.4% to 1.6% compared to the original model, and the design that best met the structural integrity requirements during drop scenarios was selected. To further enhance the optimization process, weights were assigned to different load conditions based on numerical analysis results, balancing the impact of maximum stress, average stress, and plastic deformation energy. The final model, with its increased storage capacity and enhanced structural integrity, offers a practical solution for radioactive waste management, overcoming limitations in previous designs by effectively addressing complex load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear elastic metamaterials are attracting increasing attention owing their unusual properties of wave manipulation. However, the robustness of these benefits under varying amplitude should be increased and the challenge lies in the design. Here, we demonstrate a robust design strategy of nonlinear metamaterial via combining collision and damping. The damping will not interfere but enhance the nonlinear effects for broadband vibration reduction. The design presents low-frequency, broadband, efficient vibration reduction under varying amplitude. The effect can be activated by a small input amplitude. The performance remains high in a large amplitude range, i.e., high robustness is achieved. This property is systematically demonstrated with simulations and experiments on a nonlinear metamaterial beam. This article can offer an effective method to realize robust vibration suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collisions between objects are a relatively common phenomenon in nature. Analyses of collision processes can greatly contribute to solving problems such as impact-rub faults and particle impacts. The coefficient of restitution is a critical parameter in the analysis of collision processes. Many experiments have shown that the coefficient of restitution is closely related to the plate thickness, and the smaller the plate thickness, the more inaccurate the coefficient of restitution predicted by the existing model, which seriously affects the process of collision analysis. To remedy this shortcoming, this paper proposes a plate thickness influence factor with the ratio of sphere diameter to plate thickness as the variable. The plate thickness influence factor can optimize the coefficient of restitution model to effectively predict the coefficient of restitution of impacting elastoplastic spheres with finite plate thickness. Finally, the validity of the new model is verified using a large amount of experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cadomian basement of SW Iberian Massif appears in the so-called Ossa-Morena Complex, which contains several allochthonous terranes that are key for deciphering the evolution of the Gondwana margin during the Neoproterozoic. In this context, the Calzadilla Ophiolite represents the remnants of an oceanic Ediacaran lithosphere formed by a boninitic mafic crust that overlies a serpentinized ultramafic section, the latter being the biggest outcrop of Cadomian serpentinites in Europe. In this work, the petrological and geochemical nature of the mantle section is analysed, as well as the tectonothermal evolution of both, the mafic crust and the ultramafic section. The algebraic analysis of whole rock geochemistry of the serpentinites indicates that the protolith corresponds to harzburgite. The geochemical fingerprint of the serpentinites, as well as the primary spinel crystals composition, shows that peridotites underwent high degrees of partial melting (up to 16%) in a forearc setting. Thermodynamic modelling and average PT methods were applied to serpentinites and mafic dykes from the ultramafic section as well as to amphibolites from the mafic section, both of which experienced progradation up to 4–5 kbar and 525–575°C. According to the data, the protoliths of the Calzadilla Ophiolite were formed in a peri-Gondwanan arc system developed during the subduction of oceanic crust below Gondwana. The roll-back of the subducting slab would induce the opening of the forearc basin at c. 602 Ma, protolith age of amphibolites from crustal section, with an extensive partial melting of the mantle wedge and the formation of boninitic-affinity magmas that constitute the mafic section of the Calzadilla Ophiolite. Metasomatism and serpentinization of the mantle wedge would occur via melt- and fluid–rock interactions. A compression-dominated stage at c. 540 led to the emplacement of the Calzadilla Ophiolite onto the Cadomian magmatic arc, with the development of the amphibolite-facies metamorphic imprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birds and bats are prone to collisions with wind turbines. To reduce the number of bat collisions, weather variables are commonly used to shut down wind turbines when a certain constellation of weather variables occurs. Such a general approach might also be interesting to mitigate raptor collisions. Studies on the relationship between flight behaviour and weather variables are needed. To investigate the flight behaviour of raptors within their breeding area in relation to local weather variables, we used high resolution data of flight tracks of Red Kites collected on a wind energy test site (Germany). Birds were tracked with a laser range finder (LRF) or with Global Positioning System (GPS) transmitters. Weather variables were continuously registered on site. We used generalised linear mixed models to analyse the influence of weather variables and of the measurement method on different flight parameters. Furthermore, we investigated the probability of flying within a virtual rotor height range defined by three hub heights (84, 94 and 140 m; diameter: 112 m). The median flight altitude measured by LRF (52.5 m, 95% CI: 44.9–61.0, N = 2511) was on average 25 m higher than the corrected one resulting from GPS (27.8 m, 95% CI: 24.7–31.2, N = 6792). Flight speed also differed between methods (GPS: 29.2 km/h, 95% CI: 28.2–30.3 km/h; LRF: 25.1 km/h, 95% CI: 24.0–26.3 km/h). The effects of the weather variables were weak. Birds tended to fly less and lower during wet (humid, rainy or foggy) than dry weather, and lower during strong than weak winds. Probabilities of flying within a height range of virtual rotors increased with decreasing hub height, and hence ground clearance. Synthesis and applications: Flight behaviour was highly variable. Flights occurred during all weather conditions at different altitudes throughout the day over the entire season. Further research into the relationship between flight behaviour, weather variables, collisions and other factors is needed as a basis for developing shutdown regimes generally suitable for raptors. The mean flight altitude and speed differed between the measurement methods. Any values resulting from studies should be interpreted in the context of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collisions between neutral particles and plasma in the divertor region determine divertor detachment and heat flux to the target. However, the diagnostic of neutral particle information in the tokamak experiment is very lacking. To study the behavior of neutral particles in the boundary region flexibly and comprehensively, a two‐dimensional kinetic neutral transport code based on Monte Carlo method is developed in this work. The code is applied to simulate the neutral particles in the boundary of EAST device. Firstly, the simulation results are compared with EIRENE using an identical plasma background, and good agreement is obtained. Secondly, the transport of methane and the corresponding hydrocarbon compounds is simulated using the developed code. The methane injection case is compared with the injection of carbon and deuterium molecule mixture gas (ratio 1:2) to investigate their impact on detachment and fueling. The simulation reveals that, compared to the direct carbon atom injection case, charge‐exchange collision is the dominant collision of neutral methane (hydrocarbons), which suppresses divertor power radiation and plasma detachment while promoting the improvement of fueling efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is to model an industrial spiral-type gravitational coalescer by applying population balance as the governing equation. In this model, considering the two-dimensional movement of crude oil flow in the coalescer, the mechanisms of differential sedimentation, laminar shear, and Brownian motion are considered to determine the collision rate of droplets. Then, the population balance equation was solved to determine the droplet size distribution, dehydration, and desalination efficiency using the class method. The simulation results were in good match with the gathered industrial data. Finally, the influence of interfacial tension of water and oil, the pressure drop of the mixing valve, oil temperature, oil density, and washing water flow rate on the process efficiency was analyzed. The modeling results indicated that increasing the interfacial tension of water and oil from 30 to 36 mN/m and the oil density from 800 to 900 kg/m3 will decrease the water removal efficiency by 4.35% and 14.18%, respectively. Also, increasing the temperature of oil from 300 to 340 K and the volume fraction of washing water from 3% to 15% improves the efficiency of separating water from crude oil by 9.55% and 9.95%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Hypothesis: Naturally extracted polysaccharides, such as guar gum, are promising candidates for environmentally friendly flotation reagents. It is hypothesized that the kinetics of collision of sub- to millimeter gas bubbles with a hydrophobic graphite surface, and the stability of thin liquid film formed between the bubble and surface is affected by an adsorbed layer of guar gum. Experiments: A combination of gravimetric (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation) and imaging (atomic force microscopy) techniques was used to investigate the adsorption of guar gum on graphite surface, while high-speed camera imaging allowed for direct observation of the bubble collision process with guar gum-modified graphite surfaces with millisecond resolution. Findings: Atomic force microscope topography images revealed a guar gum concentration-dependent interconnected network of guar gum molecules adsorbed at graphite surface. These adsorbed molecules at low surface coverage, changed the wettability of the graphite surface, resulting in a film drainage time longer by an order of magnitude, while at higher surface coverage successfully prevented bubble attachment to the graphite surface. Most importantly, the adsorbed layer changed the strength of the bubble's bouncing off the graphite surface. This enhanced bubble bouncing can be correlated with the film drainage time and used to predict a successful bubble-particle attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Three alternative tectonic models of the Kyrenia Range, N Cyprus area tested. • U. Cretaceous ophiolite-related melange formed in subduction-related setting. • The Kyrenia Range developed as the N margin of S Neotethys (first rift/passive; later active). Three published alternative tectonic models of the Permian-Pleistocene development of the Kyrenia Range, N Cyprus are tested, supported by new field, geochemical and micropalaeontological evidence: 1. The Kyrenia Range represents the northern continental margin of the S Neotethys, close to its present relative position. The range initiated as a Permian-Cretaceous rift/passive margin, switching to a N-facing active margin during Late Cretaceous-Neogene; 2. The Range was located along the N African continental margin until the Neogene when northward subduction transferred it to the southern margin of the Eurasian plate; 3. The Range is a far-travelled allochthon that was emplaced to near its present position, probably during the Eocene. In the light of regional comparisons, especially with southern Turkey, the combined evidence mainly supports tectonic model 1. Sedimentary and palaeontological data show that the restored stratigraphy of the Kyrenia Range indicates Late Permian initial rifting and Early-Middle Triassic advanced rifting, followed by Jurassic-Early Cretaceous passive margin subsidence. Small exposures of ophiolite-related melange located between the Mesozoic carbonate platform and the overlying latest Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-water volcanic-sedimentary succession include evidence of HP/LT metamorphism, pointing to Late Cretaceous subduction. MORB/boninites, diabase-gabbro and extensive harzburgitic serpentinite originated as a SSZ ophiolite, together with a possible high-grade metamorphic sole (garnet amphibolite) and an accretionary prism (E-MORB/OIB; metachert). Microfossil evidence indicates exhumation of the melange and the underlying platform prior to Late Maastrichtian. A mass-transport complex formed within a compression-related foredeep during the Middle Eocene. Associated southward thrusting and folding culminated in emergence and subaerial erosion, generating a major unconformity, that was followed by subaerial and then marine deltaic deposits (Late Eocene-Oligocene). Following major Late Miocene southward thrusting, uplift of the Kyrenia Range took place during the Pleistocene, related to collision of the leading edge of the North African plate (Eratosthenes Seamount) with the Eurasian (Anatolian) plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel two-phase heterogeneous service retrial queueing system with collisions and delayed vacations. We consider services for two types of customers: ordinary customers (service completed in two phases) and priority customers (service completed in one phase). Collisions only occur in the first phase of service; if the collision does not happen, the server will proceed to the second phase of service. When the server turns to an idle state, it reserves a random period before taking formal vacations. We investigate two models for this system with and without orbit constraints and numerically analyze the sensitivity of the system performance metrics to validate the results and methodology. The expected total cost function is formulated. To prevent falling into the local optimal solution too fast, we utilize the canonical particle swarm optimization algorithm. Furthermore, we evaluate a bi-objective optimization problem to seek the balance of the expected total cost and the quality of service. Then, we apply the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) to obtain the Pareto front. Several numerical examples are presented for illustrative purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the KPSIT C50 dummy to examine the impact of modifications to seat belts and vehicle seating. With the increasing frequency of sudden braking and vehicle collisions, particularly during traffic jams, understanding these factors is crucial. Experiments were conducted on a specially designed teaching platform that measures seat belt forces and the displacement of various body parts (whether of a dummy or a human volunteer) during low-speed crash tests. This research is part of a comprehensive investigation involving crash tests with volunteers and KPSIT physical dummies. A total of 150 volunteers participated, organized into specific percentile groups. The study compared the displacement of the head centers of the KPST C50 dummy with that of volunteers categorized as C50. The findings highlight that utilizing a sports seat with four-point seat belts significantly limits head movement during low-speed collisions. This type of seating offers enhanced safety by minimizing the risk of head injuries from impacts with the steering column in collisions where the airbag has not been activated. Additionally, the results indicate that standard passenger vehicle seat belts allow for more forward head movement during a collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]