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This paper addresses the inherent limitations in traditional color modeling techniques for measuring the flame equivalence ratio (Φ), particularly focusing on the subjectivity involved in threshold settings and the challenges posed by uneven 2D color distribution. To overcome these issues, this study introduces an attention-based convolutional neural network (ACN) model, a novel approach that transcends the conventional reliance on B/G color features (Tf). The ACN model leverages adaptive feature extraction, augmented by a spatial attention mechanism, to more effectively analyze flame images. By amplifying key features, autonomously minimizing background noise, and standardizing variations in color distribution, the ACN model in this experiment achieved a prediction accuracy of 99%, with a 76% reduction in error rate compared to the original model, significantly improving the accuracy and objectivity of flame Φ measurement. This method marks a substantial development in the precision and reliability of flame analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classifying pixels according to color, and segmenting the respective areas, are necessary steps in any computer vision task that involves color images. The gap between human color perception, linguistic color terminology, and digital representation are the main challenges for developing methods that properly classify pixels based on color. To address these challenges, we propose a novel method combining geometric analysis, color theory, fuzzy color theory, and multi-label systems for the automatic classification of pixels into 12 conventional color categories, and the subsequent accurate description of each of the detected colors. This method presents a robust, unsupervised, and unbiased strategy for color naming, based on statistics and color theory. The proposed model, "ABANICCO" (AB ANgular Illustrative Classification of COlor), was evaluated through different experiments: its color detection, classification, and naming performance were assessed against the standardized ISCC–NBS color system; its usefulness for image segmentation was tested against state-of-the-art methods. This empirical evaluation provided evidence of ABANICCO's accuracy in color analysis, showing how our proposed model offers a standardized, reliable, and understandable alternative for color naming that is recognizable by both humans and machines. Hence, ABANICCO can serve as a foundation for successfully addressing a myriad of challenges in various areas of computer vision, such as region characterization, histopathology analysis, fire detection, product quality prediction, object description, and hyperspectral imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying flower color evolution can be challenging as it may require several different areas of expertise, ranging from botany and ecology through to understanding color sensing of insects and thus how they perceive flower signals. Whilst studies often view plant-pollinator interactions from the plant's perspective, there is growing evidence from psychophysics studies that pollinators have their own complex decision making processes depending on their perception of color, viewing conditions and individual experience. Mimicry of rewarding flowers by orchids is a fascinating system for studying the pollinator decision making process, as rewarding model flowering plants and mimics can be clearly characterized. Here, we focus on a system where the rewardless orchid Eulophia zeyheriana mimics the floral color of Wahlenbergia cuspidata (Campanulaceae) to attract its pollinator species, a halictid bee. Using recently developed psychophysics principles, we explore whether the color perception of an insect observer encountering variable model and mimic flower color signals can help explain why species with non-rewarding flowers can exist in nature. Our approach involves the use of color discrimination functions rather than relying on discrimination thresholds, and the use of statistical distributions to model intraspecific color variations. Results show that whilst an experienced insect observer can frequently make accurate discriminations between mimic and rewarding flowers, intraspecific signal variability leads to overlap in the perceived color, which will frequently confuse an inexperienced pollinator. This new perspective provides an improved way to incorporate pollinator decision making into the complex field of plant-pollinator interactions.

Studying flower color evolution can be challenging as it may require several different areas of expertise, ranging from botany and ecology through to understanding color sensing of insects and thus how they perceive flower signals. Whilst studies often view plant-pollinator interactions from the plant's perspective, there is growing evidence from psychophysics studies that pollinators have their own complex decision making processes depending on their perception of color, viewing conditions and individual experience. Mimicry of rewarding flowers by orchids is a fascinating system for studying the pollinator decision making process, as rewarding model flowering plants and mimics can be clearly characterized. Here, we focus on a system where the rewardless orchid Eulophia zeyheriana mimics the floral color of Wahlenbergia cuspidata (Campanulaceae) to attract its pollinator species, a halictid bee. Using recently developed psychophysics principles, we explore whether the color perception of an insect observer encountering variable model and mimic flower color signals can help explain why species with non-rewarding flowers can exist in nature. Our approach involves the use of color discrimination functions rather than relying on discrimination thresholds, and the use of statistical distributions to model intraspecific color variations. Results show that whilst an experienced insect observer can frequently make accurate discriminations between mimic and rewarding flowers, intraspecific signal variability leads to overlap in the perceived color, which will frequently confuse an inexperienced pollinator. This new perspective provides an improved way to incorporate pollinator decision making into the complex field of plant-pollinator interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce fuzzy granular colors for modeling color categories. Fuzzy granular colors are built by aggregating fuzzy colors having semantic relationships with regard to a certain color category. Our proposal allows us to model color categories which comprise disjoint fuzzy subsets of colors, as well as those having a nonconvex representation in the color space, among other advantages. Such categories are used very often by humans in different real contexts. Fuzzy granular colors are appropriate to provide color models able to deal with ill-defined boundaries, subjectivity, and context-dependence. We illustrate the advantages of our approach with respect to current state of the art with several experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reflection and transmission of light from a turbid slab is determined by considering a photon random walk within the medium. The reflection and transmission is obtained using the Beer-Lambert law on each path through the slab. Path length probability densities are derived, then all paths are summed weighted by their probabilities. The results are simple expressions for the reflection and the transmission in terms of the physical properties of the medium. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 580-584, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technique of blue and purple painting layers were analyzed on the example of selected panel paintings of the mid-16th to the end of the 18th century from the Gdańsk painting workshops. Paintings are the property of the church and the museums of Gdańsk and Pelplin (Poland). Searching studies of the selected painting layers and of the samples were performed to characterize the pigments present in the individual blue and purple painting layers and the pictorial techniques. Samples were obtained from painting and ground layers. The blue pigments identified in Gdańsks' paintings of the 16th and 17th century were natural azurite, smalt, and natural ultramarine, and of the 18th century, the only one blue pigment was organic indigo. Purple layers were obtained by adding organic red, lead red, vermilion, and iron oxide red. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 270-275, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust skin detector is the primary need of many fields of computer vision, including face detection, gesture recognition, and pornography filtering. Less than 10 years ago, the first paper on automatic pornography filtering was published. Since then, different researchers claim different color spaces to be the best choice for skin detection in pornography filtering. Unfortunately, no comprehensive work is performed on evaluating different color spaces and their performance for detecting naked persons. As such, researchers usualy refer to the results of skin detection based on the work doen for face detection, which underlies different imaging conditions. In this paper, we examine 21 color spaces in all their possible representations for pixel-based skin detection in pornographic images. Consequently, this paper holds a large investigation in the field of skin detection, and a specific run on the pornographic images.

This paper proposes an improved probabilistic approach using two improved feature representations. These features are color and motion. First, an improved probabilistic model for color-based fire detection is proposed, and candidate fire regions are generated from this model. Then, an improved motion feature is used for final decision. The performance of the proposed approach showed about 0.2758 accuracy in false positive rate, and 0.2636 accuracy in false negative rate on a benchmark fire video database, which represents a decrease of 46.6% in false positive rate, and a decrease of 52.1% in false negative rate compared to the probabilistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional fire detection systems use physical sensors to detect fire. Chemical properties of particles in the air are acquired by sensors and are used by conventional fire detection systems to raise an alarm. However, this can also cause false alarms; for example, a person smoking in a room may trigger a typical fire alarm system. In order to manage false alarms of conventional fire detection systems, a computer vision-based fire detection algorithm is proposed in this paper. The proposed fire detection algorithm consists of two main parts: fire color modeling and motion detection. The algorithm can be used in parallel with conventional fire detection systems to reduce false alarms. It can also be deployed as a stand-alone system to detect fire by using video frames acquired through a video acquisition device. A novel fire color model is developed in CIE L*a*b* color space to identify fire pixels. The proposed fire color model is tested with ten diverse video sequences including different types of fire. The experimental results are quite encouraging in terms of correctly classifying fire pixels according to color information only. The overall fire detection system's performance is tested over a benchmark fire video database, and its performance is compared with the stateof- the-art fire detection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a real-time solar-powered road surveillance system is proposed to detect and report moving vehicles that violate the speed limit. The system is designed to operate as a standalone with no connection to the main power line and the wired communication networks. It is powered by a battery array that is charged through solar panels. The data communication with the authorized remote station is achieved via wireless communication technology. A dedicated digital signal processing chip is used to exploit computationally inexpensive image-processing techniques over the video sequence captured from the fixed position video camera for estimating the speed of the moving vehicles. The moving vehicles are detected by analyzing the binary image sequences that are constructed from the captured frames by employing the interframe difference or the background subtraction techniques. A novel adaptive thresholding method is proposed to binarize the outputs from the interframe difference and the background subtraction techniques. The detected moving vehicles are tracked to estimate their speeds. The images of the speeding vehicles are further analyzed to detect license plate image regions according to the predefined color information of the license plates in Northern Cyprus. The detected license plate image regions are reported to the authorized remote station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]