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Introduction: Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is a severe soil-borne disease that affects wheat globally and leads to significant yield reductions. Identifying the loci associated with resistance to FCR and developing corresponding markers are essential for the breeding of resistant wheat varieties. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the resistance to FCR in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population originating from Gaocheng 8901 and Zhoumai 16 across four environments. The RILs and their parents were genotyped using a wheat 90K singlenucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Results: We identified a total of five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to FCR resistance: QFCR.caas-3AL , QFCR.caas-3DL , QFCR.caas-5BL , QFCR.caas-6BS , and QFCR.caas-7DS. These QTLs accounted for 4.6% to 12.8% of the phenotypic variance. Notably, QFCR.caas-5BL and QFCR.caas-6BS had been previously detected, whereas QFCR.caas-3AL , QFCR.caas-3DL , and QFCR.caas-7DS are novel loci. The favorable alleles of QFCR.caas-3DL and QFCR.caas-5BL were contributed by Zhoumai 16, while the favorable alleles for QFCR.caas-3AL , QFCR.caas-6BS , and QFCR.caas-7DS originated from Gaocheng 8901. Additionally, this study identified seven candidate genes that encode disease resistance proteins, the BTB/POZ domains, peroxidase activity, and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase. Furthermore, we developed and validated two kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers, Kasp_3AL_FCR (QFCR.caas-3AL) and Kasp_5BL_FCR (QFCR.caas-5BL) , in a natural population of 202 wheat varieties. Discussion: This study contributes new genetic insights and provides new stable loci and available KASP markers for breeding to enhance FCR resistance in common wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic acids were identified, and their content was determined in the grain of four species of wheat: common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare), spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta), durum (T. turgidum ssp. durum), and einkorn (T. monococcum) grown at two different levels of cultivation technology: medium and high. Thirteen acids were identified for each species. Einkorn cultivar PL 5003 had the highest content of phenolic acids, reaching up to 2106 mg 100 g−1 DM. The response of various species to the levels of technology applied was varied, but ferulic acid was always predominant (465–868 mg 100 g−1 DM). Common wheat and spelt responded with a decrease in the content of the acids when tested using the higher level of technology (on average by 265 and 62 mg), while their content increased in durum wheat and einkorn (282 and 352 mg). A clear response to weather conditions was also observed; most of the genotypes had a higher content of phenolic acids when there was more rainfall. The present study provides the basis for using these genotypes to produce food with increased nutritional content using appropriate agricultural procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) of wheat have great effects on food processing quality, but the resolution of LMW-GS and the scoring of their alleles by direct analysis of proteins are difficult due to the larger number of expressed subunits and high similarity of DNA sequences. It is important to identify and classify the LMW-GS genes in order to recognize the LMW-GS alleles clearly and develop the functional markers. Methods: The LMW-GS genes registered in GenBank were searched at NCBI, and 593 Glu-3 genes with complete coding sequences were obtained, including 146 Glu-A3, 136 Glu-B3, and 311 Glu-D3. Sequence analysis and characterization of DNA and deduced amino acids were performed using the software DNAman. Results: The alignment and classification showed that there were at least 9 genes with 69 allelic variants at the Glu-A3 locus, 11 genes with 64 allelic variants at the Glu-B3 locus, and 10 genes with 96 variants at the Glu-D3 locus, respectively. Furthermore, the specificity of some Glu-3 genes and their variations was analyzed. Conclusions: The results were beneficial to understanding the LMW-GS genes fully and to developing the functional markers and will provide a theoretical reference for the quality improvement of wheat variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Rye (Secale cereale L.), a close relative of common wheat, represents a valuable genetic resource for enhancing the disease resistance of common wheat. Introducing novel rye-derived genes into wheat can potentially improve disease resistance. In this study, we successfully developed a novel wheat-rye derivative line LCR4 through hybridization between hexaploid triticale line Currency and common wheat cultivar Jimai 22 (JM22). We confirmed that LCR4 was a T2DS·2DL-2RL translocation line via comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analyses, including genomic in situ hybridization, multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, molecular marker analysis, and wheat SNP-arrays genotyping. Notably, upon inoculation with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) race V26 at the seedling stage and mixed Pst races at the adult stage, LCR4 exhibited robust resistance against stripe rust infection at both stages. Subsequent genetic analysis further elucidated that the translocated 2RL chromosome segment is responsible for this resistance. Consequently, LCR4 harboring elite agronomic traits can be effectively employed in breeding programs against stripe rust.

Abstract Grain hardness has important effects on grain quality and the end-use of wheat. In this study, a collection of 103 common wheat germplasms and a DH population of 194 lines were used to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain hardness. Two stable genetic loci on chromosome 5D were detected under different locations and years with one of them being the Ha locus on 5DS where the major gene Puroindolines for wheat grain hardness is located. Another locus of qTaHa-5DL also showed a significant impact on grain hardness index (HI) with HI increasing from ~ 20 to ~ 45 and hardness type changing from soft to mixed when Puroindolines are wild type. A kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) marker for qTaHa-5DL was developed and the effectiveness of the QTL was confirmed in 184 breeding lines with the marker K-Ha5DL dividing wheat into two distinct categories. This new QTL can be effectively used to select soft or medium hard wheat.

Background: Sulfur (S) is a vital element for the normal growth and development of plants, performing crucial biological functions in various life processes. Methods: This study investigated thirteen S utilization efficiency (SUE)-related traits at the seedling stage of wheat using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped by genetic mapping. Thirteen S utilization efficiency-related traits were investigated under two hydroponic culture trials with low S (0.1S, T1), moderate S (0.5S, T2), and high S (1.5S, T3) levels, using the wheat RILs. Results: A total of 170 QTLs for the thirteen traits in different treatment environments were identified. Among them, 89, 103, and 101 QTLs were found in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. A total of 63 QTLs were found in the multiple treatment environments, the other 107 QTLs only being detected in a single treatment environment. Among them, thirteen relatively high-frequency QTLs (RHF-QTLs) and eleven QTL clusters were found. Five (QSh-1D, QRn-1D, QSdw-1D, QTdw-1D, and QTsc-1D) and six (QRdw-6A, QSdw-6A, QTdw-6A, QRsc-6A, QSsc-6A, and QTsc-6A) RHF-QTLs were identified in QTL clusters C3 and C10, respectively. Conclusion: These thirteen RHF-QTLs and eleven QTL clusters are expected to apply to the molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SDS sedimentation value is an important indicator for wheat quality breeding. In this study, genome-wide association study (GWAS) on SDS-sedimentation value was performed in 145 wheat accessions. The results revealed that a cluster of significant signals was identified at the end of 3DL, and combined with the position of the peak SNP and the distance of LD decay, the candidate interval 587.514-589.514 Mb was further determined. Then, variation sites of candidate genes within this region were explored based on the resequencing data (http: //wheat.cau.edu.cn/ WheatUnion/), and candidate gene association study (CGAS) was conducted in combination with SDS-sedimentation value. By integrating association results, gene annotation and gene expression analysis, TraesCS3D03G1092400 was identified as the SDS-sedimentation value-related candidate gene, and was tentatively named TaAGAP-3D. Additionally, a KASP marker Sv-3D-KASP for breeding was developed based on the polymorphic SNP of this gene, and found that TaAGAP-3D (C) was a favorable allele for SDS-sedimentation value. Altogether, these findings provide an effective molecular marker for the genetic improvement of SDS-sedimentation value in wheat, and also provide a reference for further cloning of quality genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Powdery mildew (PM) poses an extreme threat to wheat yields and quality.[Methods] In this study, 262 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Doumai and Shi 4185 cross were used to map PM resistance genes across four environments. A high-density genetic linkage map of the Doumai/Shi 4185 RIL population was constructed using the wheat Illumina iSelect 90K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Results: In total, four stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for PM resistance, QPm.caas-2AS, QPm.caas-4AS, QPm.caas-4BL, and QPm.caas-6BS, were detected and explained 5.6%–15.6% of the phenotypic variances. Doumai contributed all the resistance alleles of QPm.caas-2AS, QPm.caas-4AS, QPm.ca as-4BL, and QPm.caas-6BS. Among these, QPm.caas-4AS and QPm.caas-6BS overlapped with the previously reported loci, whereas QPm.caas-2AS and QPm.caas-4BL are potentially novel. Additionally, six high-confidence genes encoding the NBS-LRR-like resistance protein, disease resistance protein family, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine-kinase were selected as the candidate genes for PM resistance. Three kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers, Kasp_PMR_2AS for QPm.caas-2AS, Kasp_PMR_4BL for QPm.caas-4BL, and Kasp_PMR_6BS for QPm.caas-6BS, were developed, and their genetic effects were validated in a natural population including 100 cultivars. Discussion: These findings will offer valuable QTLs and available KASP markers to enhance wheat marker-assisted breeding for PM resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rye (Secale cereale L.), a close relative of common wheat, represents a valuable genetic resource for enhancing the disease resistance of common wheat. Introducing novel rye-derived genes into wheat can potentially improve disease resistance. In this study, we successfully developed a novel wheat-rye derivative line LCR4 through hybridization between hexaploid triticale line Currency and common wheat cultivar Jimai 22 (JM22). We confirmed that LCR4 was a T2DS·2DL-2RL translocation line via comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analyses, including genomic in situ hybridization, multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, molecular marker analysis, and wheat SNP-arrays genotyping. Notably, upon inoculation with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) race V26 at the seedling stage and mixed Pst races at the adult stage, LCR4 exhibited robust resistance against stripe rust infection at both stages. Subsequent genetic analysis further elucidated that the translocated 2RL chromosome segment is responsible for this resistance. Consequently, LCR4 harboring elite agronomic traits can be effectively employed in breeding programs against stripe rust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous accessions with introgressions in bread wheat result from distant hybridization. However, only a small number of them were used in modern cultivars to improve important traits such as grain protein and gluten content. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic impact of introgressions transferred to bread wheat chromosome 5B from T. durum and Ae. speltoides on these grain quality traits. For this purpose, two lines that carried introgressions of different size in chromosome 5B were developed in the genetic background of cv. Saratovskaya 29 (S29). One line had an introgression from Aegilops speltoides in the distal region of the long arm of the chromosome, whereas the other line had an introgression from Triticum durum in the centromeric region. Transfer of introgressions from donors to the recipient was confirmed using microsatellite markers. The lines were studied in remote geographical areas and in the greenhouse. They showed a significant increase in protein and gluten content across all environments by 1% and 4%, respectively, with the greatest effect under normal moisture conditions. The lines retained high rheological and mixing dough properties characteristic of S29. The studies verified the loci QGlc.ipk-5B and QDsa.ipk-5B associated with gluten content and dough resistance to mixing previously identified in the ITMI mapping population. We also confirmed the association of the 5B introgressions with decreased thousand kernel weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain hardness has important effects on grain quality and the end-use of wheat. In this study, a collection of 103 common wheat germplasms and a DH population of 194 lines were used to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain hardness. Two stable genetic loci on chromosome 5D were detected under different locations and years with one of them being the Ha locus on 5DS where the major gene Puroindolines for wheat grain hardness is located. Another locus of qTaHa-5DL also showed a significant impact on grain hardness index (HI) with HI increasing from ~ 20 to ~ 45 and hardness type changing from soft to mixed when Puroindolines are wild type. A kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) marker for qTaHa-5DL was developed and the effectiveness of the QTL was confirmed in 184 breeding lines with the marker K-Ha5DL dividing wheat into two distinct categories. This new QTL can be effectively used to select soft or medium hard wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current polycrisis era, plant science, particularly when applied to agronomy, becomes instrumental: because our main substantial and renewable resource is plant biomass, many future solutions will depend on our ability to grow and transform plant material in a sustainable way. This also questions the way we conduct plant research and thus quantitative plant biology. In response to the increasing polarization between science and society, participatory plant research offers a pertinent framework. Far from moving away from quantitative approaches, participatory plant research builds on complexity associated with biology and situated knowledge. When researchers and citizens work together on societal issues, such friction becomes more fertile, quantitative questions become more complex, societal issues are addressed at their roots and outcomes often exceed that of top-down strategies. This article serves as an introduction to this ongoing bifurcation in plant science, using plant breeding as a key example.

Over a period of 5 years, there was conducted a series of trials on the use of γ-irradiation of the female gametophyte of spring common wheat before remote hybridization with maize to study the effect of the phytohormonal changes during irradiation at various doses on ovaries’ growth after pollination with maize. Optimal timing of work on castration, irradiation, and pollination with maize pollen were established. It has been concluded that it is necessary to conduct such experiments in controlled conditions of a climatic chamber to avoid additional stress during fertilization and development of an embryo. The best results in ovaries’ growth were obtained (7.89–11.30 % of developed ovaries) with γ-irradiation in the dose from 3 to 15 Gy. There have been found changes in the level of various phytohormones and the possible influence of these changes on ovaries’ setting and growth, as potential sources of haploid and apomictically developed genotypes. The variants with the best indicators of developed ovaries are characterized by an increase in the ratio values of the salicylic acid/indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid/abscisic acid in relation to the same values before irradiation.

According to the Law “On Seed Production”, all varieties or hybrids included in the state register shall be provided for genetic passports, as well as making a list of plants’ species, the production of which is aimed at ensuring food security. However, the use of morphological characteristics does not allow distinguishing genetically similar samples, identifying hidden genetic variability and ensuring control of the homogeneity of the initial material. In connection with these limitations, the purpose of the current work was to develop approaches for the selection of molecular genetic mic- rosatellite markers (SSR markers) to differentiate common wheat varieties. In accordance with the purpose, there has been conducted a literature review regarding methods for genetic certification and evaluation of the diversity of spring common wheat based on polymorphism of microsatellite loci, and there has been generated a set of Triticum aestivum genome assemblies from the NCBI Gen Bank. Based on the literature data, there have been selected the most polymorphic SSR markers using the invented algorithm. The analysis of databases of SSR markers in the genome of common wheat using bioinformatics methods allowed establishing a minimal discriminatory set of 20 markers that can detect 419 different alleles in Triticum aestivum. The results obtained can become the necessary theoretical foundation for further practical research.

For the needs of precision agriculture, it is important to create a database on the trends of changes in vegetation indices. The correct interpretation of the data for a specific region is useful for reading and planning subsequent treatments. The research was conducted with a small UAV equipped with a NIR camera in the period 2019-2022, in three fields in southern Dobrudja. The aim is to track the dynamics of NDVI changes in wheat. To create a database on the trends of change in NDVI in the specific agrarian climatic conditions of southern Dobrudja. The dynamics of the index during the period of extreme drought 2019-2020 have been tracked. Maximum values are recorded in the spindle phase - grading at the beginning of May. Returning frosts at the beginning of March lower the value sharply. The dynamics of NDVI during the phenological development of wheat was tracked, as a maximum of 0.5 was reached during the grading period. Humidity analysis gives a direct link to NDVI change trends with a week lag of the changes that occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study explored the impact of nitrogen (N) application on yield and breadmaking as well as arabinoxylan (AX) content of wheat varieties Zhongmai 578 and Jimai 22 across varied environments, aiming to optimize N levels for improved outcomes. Findings: Significant N effects were observed on yield, flour properties, and breadmaking quality traits. Both varieties displayed high yield potential and stability, with Zhongmai 578 excelling in thousand kernel weight and Jimai 22 in spike number. Optimal N rates varied by location, with some achieving peak yields at reduced N levels. Processing traits like dough properties and bread‐making quality were influenced by E × N interactions. Arabinoxylans profiles was not affected by different N input. Conclusions: Customizing N applications to specific environment is critical for maximizing wheat yield potential and quality. Environmental considerations are integral for achieving desired processing traits and yield, highlighting the need for tailored N strategies in wheat cultivation. Significance and Novelty: This study emphasizes the importance of site‐specific optimization of N levels for enhanced yield and processing quality. It offers novel insights into site‐specific N management, showcasing its relevance in modern agricultural practices for sustainable crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabinoxylan (AX) and resistant starch (RS) are essential components of dietary fiber, that affect the nutritional value, health benefits, and end-use quality of wheat. Fully understanding their genetic basis is crucial for enhancing wheat quality through marker-assisted selection or other means. In this study, a genome-wide association study of AX-related traits i.e., total-arabinoxylan (TAX), water-extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX), and water un-extractable arabinoxylan (WUAX) of whole wheat flour (WWF) and refined wheat flour (RWF), as well as RS content was conducted using 205 elite wheat varieties (lines) with a composite map (24,355 SNPs) constructed with 90 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. The broad-sense heritability (H2) of RS was 48.50%, whereas that of AX-related traits ranged from 55.66 to 77.23%. A total of 115 loci for RS and AX related traits, comprising 322 marker-trait associations (MTAs), were identified on all 21 chromosomes across four environments, explaining 5.52–12.40% of the phenotypic variance. Among them, 19 stable loci were significant in two or more environments, including one for RWF-TAX, six for RWF-WEAX, four for RWF-WUAX, three for WWF-TAX, two for WWF-WUAX, and three for RS. Furthermore, 17 co-located chromosomal regions related to the measured traits were stably detected in multiple environments. These findings may be used for further research and to improve wheat quality in wheat breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics of wheat starch affect the eating quality of Chinese-style food. Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) parameters have been widely used as important indicators to evaluate and improve the quality of wheat starch. However, the genetic basis of RVA parameters remains to be further explored. In the present study, a natural population was genotyped using 90K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, and the RVA parameters of this population grown in five environments were evaluated. The results showed that 22,068 high-quality SNP markers were identified and distributed unequally on the chromosomes. According to the genetic distance, 214 wheat materials were divided into four groups. Except for the pasting temperature (PTT), six parameters followed a normal distribution. Based on the general linear model, 969 significant association SNPs were detected by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and chromosomes 7A and 2B had the most associated SNPs. Breakdown viscosity (BV) was associated with the most SNPs (n = 238), followed by PTT (n = 186), peak viscosity (PV; n = 156), trough viscosity (TV; n = 127), and final viscosity (FV; n = 126). According to the average linkage disequilibrium (LD), 33 stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for single parameters in multiple environments, of which 12 were associated with BV, followed by peak time (PT; n = 8) and PTT (n = 7). On the other hand, 67 pleiotropic QTLs were identified for multiple parameters. Three candidate genes--TasbeIIa, TasbeI, and TassIIa--were screened for phenotyping analysis. The grain width and the weight of the TasbeIIa and TaSSIIa knockout (KO) lines were significantly lower than those of the TasbeI KO lines and the control (CK). The KO lines had smaller endosperm cells, smaller A-type starch granules, and higher amylose content. The TasbeI KO lines showed normal RVA curves, while the TasbeIIa KO lines showed flat curves. However, the TaSSIIa lines failed to paste under the RVA temperatures. Conclusively, the SNPs/QTLs significantly associated with the RVA parameters and genetic resources with novel haplotypes could be used to improve the quality of wheat starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and deployment of diverse resistance sources in novel wheat cultivars underpin the durable control of stripe rust. The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with stripe rust resistance in the Chinese wheat breeding line YN1813 and to provide wheat breeders with original genes with potentially durable resistance. A total of 306 F7:8 recombinant inbred lines (RIL), derived from a cross between YN1813 (infection type 0–3 and disease severity 1–36%) and the moderately susceptible landrace Chinese Spring (IT 7–9 and DS 41–65%), were assessed for stripe rust disease severity in the field at Qingshui in Gansu and Pixian in Sichuan in 2020 and 2021 following inoculation with a mixture of the currently predominant Pst races. The parents and RIL were genotyped using the Wheat 55K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The total length of the constructed genetic linkage map was 3896.30 cm, with an average interval of 1.30 cm between adjacent markers. Two major QTL were identified on chromosome 7B and 7D across all tested environments. QYr.hau-7B was mapped to a 2.26 cm interval between the SNP markers AX-110908486–AX-89658728–AX-109489314 on chromosome 7B, explaining 0.9% to 16.9% of the phenotypic variation. QYr.hau-7D was positioned in a 0.67 cm interval flanked by the SNP markers AX-111654594 and AX-89378255, explaining 0.4% to 21.4% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL on 7D likely correspond to the previously known gene Yr18, whereas QYr.hau-7B was presumed to be a novel gene adjacent to YrZH84 or the core part of YrZH84. SNP markers closely linked with QYr.hau-7B were converted to allele-specific quantitative PCR-based genotyping assay (AQP) markers and validated in a panel of 712 wheat accessions. The group possessing a positive allele (TT) of AQP_AX-89658728 significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the IT by 45.8% and the DS by 63.2%. QYr.hau-7B and its markers could be useful in breeding programs to improve the level and durability of stripe rust resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionFusarium crown rot (FCR) is a severe soil-borne disease that affects wheat globally and leads to significant yield reductions. Identifying the loci associated with resistance to FCR and developing corresponding markers are essential for the breeding of resistant wheat varieties.MethodsIn this study, we evaluated the resistance to FCR in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population originating from Gaocheng 8901 and Zhoumai 16 across four environments. The RILs and their parents were genotyped using a wheat 90K singlenucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array.ResultsWe identified a total of five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to FCR resistance: QFCR.caas-3AL, QFCR.caas-3DL, QFCR.caas-5BL, QFCR.caas-6BS, and QFCR.caas-7DS. These QTLs accounted for 4.6% to 12.8% of the phenotypic variance. Notably, QFCR.caas-5BL and QFCR.caas-6BS had been previously detected, whereas QFCR.caas-3AL, QFCR.caas-3DL, and QFCR.caas-7DS are novel loci. The favorable alleles of QFCR.caas-3DL and QFCR.caas-5BL were contributed by Zhoumai 16, while the favorable alleles for QFCR.caas-3AL, QFCR.caas-6BS, and QFCR.caas-7DS originated from Gaocheng 8901. Additionally, this study identified seven candidate genes that encode disease resistance proteins, the BTB/POZ domains, peroxidase activity, and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase. Furthermore, we developed and validated two kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers, Kasp_3AL_FCR (QFCR.caas-3AL) and Kasp_5BL_FCR (QFCR.caas-5BL), in a natural population of 202 wheat varieties.DiscussionThis study contributes new genetic insights and provides new stable loci and available KASP markers for breeding to enhance FCR resistance in common wheat.

The study of genetic resources using prolamin polymorphism in wheat cultivars from countries with different climatic conditions makes it possible to identify and trace the preference for the selection of the alleles of gliadine-coding loci characteristic of specific conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the “gliadin profile” of the collection of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan by studying the genetic diversity of allelic variants of gliadin-coding loci. Intrapopulation (μ ± Sμ) and genetic (H) diversity, the proportion of rare alleles (h ± Sh), identity criterion (I) and genetic similarity (r) of common wheat from eight breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan have been calculated. It has been ascertained that the samples of common wheat bred in Kostanay region (Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, Kazakhstan) and Chelyabinsk region (Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia) had the highest intrapopulation diversity of gliadin alleles. The proportion of rare alleles (h) at Gli-B1 and Gli-D1 loci was the highest in the wheat cultivars bred by the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region (Saratov region, Russia), which is explained by a high frequency of occurrence of Gli-B1e (86 %) and Gli-D1a (89.9 %) alleles. Based on identity criterion (I), the studied samples of common wheat from different regions of Kazakhstan and Russia have differences in gliadincoding loci. The highest value of I = 619.0 was found when comparing wheat samples originated from Kostanay and Saratov regions, and the lowest I = 114.4, for wheat cultivars from Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions. Some region-specific gliadin alleles in wheat samples have been identified. A combination of Gli-A1f, Gli-B1e and Gli-Da alleles has been identified in the majority of wheat samples from Kazakhstan and Russia. Alleles (Gli-A1f, Gli-A1i, Gli-A1m, Gli-A1o, Gli-B1e, Gli-D1a, Gli-D1f, Gli-A2q, Gli-B2o, and Gli-D2a) turned out to be characteristic and were found with varying frequency in wheat cultivars in eight regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. The highest intravarietal polymorphism (51.1 %) was observed in wheat cultivars bred in Omsk region (Russia) and the lowest (16.6 %), in Pavlodar region (Kazakhstan). On the basis of the allele frequencies, a “gliadin profile” of wheat from various regions and breeding institutions of Russia and Kazakhstan was compiled, which can be used for the selection of parent pairs in the breeding process, the control of cultivars during reproduction, as well as for assessing varietal purity.

Phenolic acids were identified, and their content was determined in the grain of four species of wheat: common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare), spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta), durum (T. turgidum ssp. durum), and einkorn (T. monococcum) grown at two different levels of cultivation technology: medium and high. Thirteen acids were identified for each species. Einkorn cultivar PL 5003 had the highest content of phenolic acids, reaching up to 2106 mg 100 g−1 DM. The response of various species to the levels of technology applied was varied, but ferulic acid was always predominant (465–868 mg 100 g−1 DM). Common wheat and spelt responded with a decrease in the content of the acids when tested using the higher level of technology (on average by 265 and 62 mg), while their content increased in durum wheat and einkorn (282 and 352 mg). A clear response to weather conditions was also observed; most of the genotypes had a higher content of phenolic acids when there was more rainfall. The present study provides the basis for using these genotypes to produce food with increased nutritional content using appropriate agricultural procedures.

The aim of this study was to compare the baking value of wholegrain flours obtained from common wheat grain, spelt wheat grain and purple wheat grain, and to select the optimum method for dough fermentation from the examined wheat flour. The overall study of both flours and doughs showed the need to adjust the dough fermentation method to the variety of wheat grain from which the flour was made. A comparison of the baking value of purple wheat grain flour with common wheat and spelt grain flour indicated that it could be used for bread production, however, due to the poorer gluten quality of the dough, a double phase method with leaven is recommended for dough fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat heading time is primarily governed by two loci: VRN-1 (response to vernalization) and PPD-1 (response to photoperiod). Five sets of near-isogenic lines (NILs) were studied with the aim of investigating the effect of the aforementioned genes on wheat vegetative period duration and 14 yield-related traits. Every NIL was sown in the hydroponic greenhouse of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS. To assess their allelic composition at the VRN-1 and PPD-1 loci, molecular markers were used. It was shown that HT in plants with the Vrn-A1vrn-B1vrn-D1 genotype was reduced by 29 and 21 days (p < 0.001) in comparison to HT in plants with the vrn-A1Vrn-B1vrn-D1 and the vrn-A1vrn-B1Vrn-D1 genotypes, respectively. In our study, we noticed a decrease in spike length as well as spikelet number per spike parameter for some NIL carriers of the Vrn-A1a allele in comparison to carriers of the Vrn-B1 allele. PCA revealed three first principal components (PC), together explaining more than 70% of the data variance. Among the studied genetic traits, the Vrn-A1a and Ppd-D1a alleles showed significant correlations with PCs. Regarding genetic components, significant correlations were calculated between PC3 and Ppd-B1a (−0.26, p < 0.05) and Vrn-B1 (0.57, p < 0.05) alleles. Thus, the presence of the Vrn-A1a allele affects heading time, while Ppd-D1a is associated with plant height reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is one of the most important food crops, both in China and worldwide. Wheat production is facing extreme stresses posed by different diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB), which has recently become an increasingly serious concerns. FHB is one of the most significant and destructive diseases affecting wheat crops all over the world. Recent advancements in genomic tools provide a new avenue for the study of virulence factors in relation to the host plants. The current review focuses on recent progress in the study of different strains of Fusarium infection. The presence of genome-wide repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations causes genomic mutations, eventually leading to host plant susceptibility against Fusarium invasion. Furthermore, effector proteins disrupt the host plant resistance mechanism. In this study, we proposed systematic modification of the host genome using modern biological tools to facilitate plant resistance against foreign invasion. We also suggested a number of scientific strategies, such as gene cloning, developing more powerful functional markers, and using haplotype marker-assisted selection, to further improve FHB resistance and associated breeding methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew is a severe wheat disease that causes substantial yield losses in wheat production worldwide. The Chinese wheat landrace Changanhongmai (CAHM) exhibits high resistance to the physiological race E09 of powdery mildew. In this study, we characterized the powdery mildew resistance gene in CAHM, and developed molecular markers for wheat marker-assisted selection. To investigate the genetic characteristics of this resistant gene, we developed F1 plants, F2 generation population, and F2:3 families by crossing CAHM with SY225 (Shaanyou '225' as susceptible male parent). Genetic analysis demonstrated that all F1 plants were resistant to the disease, while the ratio of resistant to susceptible plants was 3: 1 in both the F2 population and F2:3 families, indicating that CAHM is inherited in a manner of a single dominant powdery mildew resistance gene, which was tentatively designated as PmCAHM. By using bulk segregation analysis, we constructed a genetic map encompassing Xgwm273, Xwmc626, Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xgdm28, Xgpw7812, Xgpw5195, Xwmc694, and PmCAHM. Among these markers, Xgpw7812 and Xgpw5195 are flanking markers that are tightly linked to PmCAHM at a genetic distance of 2.5 cM and 8.4 cM, respectively. Furthermore, nullisomic-tetrasomic analysis revealed that PmCAHM is located on chromosome 1B. These results indicate that PmCAHM differs from the internationally recognized powdery mildew resistance genes in both location and source. In addition, a new germplasm/line NW1748 with stronger powdery mildew resistance and large grains was developed from the cross and backcross populations of Fengyou1718 (FY1718)/CAHM/5/FY 1718. Therefore, PmCAHM can serve as a novel powdery mildew resistance source for breeding of wheat by using NW1748 as the donor in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An increase in genetic diversity of bread wheat caused by spring x winter forms leads to an alteration of genetic control of maturity time. Maturity time (MAT) is one of major yield components in wheat, which has two components: the heading date (HD) and grain-filling period (GFP). Using the Illumina Infinium 25k platform we analyzed the genetic control of the HD, GFP and MAT in the F2 and F2:3 populations from a cross between late-ripening spring/winter line 124-1 and spring wheat cultivar Novosibirskaya 31, possessing the same allelic composition of the VRN1 and PPD-D1 genes. The phenotypic evaluation of the populations studied was performed during three years. A total of 17 QTLs were mapped, out of which 4 QTLs for MAT or its components were confirmed over two years. Two common MAT and HD QTLs were identified on the 4A chromosome, and two loci controlling GFP and MAT were found on 6B chromosome. An environmentally stable HD QTL QHd.icg-7B.1 was associated with the FT-B1 gene having a non-synonymous polymorphism [G/C] in its coding region. A novel НD QTL was identified on 7D chromosome. QTL dissection allowed to propose putative genes for QMat.icg4-A and QMat.icg6-B, namely the SPL family gene (TraesCS4A02G359500) and the TCP transcription factor (TraesCS6B02G462100), respectively. The results of this study provide information for further investigation into wheat development.

The gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics of wheat starch affect the eating quality of Chinese-style food. Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) parameters have been widely used as important indicators to evaluate and improve the quality of wheat starch. However, the genetic basis of RVA parameters remains to be further explored. In the present study, a natural population was genotyped using 90K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, and the RVA parameters of this population grown in five environments were evaluated. The results showed that 22,068 high-quality SNP markers were identified and distributed unequally on the chromosomes. According to the genetic distance, 214 wheat materials were divided into four groups. Except for the pasting temperature (PTT), six parameters followed a normal distribution. Based on the general linear model, 969 significant association SNPs were detected by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and chromosomes 7A and 2B had the most associated SNPs. Breakdown viscosity (BV) was associated with the most SNPs (n = 238), followed by PTT (n = 186), peak viscosity (PV; n = 156), trough viscosity (TV; n = 127), and final viscosity (FV; n = 126). According to the average linkage disequilibrium (LD), 33 stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for single parameters in multiple environments, of which 12 were associated with BV, followed by peak time (PT; n = 8) and PTT (n = 7). On the other hand, 67 pleiotropic QTLs were identified for multiple parameters. Three candidate genes—TasbeIIa, TasbeI, and TassIIa—were screened for phenotyping analysis. The grain width and the weight of the TasbeIIa and TaSSIIa knockout (KO) lines were significantly lower than those of the TasbeI KO lines and the control (CK). The KO lines had smaller endosperm cells, smaller A-type starch granules, and higher amylose content. The TasbeI KO lines showed normal RVA curves, while the TasbeIIa KO lines showed flat curves. However, the TaSSIIa lines failed to paste under the RVA temperatures. Conclusively, the SNPs/QTLs significantly associated with the RVA parameters and genetic resources with novel haplotypes could be used to improve the quality of wheat starch.

The relationship between a variety’s genotype, environmental conditions and phytopathogenic load are the key factors contributing to high yields that should be taken into account in selecting donors for resistance and high manifestation of valuable traits. The study of leaf rust resistance in 49 common wheat varieties was carried out in the field against the natural pathogen background and under laboratory conditions using single-pustule isolates with virulence to Lr9 and Lr24. It has been shown that the varieties carrying alien genes Lr6Agi2 (Tulaikovskaya 10) and Lr6Agi1 (Voevoda) were resistant to leaf rust infection both in the field and in the laboratory. Varieties KWS Buran, KWS Akvilon, KW 240-3-13, and Etyud producing crop yields from 417 to 514 g/m2 comparable to the best standard variety Sibirskaya 17 can be reasonably used as Lr24 resistance gene donors under West Siberian conditions. Oms kaya 44 variety showing crop yield of 440g/m2 can be used as a donor for Lr19 and partially effective Lr26. Varieties Tuleevskaya and Altayskaya 110 with Lr9 in their genomes are recommended for the development of resistance gene-pyramided genotypes. The highest protein and gluten contents were observed in the CS2A/2M sample, while KWS Buran, Altayskaya 110, Volgouralskaya, and KWS Akvilon showed the lowest values. Varieties CS2A/2M, Tulaikovskaya 10, Pavon, and Tuleevskaya were ranked the highest in micro- (Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe) and macronutrient (Ca, Mg, K) contents among the common wheat samples from the collection, while the lowest values for most elements were observed in KWS Buran, Novosibirskaya 15, and Volgouralskaya. Winter varieties demonstrating leaf rust resistance against the infectious background typically carry adult plant resistance genes (Lr34, Lr12, and Lr13), particularly combined with the juvenile Lr26 gene. The presence of Lr41 in a winter type line (KS 93 U 62) allowed it to maintain resistance against a leaf rust pathogen clone kLr24, despite the presence of Lr24 in the genotype. Varieties Doka and Cheshskaya 17 may act as donors of resistance genes Lr26 + Lr34 and Lr9 + Lr12 + Lr13 + Lr34, as well as sources of dwarfing without losses in winter hardiness and yield under West Siberian conditions.

Wild and domesticated emmer (ВВАА, 2n = 28) are of significant interest for expanding the genetic diversity of common wheat as sources of a high protein and microelement grain content, resistance to many biotic and abiotic factors. Particular interest in these species is also determined by their close relationship with Triticum aestivum L., which facilitates interspecific hybridization. The objective of this work was to analyze the nature of alien introgressions in hybrid lines from crossing common wheat varieties with T. dicoccoides and T. dicoccum, and to assess the effect of their genome fragments on the cytological stability of introgression lines. A C-banding technique and genotyping with SNP and SSR markers were used to determine localization and length of introgression fragments. Assessment of cytological stability was carried out on the basis of chromosome behavior in microsporogenesis. A molecular cytogenetic analysis of introgression wheat lines indicated that the inclusion of the genetic material of wild and domesticated emmer was carried out mainly in the form of whole arms or large fragments in the chromosomes of the B genome and less extended inserts in the A genome. At the same time, the highest frequency of introgressions of the emmer genome was observed in chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, and 3B. The analysis of the final stage of meiosis showed a high level of cytological stability in the vast majority of introgression wheat lines (meiotic index was 83.0–99.0 %), which ensures the formation of functional gametes in an amount sufficient for successful reproduction. These lines are of interest for the selection of promising material with agronomically valuable traits and their subsequent inclusion in the breeding process.

Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng (2n=2x=14, NsNs) is regarded as a valuable wild relative species for common wheat cultivar improvement because of its abundant beneficial agronomic traits. However, although the development of many wheat–P. huashanica-derived lines provides a germplasm base for the transfer of excellent traits, the lag in the identification of P. huashanica chromosomes in the wheat background has limited the study of these lines. In this study, three novel nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH)-positive oligo probes were developed. Among them, HS-TZ3 and HS-TZ4 could specifically hybridize with P. huashanica chromosomes, mainly in the telomere area, and HS-CHTZ5 could hybridize with the chromosomal centromere area. We sequentially constructed a P. huashanica FISH karyotype and idiogram that helped identify the homologous groups of introduced P. huashanica chromosomes. In detail, 1Ns and 2Ns had opposite signals on the short and long arms, 3Ns, 4Ns, and 7Ns had superposed two-color signals, 5Ns and 6Ns had fluorescent signals only on their short arms, and 7Ns had signals on the intercalary of the long arm. In addition, we evaluated different ways to identify alien introgression lines by using low-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and recommended the SNP homozygosity rate in each chromosome as a statistical pattern. The 15K SNP array is widely applicable for addition, substitution, and translocation lines, and the 40K SNP array is the most accurate for recognizing transposed intervals between wheat and alien chromosomes. Our research provided convenient methods to distinguish the homologous group of P. huashanica chromosomes in a common wheat background based on ND-FISH and SNP arrays, which is of great significance for efficiently identifying wheat–P. huashanica-derived lines and the further application of Ns chromosomes.

Wheat is one of the most cultivated cereals thanks to both its nutritional value and its versatility to technological transformation. Nevertheless, the growth and yield of wheat, as well as of the other food crops, can be strongly limited by many abiotic and biotic stress factors. To face this need, new methodological approaches are required to optimize wheat cultivation from both a qualitative and quantitative point of view. In this context, crop analysis based on imaging techniques has become an important tool in agriculture. Thermography is an appealing method that represents an outstanding approach in crop monitoring, as it is well suited to the emerging needs of the precision agriculture management strategies. In this work, we performed an on-field infrared monitoring of several durum and common wheat varieties to evaluate their adaptability to the internal Mediterranean area chosen for cultivation. Two new indices based on the thermal data useful to estimate the agronomical response of wheat subjected to natural stress conditions during different phenological stages of growth have been introduced. The comparison with some productive parameters collected at harvest highlighted the correlation of the indices with the wheat yield (ranging between p < 0.001 and p < 0.05), providing interesting information for their early prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) adversely affects wheat quality and yield, and grain color (GC) is associated with PHS resistance. However, the genetic relationship between GC and PHS resistance remains unclear. In this study, 168 wheat varieties (lines) with significant differences in GC and PHS resistance were genotyped using an Illumina 90K iSelect SNP array. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on a mixed linear model showed that 67 marker-trait associations (MTAs) assigned to 29 loci, including 17 potentially novel loci, were significantly associated with GC, which explained 1.1–17.0% of the phenotypic variation. In addition, 100 MTAs belonging to 54 loci, including 31 novel loci, were significantly associated with PHS resistance, which accounted for 1.1–14.7% of the phenotypic variation. Subsequently, two cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) markers, 2B-448 on chromosome 2B and 5B-301 on chromosome 5B, were developed from the representative SNPs of the major common loci Qgc.ahau-2B.3/Qphs.ahau-2B.4 controlling GC/PHS resistance and PHS resistance locus Qphs.ahau-5B.4, respectively. Further validation in 171 Chinese mini-core collections confirmed significant correlations of the two CAPS markers with GC and PHS resistance phenotypes under different environments (P

The document titled "Corrigendum: Genome-wide linkage mapping of Fusarium crown rot in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)" in the journal Frontiers in Plant Science corrects errors in the abstract of a study on Fusarium crown rot (FCR) resistance in wheat. The study identified five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to FCR resistance, with some being previously detected and others novel. The research provides valuable insights, stable loci, and KASP markers for breeding to enhance FCR resistance in common wheat. [Extracted from the article]

In Italy, from 2000 to 2010, 58% of farms in mountain areas were abandoned leading to a 33% decrease in available land for agriculture. This research aimed to restore value and competitiveness to the Apennine area, by proposing a balanced and sustainable agriculture model. Following the needs of farmers, underutilised cereals were selected as the ideal genetic material for the study and development of short local food supply chains. The field experiments were carried out in two organic farms located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). During two growing seasons, seven wheat genotypes, two wheat evolutionary populations and one einkorn mixture were cultivated under organic farming management. Results related to functional traits are presented along with the main agronomic and technological parameters that were determined. Several nutritional properties are included. Mean yield and stability performance over environments for each genotype were explored using the “Genotype and Genotype by Environment biplot” elaboration. Considering yield performances, “Benco” was closer to the ‘ideal’ genotype. All the results were evaluated with the farmers, who expressed their own preferences from field observations. The right coupling between environment and genotypes can discourage the abandonment of hilly and mountainous farms by enhancing the economic competitiveness of agriculture in these regions.

Despite recent progress in crop genomics studies, the genomic changes brought about by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood, thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding, especially in polyploid crops with compound genomes such as common wheat (Triticum aestivum). In this work, we constructed genome resources for the modern elite common wheat variety Aikang 58 (AK58). Comparative genomics between AK58 and the landrace cultivar Chinese Spring (CS) shed light on genomic changes that occurred through recent varietal improvement. We also explored subgenome diploidization and divergence in common wheat and developed a homoeologous locus–based genome-wide association study (HGWAS) approach, which was more effective than single homoeolog–based GWAS in unraveling agronomic trait–associated loci. A total of 123 major HGWAS loci were detected using a genetic population derived from AK58 and CS. Elite homoeologous haplotypes (HHs), formed by combinations of subgenomic homoeologs of the associated loci, were found in both parents and progeny, and many could substantially improve wheat yield and related traits. We built a website where users can download genome assembly sequence and annotation data for AK58, perform blast analysis, and run JBrowse. Our work enriches genome resources for wheat, provides new insights into genomic changes during modern wheat improvement, and suggests that efficient mining of elite HHs can make a substantial contribution to genomics-assisted breeding in common wheat and other polyploid crops. Genome resources for an elite wheat cultivar Aikang 58 were generated and analyzed, yielding new insights into the genomic changes associated with recent varietal improvement and subgenome diploidization and divergence in common wheat. Furthermore, a homoeologous locus–based GWAS approach was developed and demonstrated to be highly effective in identifying agronomic trait–associated loci and their superior haplotypes, which will be valuable for genomics-assisted breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water deficit is one of the most important stress factors affecting yield and production quality. Breeders are focusing on breeding wheat cultivars and crop lines that are more resistant to water deficit, so there is a possibility that plants with changes in their ear morphologies, such as long chaff and multi-rowed varieties, will be more resistant to water deficit. Therefore, our research focused on the study of changes in the physiological parameters of wheat cultivar 'Bohemia' (normal cob) with an altered morphotype (genotypes '284-17' (long chaff) and genotype '29-17' (multirow cob)), in relation to the duration of the water deficit. The experiment was set up as a container experiment under partially controlled greenhouse conditions. The experimental design included four treatments. The control (C) variant was irrigated regularly. The other treatments were stressed by water deficit, which was induced through the method of gradually drying the substrate: treatment D1 involved 10 days without irrigation, 4 days of watering, 10 days with a re-induced water deficit and 4 days of watering; treatment D2 involved 10 days of watering, and then stress was induced via water deficit until the end of the experiment; treatment D3 involved 10 days of stress and then irrigation until the end of the experiment. The pigment content, gas exchange rate, chlorophyll fluorescence and water potential were monitored in the juvenile wheat plants. The obtained results showed that the contents of photosynthetically active pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) were influenced by the gene type. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content were higher in genotype '29-17' (0.080 and 1.925 nM cm−2, respectively) and lowest in cultivar 'Bohemia' (0.080 and 0.080 nM cm−2, respectively). The chlorophyll content decreased due to water deficit most significantly in the D2 variant (0.071 nM cm−2), compared to the control (0.138 nM cm−2). The carotenoid content significantly decreased due to water deficiency in the cultivar 'Bohemia', D2 (0.061 nM cm−2) and the genotype '284-17' (0.075 nM cm−2) and non-significantly decreased in '29-17' (1.785 nM cm−2). In the control plants, the carotenoid content decreased in the following order: genotype '29-17' (1.853 nM cm−2) > genotype '284-17' (0.088 nM cm−2) > cv. 'Bohemia' (0.087 nM cm−2). Wheat plants had a decreased photosynthetic rate due to the closure of stomata and reduction in substomatal CO2 levels, which were caused by water deficit. The above effect was observed in genotype '29-17' and cultivar 'Bohemia'. The transpiration rate increased by 0.099 mM m−2 s−1 (5.69%) in the variety 'Bohemia', due to water deficit. On the other hand, the transpiration rate of genotype '29-17' and genotype '284-17' decreased by 0.261 mM m−2 s−1 (88.19%) and 0.325 mM m−2 s−1 (81.67%), respectively, compared to the control. Among the genotypes studied, genotype '29-17' showed higher photosynthesis and transpiration rates, compared to genotype '284-17' and the variety 'Bohemia'. The effect of genotype and water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters was also shown. In all genotypes studied, there was a significant decrease in water potential due to water deficit, most significantly in the Bohemia variety, then in the genotype '284-17', and the least significant decrease in water potential was seen in the genotype '29-17'. Genotype '29-17' appears promising with respect to drought tolerance and photosynthetic rate, despite increased transpiration and reduced water potential; it also appears promising for better water management, with respect to reduced water potential in aboveground organs. On the other hand, the variety Bohemia appears to be less suitable for dry areas, since, despite its relative plasticity, it shows not only high water potential values in the water deficit region but also the most significant decrease in water potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins and heavy metals are contaminants that affect harvests, animal and human health and produce economic losses. The article aims to present the occurrence of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and heavy metals (lead, copper, arsenic, chromium, nickel, zinc, manganese, and cadmium) contamination in common wheat in Romania in the extremely dry year 2015. The samples taken from localities characterized by deoxynivalenol contamination in 2012 - 2014, were analyzed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods and the gained data were evaluated by SPSS. Wheat exceeded the maximum limits for deoxynivalenol and lead in the northwestern, western and central regions (46-48 °N, 21-25 °E; acidic soils; humid to subhumid climate); the heavy metals concentrations had the order Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > As > Cd. Deoxynivalenol was only correlated with copper, but there were significant and very significant correlations between heavy metals with toxic and carcinogenic potential (lead, arsenic, chromium, nickel, and copper). Contamination with deoxynivalenol and heavy metals in common wheat was low in the extremely dry year 2015, but it was high in soils, air, waters and plants in the extremely rainy years as: 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2016. Gained data are useful because they showed that extreme weather events and climate change affect heavy metal pollution in the environment and also Fusarium spp. and deoxynivalenol contamination in cereals, therefore agro-food safety and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of cereals with fungi Aspergillus spp. and mycotoxins aflatoxins causes losses in the agrofood chain and cancers in animals and humans. This article assesses the occurrence of total aflatoxin contamination in common wheat in Romania during the 2015 - 2016 period under the influence of environmental factors and extreme weather events. Wheat samples (N = 272) taken from localities characterized by deoxynivalenol contamination in 2012 - 2014, were analyzed for aflatoxins using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and gained resuts were statistically evaluated by SPSS. Total aflatoxin contamination in common wheat was very low (max. 1.10 µg/kg) in June - August of the 2015 extremely dry year, but high values were recorded in Covasna, Harghita, and Vâlcea counties (4.00 µg/kg; 5.42 µg/kg; 4.58 µg/kg; acidic soils) in May - June 2016, an extremely rainy year. Extremely hot and dry weather conditions in July - August 2015 reduced the effects of environmental factors to non-significant correlations with total aflatoxins. The effects of the extreme drought were also manifested in 2016, but the temperature and precipitation in July - August were significantly correlated with aflatoxin contamination. The results show the occurrence of total aflatoxin contamination in common wheat grown in regions characterized by Fusarium spp. and deoxynivalenol contamination in the year following a dry year. The increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in the last two decades and the predicted climate changes require the analysis of aflatoxins in wheat and other cereals grown in agricultural regions with low aridity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a sucrose non‐fermenting‐1‐related protein kinase alpha subunit (TaSnRK1α‐1A) is identified as associated with cold stress through integration of genome‐wide association study, bulked segregant RNA sequencing, and virus‐induced gene silencing. It is confirmed that TaSnRK1α positively regulates cold tolerance by transgenes and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutants. A plastid‐lipid‐associated protein 6, chloroplastic‐like (TaPAP6L‐2B) strongly interacting with TaSnRK1α‐1A is screened. Molecular chaperone DJ‐1 family protein (TaDJ‐1‐7B) possibly bridged the interaction of TaSnRK1α‐1A and TaPAP6L‐2B. It is further revealed that TaSnRK1α‐1A phosphorylated TaPAP6L‐2B. Subsequently, a superior haplotype TaPAP6L‐2B30S/38S is identified and confirmed that both R30S and G38S are important phosphorylation sites that influence TaPAP6L‐2B in cold tolerance. Overexpression (OE) and EMS‐mutant lines verified TaPAP6L positively modulating cold tolerance. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing revealed that TaPAP6L‐2B‐OE lines significantly increased jasmonic acid (JA) content, possibly by improving precursor α‐linolenic acid contributing to JA synthesis and by repressing JAR1 degrading JA. Exogenous JA significantly improved the cold tolerance of wheat plants. In summary, TaSnRK1α profoundly regulated cold stress, possibly through phosphorylating TaPAP6L to increase endogenous JA content of wheat plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]