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Copyright of Panorama Económico is the property of Universidad de Cartagena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the progress of communication technologies, diverse information is transmitted in distributed systems via a network model. Concurrently, with the evolution of communication technologies, the attacks have broadened, raising concerns about the security of networks. For dealing with different attacks, the analysis of intrusion detection system (IDS) has been carried out. Conventional IDS rely on signatures and are time-consuming for updation, often lacking coverage for all kinds of attacks. Deep learning (DL), specifically generative methods demonstrate potential in detecting intrusions through network data analysis. This work presents a bidirectional generative adversarial network (BiGAN) for the detection of cyberattacks using the IoT23 database. This BiGAN model efficiently detected different attacks and the accuracy and F-score values achieved were 98.8% and 98.2% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Studies show that building information modelling (BIM) technology can improve construction productivity regarding the design, construction and maintenance of a project life cycle in the 21st century. Revit has been identified as a frequently used tool for delivering BIM in the built environment. Studies about BIM technology via Revit are scarce in training middle-level workforce higher education institutions. Thus, this study aims to investigate the relevance of BIM technology and offer measures to promote digitalisation in Nigeria's built environment polytechnic undergraduates via Revit. Design/methodology/approach: Given the unexplored nature of training the middle-level workforce in Nigeria, 37 semi-structured virtual interviews were conducted across Nigeria, and saturation was achieved. The participants were knowledgeable about construction-related BIM. The researchers used a thematic analysis for the collected data and honed them with secondary sources. Findings: Improved visualisation of design, effective and efficient work productivity, automatic design and quantification, improved database management and collaboration and data storage in the centrally coordinated model, among others, emerged as BIM's benefits. BIM technology via Revit is challenging, especially in Nigeria's polytechnic education curriculum. The 24 perceived issues were grouped into government/regulatory agencies-related, polytechnic management-related and polytechnic undergraduate students-related hindrances in Nigeria's built environment. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to BIM implications for Nigeria's built environment polytechnic undergraduates. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature paucity in attempting to uncover perceived issues hindering the implementation of BIM technology via Revit in training Nigeria's built environment polytechnic undergraduates via a qualitative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern world new formats of civil participation for the population are emerging, associated with the use of innovative technologies. The problem of introducing and developing digital services into the public administration system at all levels of government is urgent. Experts argue that digitalization will ensure an increase in the level of efficiency in the provision of public services to the population. The problematic field of research is the level of involvement of the population in interaction with government structures in the digital space. Mastering the information environment requires certain competencies that are not developed immediately. The speed of mastering such competencies depends on many factors, including the understanding of the need for their constant use. The goal of the research is to determine the attitude of the regional population towards digital technologies used for interaction between citizens and government agencies.Today, comprehensive sociological research on this topic is required. When working on a scientific article, methods of sociocultural analysis, document analysis, and empirical collection of primary information in the form of a survey were used. The main conclusion is that for the effective development of digital interaction between the population and the authorities, it is necessary not only to introduce, but also to increase the level of trust of citizens in the digital resources of the state.

Smart city initiatives aim to enhance urban domains such as healthcare, transportation, energy, education, environment, and logistics by leveraging advanced information and communication technologies, particularly the Internet of Things (IoT). While IoT integration offers significant benefits, it also introduces unique challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive review of IoT-based management in smart cities. It includes a discussion of a generalized architecture for IoT in smart cities, evaluates various metrics to assess the success of smart city projects, explores standards pertinent to these initiatives, and delves into the challenges encountered in implementing smart cities. Furthermore, the paper examines real-world applications of IoT in urban management, highlighting their advantages, practical impacts, and associated challenges. The research methodology involves addressing six key questions to explore IoT architecture, impacts on efficiency and sustainability, insights from global examples, critical standards, success metrics, and major deployment challenges. These findings offer valuable guidance for practitioners and policymakers in developing effective and sustainable smart city initiatives. The study significantly contributes to academia by enhancing knowledge, offering practical insights, and highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary research for urban innovation and sustainability, guiding future initiatives towards more effective smart city solutions.

Copyright of Public Administration & Civil Service / Memlekettìk Basķaru Ža̋ne Memlekettìk Ķyzmet is the property of Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan / Akademiya Gosun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study discusses a unique aspect of Peter Drucker, a significant contributor to modern management theories. Before becoming a management thought leader, Drucker worked as a journalist and reporter. Drucker's management thought writings were undoubtedly shaped by his experience in journalism and reporting. The study focuses on the influence of Drucker's journalism and reporting on his management works, which are not adequately studied in the literature. This review article highlights that Drucker, aside from being a management thinker and a professor of administrative management sciences, is also a social scientist, an excellent communicator, and an economic messenger as he analyzes the social conditions that lead economic activities and businesses. Drucker examines changing social conditions in light of the information revolution. He develops concepts such as enterprise-centered economy, information society, knowledge worker, and knowledge-based organization. Thus, Drucker examines the impact of communication technologies on the economy and management in organizations. In sum, this study theoretically examines how Peter Drucker links communication, economy and information society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a critical challenge much less controlled in comparison with outdoor air quality. Bad IAQ is related to significant health complications such as respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. Many people spend most of their days inside buildings and don't have air quality monitoring systems. Therefore, the occupants don't know when the space has a higher quantity of pollutants than recommended, saturating the environment, and compromising people's health. This is a problem that can be addressed by using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to develop monitoring systems that allow a greater number of possibilities regarding the storage and processing of data and access to information by the end user, assisting the decision-making process regarding the indoor air pollution problem. Real-time data can be compared to default values, alerting the user of that situation, and suggesting an action to decrease the air pollutants concentration. There already are multiple solutions involving IoT-based technologies, many of them using low-cost sensors. Those are analyzed in this systematic review. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic pointed out the importance of IAQ monitoring to evaluate the risk of contamination. The microcontrollers, IAQ parameters, sensors, data storage and visualization methods used in monitoring systems have been analyzed. The results show that most of the studies store data in Cloud systems and use Web platforms for data consulting. However, sensor calibration and efficient energy consumption are challenges that still exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of the sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication technology brings forth immense opportunities for enhancing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). We investigate the potential of 6G in revolutionizing transportation systems by analyzing the standards, technologies, and challenges associated with its implementation. Building upon the advancements of 5G, 6G introduces unprecedented capabilities, including ultra-high data rates, ultra-low latency, massive connectivity, and intelligent network orchestration. Leveraging these capabilities, 6G can facilitate seamless connectivity among vehicles, infrastructure, and pedestrians, enabling novel applications such as autonomous driving, smart traffic management, and cooperative collision avoidance. However, realizing the full potential of 6G for ITS entails addressing several challenges, including spectrum allocation, network security, resource management, and interoperability with existing infrastructures. We present a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in 6G standards and technologies, including mmWave communications, terahertz spectrum, visible light communication, Artificial Intelligence, and edge computing, emphasizing their relevance to ITS. We also describe these technologies in the context of ITS. Furthermore, we explore the potential benefits and impacts of 6G on transportation systems, highlighting the opportunities for improved safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Finally, we conclude by discussing the key challenges and research directions that must be addressed to effectively deploy 6G for ITS, thereby paving the way for the next generation of intelligent and connected transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oversaturation of information flows and the competition among diverse viewpoints underscore the significance of every message that captures the audience’s attention and provokes discussion. Thus, exploring new formats and methods for attracting attention to news agendas, analyzing innovative persuasion techniques, and scrutinizing gaps and overlooked aspects in discussion platforms become particularly crucial in cutting-edge media studies. One such innovative format for news perception and discussion can be found in virtual pseudo-historical public pages on VK. These pages engage with the real socio-political news agenda, stylized as events from different eras such as ancient Rome and 19th-century France. The aim of our research is to identify techniques for attracting attention, encouraging discussion, and persuading audiences in these selected public forums. We analyzed the characteristics of recontextualized news presentations, including the transposition of time and place, renaming key figures and technologies, and the nuances of internal humor on these public pages. A primary focus of these pages is political news, particularly the Russian-Ukrainian crisis, which is metaphorically represented through the lens of the Punic or Napoleonic wars. This juxtaposition of historical and contemporary perspectives enables users to interpret the political agenda differently. This pseudo-historical linguistic play and unique humor bypass critical perception filters, and once readers accept the internal logic of the public pages, they also tend to accept the narratives presented. The ability to comment on posts allows users to engage in the same narrative style, broaden the scope of news discussions, and involve their friends by reposting to their own pages.

Are current digital technologies supporting democracy? Answering that question depends, among other things, on what is meant by democracy. This article mobilizes a communicative conception of democracy. While it is generally accepted that communication is important for democracy, there are directions in democracy theory that understand communication as not merely instrumental but as central to what democracy is and should be. Inspired by Dewey, Habermas, and Young, this paper articulates a conception of democracy as communication. It is then argued that this "deep-communicative" ideal of democracy, together with the usual ethical and epistemic norms of communication as sketched by O'Neill, offer a tentative normative framework for evaluating digital technologies in relation to democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the consumer society, people create new identities for themselves by constantly choosing from the options offered by the system through communication technologies and replace the old with the new. In other words, the existence of human beings, or their visibility, depends on creating identities based on consumption. Thus, it will constantly reproduce both itself and the system. The system is based on constant consumption and in this context, sleep represents a period in which consumption is not made, which poses a problem for the system to produce itself. In the face of the acceleration of consumption, which the system has already made existentially obligatory through communication technologies, sleep poses a problem and should be reduced to the minimum time even if it cannot be eliminated. In our study, we will try to reveal how sleep is problematized by the system with its development and consequences. In this context, the study consists of three parts. In the first part, the pressure to create identity in the consumer society is examined. In the second part, the relationship between daily life and communication technologies is explained through the obligation of human beings to consume in harmony with the system. In the last part, it is examined how sleep has become problematic on the basis of the necessity to consume as presented in the first two parts. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach and document analysis method. Our study aims to contribute to the theoretical accumulation of intellectual studies in our country about how the human being as a part of the consumer society and the need for sleep are problematized in harmony with the system. Analysing the transformation of the human being in harmony with the system through sleep makes the article important since there is no such study in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (CTAD) is the property of Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Communication technologies play an important role in maintaining the grandparent–grandchild (GP–GC) relationship. Based on Media Richness Theory, this study investigates the frequency of use (RQ1) and perceived quality (RQ2) of established media as well as the potential use of selected innovative media (RQ3) in GP-GC relationships with a particular focus on digital media. A cross-sectional online survey and vignette experiment were conducted in February 2021 among N = 286 university students in Germany (mean age 23 years, 57% female) who reported on the direct and mediated communication with their grandparents. In addition to face-to-face interactions, non-digital and digital established media (such as telephone, texting, video conferencing) and innovative digital media, namely augmented reality (AR)-based and social robot-based communication technologies, were covered. Face-to-face and phone communication occurred most frequently in GP-GC relationships: 85% of participants reported them taking place at least a few times per year (RQ1). Non-digital established media were associated with higher perceived communication quality than digital established media (RQ2). Innovative digital media received less favorable quality evaluations than established media. Participants expressed doubts regarding the technology competence of their grandparents, but still met innovative media with high expectations regarding improved communication quality (RQ3). Richer media, such as video conferencing or AR, do not automatically lead to better perceived communication quality, while leaner media, such as letters or text messages, can provide rich communication experiences. More research is needed to fully understand and systematically improve the utility, usability, and joy of use of different digital communication technologies employed in GP–GC relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities are a seminal example of data-driven governance that relies on the efficient and networked use of big data in managing urban life to achieve sustainable economic growth. Datafication is considered commodifying various personal information and goods and different aspects of our urban milieu. There is a concern about the commodification-smart city nexus among communication and urban studies scholars concerning its effects on public governance and social segregation, but limited attention is given to it in the ethical literature that targets implications of datafication on privacy. This paper provides an analytical framework to explore ethical considerations for commodification in smart urban systems. The goal is to contribute to incorporating justice-related considerations into the decision-making processes of urban policy development. This paper first revisits the commodification concept and its features. This is followed by a discussion of how datafication can be considered the underlying process of data-driven urban solutions that might exacerbate commodifying processes. Later, different types of commodification are discussed using smart street lights as a generic case. Lastly, different ethical perspectives are presented to discuss the basis of the wrong of commodification in the case of smart city design, along with suggestions stemming from concern over social equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates challenges and opportunities in adopting free and open-source software (FOSS) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Monteria, Colombia. The research reveals that around 77.5% of SMEs prefer free software, yet surprisingly, 80% are unaware of the benefits of open-source licenses, with nearly 45% not adopting them due to lack of knowledge. Implementing FOSS in SMEs offers legal and economic advantages, including reduced software acquisition costs, compliance with data protection and privacy regulations, and fostering innovation. However, adoption barriers persist, necessitating further research for enhancing implementation in Colombian SMEs. Notably, Colombia's ethical framework for AI serves as a guide for ethical AI and open-source software deployment, aligned with sustainable development goals. This study highlights free software usage prevalence in Monteria's SMEs and critical factors hindering full adoption. Addressing challenges and leveraging potential benefits can improve efficiency, regulatory compliance, and contribute to sustainable development. Continued research in this field can promote broader and stronger implementation of FOSS in Colombian SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, an abundance of research has been conducted in the area of agricultural technology and innovations. The Internet of Things (IoT) has demonstrated its ability to connect numerous agricultural equipment, sensors, and specialists, boosting agricultural procedures in off-the-grid regions. Agriculture has experienced considerable improvements in production, cost reductions, service accessibility, and operational efficiency. With an emphasis on security, developments and trends in the sector, and technological implementation, this research paper offers an up-to-date analysis of existing and projected IoT applications in agriculture. In this article, enabling technologies, agricultural applications based on cutting-edge machine learning models, and services are all examined in relation to the development of IoT deployment in tackling diverse agricultural concerns. In the IoT-based agriculture system, potential challenges and limitations are also addressed. In its conclusion, this research provides an extensive review of the various aspects of IoT in agriculture, with the goal of empowering future researchers enthusiastic to make contributions to and advancement in their quest for a more in-depth comprehension of this field of study. A total of 96 papers were chosen for the selection from 2018 to 2023, and each was categorized using predetermined standards. The research’s results have been thoroughly examined, providing an overview of IoT in agriculture.

Introduction. The review is devoted to the publication of the book “Cyberhumanism. How communication technologies transform our society” by Nizhny Novgorod researcher A. N. Fortunatov – the Doctor of Philosophy, specialist in the field of communication studies, media philosophy and the history of television. Theoretical analysis. In the book by A. N. Fortunatov, methodological principles of communicative theory, media philosophy and humanism as a philosophical trend were combined. The result was the emergence of the term "cyberhumanism", which serves as a characteristic of the aggressive nature of communication technologies aimed, according to the author, at subordinating a person to digital means of communication and media. The author claims that the digital transformation of society is a natural phenomenon that arose as a result of the development of scientific and technological progress, however, the “callousness” of the digital sphere negatively affects the personality, that becomes only a reflection of the media. A. N. Fortunatov shows how digital media reality is constructed, where the subject and the object change places. A person ceases to be a subject in interaction with the media, since it is not he who influences them, but, on the contrary, the means of communication subordinate him to their will and the logic of existence. Conclusion. Such an ambiguous approach to the consideration of the phenomenon of media constitutes the research value of the book, which may be of interest to a wide range of readers dealing with the problems of digital society.

This articles fires the starting shot to embrace 1980s and 1990s media histories and put them prominently on our research agenda. The 1980s and 1990s have been termed the ‘wonder years,’ when such media technologies as Teletext, the Walkman, the fax, and answering machine became part of everyday life. Moreover, these decades were pivotal, witnessing momentous societal developments that continue to affect us to this day, such as the advent of neoliberalism. Though media are an ideal prism to shed light on such developments, there is scant attention for this era in extant media-historical scholarship. Therefore, this article is an intervention that strives to foster media-historical research into the eighties and nineties. Taking stock of tendencies in media and media-historical scholarship, it highlights three general shortcomings of extant research that thwart a better understanding of this era. First, there is a lack of sociocultural contextualisation. Second, there is a tendency to focus on winners, rather than ‘dead’ or ‘obsolete’ media. Third, an overemphasis on ‘newness’ has led scholars to neglect important media. By means of concrete examples and case studies, particularly pertaining to the Netherlands, this article leads the way to future directions.

Currently, online learning materials in Russian as a foreign language have been actively developed, which set the task of learning through various functions of social services that are popular in the modern world. The aim of the research is to identify and justify the linguodidactic potential of social networks as a means of teaching Russian as a foreign language based on the analysis of their functions and the communicative needs of users. The material of the study included different types of social services, which present educational materials for teaching Russian, available through information retrieval systems. Theoretical (analysis, comparison) and diagnostic (pedagogical observation, oral interviews with teachers and students) methods were used. The obtained results determine the specifics of teaching and learning Russian as a foreign language in social networks. The authors characterize different social groups (age, interests, communication needs), focused on the use of digital resources for learning Russian. The use of social services in teaching Russian considers communicative needs of students, their interests, implements a sociocultural approach to learning, significantly increases the number of students learning Russian, contributes to the promotion of the Russian language on the Internet.

The introduction of the special issue on the construction of the future of platforms provides the paradigmatic, conceptual and methodological framework for this special issue. Starting from a brief outline of the characteristics of the field of futures studies, the article supports the call to better embed in social and political theory, and frames the special issue, with its constructionist emphasis, as a contribution to this debate. In addition, the article provides an overview of the Delphi+ workshop method that was used, and describes the centralized data gathering process, into which all research articles of this special issue tap, to then produce their distinct analyses. This motivates the need to read this introduction alongside the five research articles that have been included in this special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food safety culture has been posited as an important factor influencing employee behavior in the retail food industry. Although expressed as a subset of organizational culture, it is unclear the extent to which food safety culture is being defined and measured as a distinct but related organizational concept. Through a systematic review of the literature, this study explores how food safety culture is conceptualized and operationalized in studies investigating the concept in retail food establishments. Results showed no consensus in the conceptual definition, corresponding variables, and operational indicators for food safety culture across studies. Results also showed the corresponding variables identified for food safety culture were not derived from nor aligned closely with those associated with organizational culture. Together, these results suggest researchers are measuring different aspects of the same concept and not operationalizing food safety culture as a subset of organizational culture. As the development of measures to evaluate the prevailing food safety culture in retail food establishments is a prerequisite to the quantitative investigation of its impact on food employee behavior, the observed variation in corresponding variables and operational indicators of food safety culture can lead to incomparable results across assessments and studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leading a socially engaged life is beneficial for the well-being of older adults. Immersive technologies, such as augmented reality (AR), have the potential to provide more engaging and vivid communication experiences compared to conventional digital tools. This qualitative study adopts a human-centered approach to discern the general attitudes and specific requirements of older adults regarding interpersonal communication facilitated by AR. We conducted semi-structured individual interviews with a sample of N = 30 older adults from Germany. During the interviews, participants evaluated storyboard illustrations depicting a fictional AR-enabled communication scenario centered around a grandparent and their adult grandchildren, which were represented as avatars within the AR environment. The study identified technological, emotional, social, and administrative requirements of older adults regarding the AR communication system. Based on these findings, we provide practical recommendations aimed at more inclusive technology design, emphasizing the significance of addressing the emotional needs of older adults, especially the perceived intimacy of AR-based interpersonal communication. Acknowledging and catering to these emotional needs is crucial, as it impacts the adoption of immersive technologies and the realization of their social benefits. This study contributes to the development of user-friendly AR systems that effectively promote and foster social engagement among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how Filipino women migrants in Japan have appropriated Facebook to create alternative spaces and connections for addressing their needs and concerns. Using thematic analysis of discussion threads and in-depth interviews with members of the Facebook group, Pinoy Tambayan in Japan, this study shows the nuanced aspects of the gendered dimension of online ethnic enclaves on Facebook. Facebook has allowed these migrants to create online ethnic enclaves that function as an alternative to kinship and community groups--groups that Filipinos consider an invaluable resource for managing families and strengthening ties to their identity. This social, intimate tie is epitomized in terms of endearment used by members: sis (sister), mamsh (fellow godmother), and kasodan (fellow seekers of information). These terms invoke relational ties, not by blood but by shared commonalities, between the author and group members. However, while online ethnic enclaves have become an increasingly vital source of support among Filipino women migrants, the limits of these online communicative spaces can be observed, particularly in terms of visibility. In mainstream media and the wider host society, the intimate gendered narratives of Filipino women migrants are rarely discussed, and consequently, these women are misrecognized and stigmatized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of progression policy, which prohibits the repetition of a grade to more than once within each of the four phases of Basic Education, was enforced in South Africa in the Further Education and Training phase in 2013, but appropriate strategies which could be applied to support progressed learners are not addressed. This research was qualitative by nature and approached according to the interpretative paradigm. It was a comparative case study, which investigated strategies to support Grade 12 progressed Mathematics learners using Information Communication Technologies in comparison with other strategies that do not apply ICT instructional technologies. Data collection strategies were semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and support policies. The study population was sixteen FET Mathematics educators from five schools in Ekurhuleni North district. The findings indicated that connectivism, when incorporated into teaching and learning, becomes an effective support tool for progressed learners. ICTs within networks makes teaching and learning more learner centred, improves participation, learner attainment and pass rate. Learners are able to learn at their own pace, in their most convenient set-up and they manage what they learn, how they learn, with whom they learn and what information they require. The study found that there are greater benefits of using ICT instructional technologies in a connectivist classroom to support progressed learners, but that traditional support strategies cannot be ruled out due to the socio-economic challenges schools under research experienced. The findings further indicated that there is a dire need of a comprehensive support policies, strategies and guidelines to support progressed and low-ability learners in Mathematics both digitally and non-digitally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinational agricultural research teams operating in low-income countries must overcome communication challenges to address agricultural problems and rural poverty. Collaborations between dispersed team members rely on information and computer technologies (ICTs) to facilitate communication and share knowledge and expertise. These collaborations can compound dependencies of low-income countries on high-income countries through power imbalances and ICTs used. This paper explores impacts of these externalities on ICT communication between Lao and Australian researchers operating in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) through the theoretical lens of intercultural rhetorical theory. The study used constructivist grounded theory methodology with 30 interviewees collaborating in research projects in Lao PDR. The results identified external constraints on team communication, such as: limited ICT infrastructure and user education; economic, funding, and political pressures; variable coordination between national and international organisations. Researchers can apply these findings to project planning and implementation to improve communication between team members and enhance international collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In IR and beyond, there is considerable debate about the ways global governance, the transnationalisation of publics, and changes in communication technologies have affected the interplay between publics and global politics. This debate is characterised by disagreements about how to conceptualise publics in the global realm—and whether or not they exist in the first place. We seek to contribute to this debate by disentangling the various meanings associated with publics in order to get a better grasp of how publics shape and are shaped by global politics. We do so in two steps. First, we distinguish four different manifestations of publics: audiences, spheres, institutions, and public interests. Second, we identify four key dynamics that affect the evolution and interplay of these manifestations in global politics: the distinction between public and private, changes in communications technologies, the politics of transparency, and the need to legitimise global governance. These interrelated dynamics reshape the publicness of global politics while sustaining the plurality of the publics that partake in it.

The implementation of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology in football has brought about significant changes to the game, particularly in terms of communication and decision-making. However, despite its intended benefits, human errors by VAR officials have been a recurring problem that has affected the accuracy and effectiveness of the system. This study aims to examine the challenges of digital transformation of communication technologies, specifically the case of VAR and human errors in the English Premier League (EPL) during the 2022/2023 season. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, two instances of VAR human errors were analysed to identify the type of errors, the player/team affected, and the consequences of the errors. The findings suggest that VAR human errors can have significant implications for the game, affecting the outcome and fairness of matches. The study highlights the importance of addressing human errors in VAR implementation in order to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the system and maintain the integrity of the game.