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As designing effective sales force financial compensation (SFFC) is as important as it is challenging, it comes as no surprise that SFFC has been the subject of research for over 60 years. While this extensive body of research has provided many specific insights, the overall picture and state of the research is less clear. In this paper, we review and summarize the highly fragmented literature on SFFC. Specifically, we synthesize the findings related to the determinants of SFFC, its effects, and the moderators of the relationship between SFFC and sales force performance, and develop an integrated framework based on our review. Our review shows that SFFC, especially variable pay, can motivate salespeople to work harder and increase performance on targeted outcomes, but boundary conditions influence the performance consequences of SFFC. Our synthesis of extant SFFC research identifies a set of empirical generalizations and three largely neglected areas of SFFC effects, that is nonperformance effects on the organization, effects on salesperson relationships, and effects on the salesperson. With these three areas, we offer a new lens for the functioning of SFFC and suggest valuable avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sales managers need to maintain the trust of their salespeople to have productive working relationships. A positive and trusting working relationship can be threatened by a transgression on the part of the sales manager. An important challenge for sales managers concerns dealing with the aftermath of an error that damages the trust of a salesperson, especially when the error results in financial harm to that salesperson (e.g., unfair bonus/incentive allocation). A common restorative approach consists of the sales manager acknowledging the error and providing a financial compensation to the salesperson. Our study finds that instead of acknowledging the error, the sales manager should promise to make things right before providing financial compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of justice suggest that it serves two main purposes: punishment and restoration. Although punishment emerges early and has been well-documented, little is known about the contexts in which young children engage in restorative practices like compensation for victims. The current study investigated whether children's engagement in compensation and punishment (which often involve a redistribution of resources) was sensitive to characteristics of the perpetrator and victim known to shape distributive justice decisions (decisions about how resources should be distributed), such as social dominance, resource inequality, and moral character. A total of 54 children aged 3 to 7 years completed a series of moral judgment experiments. Each experiment featured interactions between a perpetrator and a victim, ending with the perpetrator stealing the victim's toy. In Experiment 1 (N = 44), social dominance did not affect punishment or compensation overall, but older children compensated the dominant victim (but not the subordinate victim) less than younger children. In Experiment 2 (N = 42), children compensated the poor victim more than the rich victim, but they did not punish the rich perpetrator more than the poor perpetrator. In Experiment 3 (N = 45), children compensated the victim with a good moral character more than the victim with a bad moral character, and the victim's moral character did not influence punishment. Altogether, these findings offer new insights into how children resort to compensation for victims as a complement to, rather than an alternative to, punishment.

In response to a financial crisis, many organizations adjust their pay systems to reduce labor costs. In this research, we focus on the use of delayed pay (the postponement of employees' contractual compensation) and examine its effect on employee voluntary turnover outcomes. In a field study (Study 1) with data collected from the executive managers of 129 Chinese hotels experiencing a financial crisis caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), we find a positive relationship between delayed pay and the voluntary turnover rate at the organizational level. In addition, this relationship becomes weaker when delayed pay consists of a larger proportion of pay‐for‐performance (PFP). We then conduct an experiment (Study 2) to extend our theoretical framework to the individual level, establish causality, and examine the underlying mechanism. The results show that the perceived negative instrumentality of stay (i.e., expected economic losses associated with staying in an organization) explains why individuals intend to leave organizations adopting delayed base pay but not delayed PFP. We further replicate these findings in a critical incident technique study (Study 3). We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for fuel efficiency and emission reduction in the aviation industry has significantly driven the adoption of weight-reduction strategies, notably through the use of thin-walled parts (TWPs). These parts are fabricated from structurally efficient materials such as light alloys (e.g., aluminum) and hard-to-machine alloys (e.g., titanium and nickel). However, the machining of thin-walled parts presents significant challenges, including high material removal rates, reduced rigidity, elevated vibration levels, residual stresses, and dimensional deformations, all of which complicate the processing of these components. To address these challenges, recent research has led to the development of several innovative machining solutions. In order to implement the findings of these researches in the industry, there is a need for guideline development that can be helpful for both practitioners and researchers by comparing these solutions in terms of the extent of changes required in the current machining setup, level of controls achieved for different dimensional and material categories of workpieces. Hence, the current work reviews causes of machining deflection of thin-walled parts by systematically reviewing all major seven countermeasures proposed by researchers. Based on this, a decision support table has been developed to aid in deciding a deflection mitigation strategy based on the categorization of workpiece thickness, machinability, and level of changes required in the existing machining setup to implement the mitigation strategy and reported extent of control achieved on different machining quality parameters. The novelty of current research is the development of a decision support table and comprehensive review of thin-wall machining based on a mitigation strategy. The findings of this research will be useful for machining technologists to identify thin-wall machining-related challenges and will assist in deciding available solutions for implementation to enable accurate and efficient machining practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Broiler chickens travel long distances from the hatchery to the farms. This lag time may affect not just later performance, but also the development of the immune system. Threonine (Thr) is an essential amino acid that has key role in immune defense. Thus, the study aimed to examine the effects of some early nutritional practices such as in ovo feeding or provision of hydrogel on the morphology of the gut, histology of the liver, and the possible changes in white blood cell counts, with or without adding Thr in an early stage of life. Our results confirmed that birds without a feed deprivation period had the best performance and gut morphology, while threonine supplementation could partly compensate for the loss attributed to the post-hatch delay in feed access. There were no effects of early threonine feeding on the rate of white blood cells and histological parameters of the liver. The use of Hydrogel® with or without Thr fortification during the post-hatch period improved the body weight at slaughter; thus, it can be recommended for use with broilers with delayed feed access. Delayed feed access post-hatch negatively impacts growth and intestinal development in broilers. Threonine (Thr) is known to support epithelial tissue development. This study evaluated the effects of early feeding strategies, including in ovo Thr administration and hydrogel provision, on broiler performance, gut and liver histomorphology, and leukocyte profiles. Control birds were fed immediately post-hatch, while others experienced a 48 h feed delay. One group received in ovo Thr on day 17 of incubation, while others were given Hydrogel® with or without Thr during the first 48 h post-hatch. Immediate feed birds showed the best performance (p < 0.05), while early Thr supplementation (in ovo or hydrogel) partially mitigated the negative effects of delayed feed access. On day 21, birds treated with in ovo Thr had 4% higher body weight (BW) than untreated birds (p < 0.05). Birds given hydrogel post-hatch showed no significant BW differences compared to other groups (p > 0.05), but 48 h delayed, non-supplemented birds had 34.3% lower BW than immediate-fed birds (p < 0.05). Compensation was linked to improved gut architecture, though no significant effects were observed on leukocyte profiles or liver histology. In ovo Thr feeding is recommended to mitigate the adverse effects of a two-day delay in feed access for broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient wages and unequal pay create challenges in attracting and retaining highquality early educators, critical for young children's success in early care and education (ECE) programs. While ECE professional wages are already lower than similar workers, there may be wage disparities based on race/ethnicity and gender within the workforce. To examine whether hourly wages were associated with race/ethnicity and gender after considering demographic and professional characteristics, this study used a nationally representative sample of 5,192 ECE professionals in the 2019 National Survey of Early Care and Education (NSECE) workforce survey. Multivariate regression analyses showed that compared to their White counterparts, Black, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, and other races, educators earned lower hourly wages. Additionally, this study revealed that the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender has a compounding effect on pay equity among early childhood educators. For example, the wage gap between Black/African American male and female educators is significant, with male educators earning higher hourly wages. Moreover, the study found that women of color, including Black, Hispanic/Latina, Asian, and other races, had the lowest average hourly wages compared to other ECE workers. Additionally, the study's results indicate that Black and Hispanic/Latino men had higher average hourly wages than women of color but lower average hourly wages than white women. The study explored possible reasons for these findings and their implications for policies and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background India experiences the highest snakebite burden globally, with 58 000 predicted deaths annually. The central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh is thought to have a substantial snakebite burden and provides compensation to families who can demonstrate by postmortem and hospital treatment reports that their relatives have died due to snakebite. This study represents the first report on the frequency of distribution of compensation for snakebite deaths in Madhya Pradesh. Methods Statewide snakebite death compensation data from 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, provided by the Madhya Pradesh health authorities, were analysed alongside interviews with 15 families that described the events that ultimately led to their compensation claims. Results Compensation was paid to a total of 5728 families, with a total value equating to 22 912 Lakhs (approximately US |${\$}$| 27.94 million). Families described commonly recognised snakebite risk factors and behaviours in the events that resulted in their relatives' deaths. Conclusions The snakebite burden in Madhya Pradesh is significant, both in terms of mortality and economic expenditure of the state. Sustained investment in preventative interventions, as well as monitoring of the rate of compensation payouts due to snakebite death as a measure of intervention effectiveness, should be considered to substantially reduce snakebite incidence and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This journal analyzes the legal aspects of default in a land title release agreement based on Court Decision Number 26/Pdt.G/2024/PN Sbr. The case involves the Plaintiff seeking compensation after Defendants PT Caruban Jaya Persada and two individuals failed to fulfill obligations in a land rights release agreement concerning parcels of land in Warugede Village, Depok Subdistrict, Cirebon Regency, valued at Rp3,311,182,000.00. The Defendants allegedly failed to make full payments and neglected other agreed terms, prompting the Plaintiff to file a claim under Article 1239 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUH Perdata). This study employs a juridical analysis of legal documents, including the court decision and relevant legal provisions such as Article 1239 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Legal interpretation methods were used to assess the contractual dispute and its resolution. The court found the Defendants in default and ordered them to vacate the land and compensate the Plaintiff for financial losses incurred. The court's ruling emphasized the legal consequences of breaching contractual agreements, highlighting the enforceability of legally binding agreements under Indonesian civil law. The study concludes that Indonesian civil law provides robust protection for aggrieved parties in contractual disputes through Article 1239, ensuring that contract defaults lead to legally enforceable remedies. Adherence to contractual obligations is essential to avoid severe legal and financial consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved understanding of the well-being of injured workers following claim finalization is an important component of improving outcomes for injured workers and their broader communities. Objective: Injured workers can be disadvantaged after a workers' compensation claims ends. This study investigated the association of a range of variables with well-being in injured workers who had finalized a workers' compensation claim >3 months prior. Methods: On-line, cross-sectional survey (n = 129, 55.81% female). Well-being was measured using the Psychological Wellbeing 18-item (PWB) and the Personal Wellbeing Score (PWS). Results: Multivariable quantile regression analysis controlling for education level demonstrated associations between the PWB and levels of psychological distress (−1.53; 95% CI, −2.11 to −0.94; P < 0.001) and resilience (6.51; 95% CI, 2.65 to 10.37; P = 0.001), and between the PWS and levels of psychological distress (−0.04; 95% CI, −0.51 to −0.29; P < 0.001) and resilience (1.2; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.93), P = 0.001. Conclusions: Contemporaneous variables of resilience and psychological distress were stronger correlates with well-being than historic claim-related variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both trolleys and war leave innocent victims to suffer death and injury. Trolley problems accounting for the injured, and not only the dead, tease out intuitions about liability that enhance our understanding of the obligation to provide compensation and medical care to civilian victims of war. Like many trolley victims, civilians in war may suffer justifiable, excusable, or negligent harms that demand compensation. Chief among these is collateral harm befalling civilians. Collateral harm is endemic to war and comprises permissible but unavoidable death or injury following necessary and proportionate military operations. Although state armies sometimes offer condolence payments for civilian death, injury, and property loss, they deny liability. Instead, they use compensation to enhance counterinsurgency efforts and assuage feelings of agent regret. As part of the medical rules of eligibility, Coalition forces in Iraq and Afghanistan also provided medical care to victims of collateral harm. However, they denied care to similarly sick or injured civilians. While compensation is often justified to cure the harm civilians suffer, the differential use of medical resources is not. Rather, medical care remains subject to the principle of beneficence and medical need. The duty to provide civilian healthcare in war, particularly in wars of humanitarian intervention, is far‐reaching and imposes significant costs that military and medical ethics are yet to recognize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses a subject that is very little dealt with in the specialized literature, namely the way in which the legislator understood to complete or modify the matter of special methods of surveillance or research, with exclusive regard to technical surveillance, in order to bring the Code of Criminal Procedure into line with the Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Romania admitting some exceptions of unconstitutionality no. 244/2017, respectively no. 55/2020. The paper aims at the analysis and criticism, where appropriate, of the newly introduced/amended articles, observing both the individuality of each text of the law and the inherent links between them. The starting point was the conclusion of the constitutional judges that, in the matter of technical surveillance measures, which constitute an interference in the private life of the persons subject to these measures, there must be an a posteriori control of the approval and execution of the technical surveillance in order to verify the fulfillment of the conditions provided by the law for its adoption, as well as the modalities of execution of the technical surveillance mandate, regardless of whether this verification is carried out within the criminal process or independently of it. The findings made by this approach reveal, in addition to the objective necessity of such amendments, also some deficiencies in aspects related to defective formulations, mismatches of some texts, but also to the erroneous conception of some legislative solutions. Consequently, it is necessary that future solutions amending the regulations on technical supervision also take into account the aspects criticized by the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the internal company drivers of corporate social responsibility (CSR) sophistication from a diffusion theory perspective. Bertram et al.'s (2015) framework on implementation drivers of innovations is used as our basis to operationalize the internal company drivers influencing CSR sophistication. We conduct fixed‐effects regressions on a sample of 1919 international for‐profit companies listed on the STOXX 1800 index (17,848 company years over the period 2002–2020) and explore several sub‐portfolios. This study finds that management training, board skills, CEO compensation based on total shareholder return, and quality management systems drive CSR sophistication. Management training is the strongest and most consistent driver. Our analyses show that the effects of the identified drivers are strongest for portfolios of companies with previously low CSR sophistication. Moreover, early adopters appear to be motivated to utilize CSR for both economic reasons and legitimacy. While we find that board members with a finance background improve CSR sophistication, we also show that this increase mainly stems from improving governance practices. Last, we show that CSR sophistication notably increased over time, and parallel with the per capita wealth of the country that hosts its headquarters. Overall, this study is the first to investigate the internal company drivers of non‐binary CSR sophistication using large‐scale panel data, thereby exploring the effects of early/late adoption and the individual pillars of E, S, and G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using secondary data collected as part of a national survey of nonprofit organizations, this research examines compensation outcomes of 704 nonprofit Chief Executives (CEO), integrating and social and performative aspects of governing/governance to explain compensation (in)equity. Theorizing governance as a socially complex and functionally consequential arena, we examine the impact of social categorization and identity fit between CEO Ethno-Racial Demography and Board Ethno-Racial Variety prior to overlaying the influence of three forms of governance activity: Fiduciary Oversight, Internal Awareness, and External Engagement. We employ serial multiple mediation regression analysis to test direct and indirect effects of demographic diversity and governance activity for nonprofit CEO compensation outcomes. We found compensation of ethno-racialized CEOs is higher when their organizations have diverse boards. Therefore, boards of directors must be cognizant of board composition, the potential for subjectivity and bias, and the impact these factors can have on CEO compensation and compensation equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]