1. Does longer compulsory education equalize schooling by gender and rural/urban residence ?
- Author
-
Murat G. Kirdar, Meltem Dayıoğlu, and İsmet Koç
- Subjects
GENDER GAP ,POPULATION STUDIES ,FAMILY RESOURCES ,CLASSROOM RATIO ,INVESTMENT ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,equality in education ,GRADE LEVELS ,CHILDREN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,Compulsory education ,jel:I21 ,CHILD HEALTH ,rural and urban ,CLASSROOM ,compulsory schooling, gender, rural and urban, equality in education, regression discontinuity design ,jel:I24 ,FEMALE EDUCATION ,POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT ,jel:I28 ,Sociology ,FUTURE GENERATIONS ,SPILLOVER ,050207 economics ,Socioeconomics ,10. No inequality ,POPULATION ,SCHOOL AGE ,MIGRANTS ,education.field_of_study ,VALUES ,CURRICULA ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,PLACE OF RESIDENCE ,WOMEN ,EDUCATION ,ENROLLMENT RATES ,URBAN WOMEN ,EXISTING CAPACITY ,GROUPS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,GIRLS ,RISING DEMAND ,SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL ,PRIMARY SCHOOL GRADUATES ,COMPULSORY EDUCATION ,SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION ,INTERVENTIONS ,SECONDARY SCHOOLS ,BULLETIN ,LABOR SUPPLY ,TEACHERS ,TUITION ,MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ,education ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,STUDENTS ,SECONDARY SCHOOL DIPLOMA ,Development ,Family income ,GENDER GAPS ,BASIC EDUCATION ,POLICY CHANGE ,RURAL CHILDREN ,SCHOOLS ,0502 economics and business ,RURAL AREAS ,FERTILITY ,INFANT HEALTH ,PROGRESS ,FORMAL SCHOOLING ,LABOR MARKET ,J15 ,DECISION MAKING ,J16 ,SOCIAL NORMS ,CLASSROOMS ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,SMALL SCHOOLS ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,CULTURAL CHANGE ,SCHOOL YEAR ,RURAL GIRLS ,INFANT ,FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ,HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA ,RURAL RESIDENCE ,050204 development studies ,COMPLETION RATES ,EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ,RURAL STUDENTS ,gender ,COMPLETION RATE ,050205 econometrics ,MARRIAGE ,RURAL RESIDENTS ,050208 finance ,4. Education ,05 social sciences ,BOARDING SCHOOLS ,STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT ,POLICIES ,SCHOOL STUDENTS ,SECONDARY SCHOOLING ,GENDER DIFFERENCES ,POLICY ,TEACHER RATIO ,PARTICIPATION RATES ,SCHOOLING QUALITY ,PREGNANCY ,FORMAL EDUCATION ,YOUTH ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,SKILLS ,SCHOOL QUALITY ,I21 ,RESPECT ,EDUCATION LAW ,RELIGIOUS EDUCATION ,NET ENROLLMENT ,SECONDARY SCHOOL ,Economics and Econometrics ,I28 ,ENROLLMENT RATE ,MIGRATION ,Population ,I24 ,PARTICIPATION ,RETURNS TO EDUCATION ,MEDICAL CARE ,PRIMARY SCHOOLS ,POLICY RESEARCH ,EDUCATION POLICIES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,Education For All,Population Policies,Regional Economic Development,Secondary Education,Primary Education ,Accounting ,Urbanization ,TECHNICAL EDUCATION ,ddc:330 ,SCHOOL YEARS ,regression discontinuity design ,KNOWLEDGE ,Education policy ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,BOARDING ,WORKFORCE ,ENROLLMENT ,PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN ,STUDENT POPULATION ,SCHOOL TIME ,SCHOOL SUPPLIES ,PRIMARY SCHOOLING ,COMPULSORY SCHOOLING ,Educational attainment ,LABOR FORCE ,POPULATION SIZE ,TRANSPORTATION ,NATIONAL EDUCATION ,CLASS SIZE ,URBAN MIGRATION ,jel:J15 ,SCHOOL ATTENDANCE ,jel:J16 ,GRADE COMPLETION RATE ,ACCESSIBILITY OF SCHOOLS ,URBAN AREAS ,Residence ,FAMILY INCOME ,RURAL WOMEN ,PUBLICATIONS ,MARKET ECONOMY ,Rural area ,SCHOOLING ,EDUCATION DECISIONS ,Finance - Abstract
This study examines the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey in 1997—which involved substantial investment in school infrastructure—on schooling outcomes and, in particular, on the equality of these outcomes between men and women, and urban and rural residents using the Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys. This policy is peculiar because it also changes the sheepskin effects (signaling effects) of schooling, through its redefinition of the schooling tiers. The policy is also interesting due to its large spillover effects on post-compulsory schooling as well as its remarkable overall effect; for instance, we find that the completed years of schooling by age 17 increases by 1.5 years for rural women. The policy equalizes the educational attainment of urban and rural children substantially. The urban-rural gap in the completed years of schooling at age 17 falls by 0.5 years for men and by 0.7 to 0.8 years for women. However, there is no evidence of a narrowing gender gap with the policy. On the contrary, the gender gap in urban areas in post-compulsory schooling widens.
- Published
- 2015