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With the current development of computer science education, traditional teaching methods can no longer meet students’ needs for in-depth understanding of complex data structures and algorithmic concepts. Using algorithm visualization technology, an emerging teaching aid, dramatically enhances the intuitiveness and interactivity of teaching by presenting abstract data structures and algorithmic processes graphically. Effectively integrating algorithm visualization technology into teaching computer data structure courses to improve teaching effectiveness and students’ learning efficiency remains a significant challenge in today’s education field. The experimental control method in the article compares and analyzes the differences between the teaching practice integrating algorithmic visualization techniques and the traditional teaching methods in improving students’ computer thinking ability, academic performance, satisfaction, and learning effectiveness. After one semester of teaching experiment, the average improvement of computer thinking dimensions such as abstraction ability and decomposition ability of the experimental group is significantly higher than that of the control group, in which the abstraction ability is improved by 21.53% and the decomposition ability is improved by 0.61 compared with that of the control group. In terms of learning achievement, the average achievement of the experimental group is 18.67% higher than that of the control group, and the algorithmic visualization technology significantly enhances learning efficiency and achievement. The algorithmic visualization technology has a significant effect on improving learning efficiency and achievement. Students in the experimental group rated higher than the control group in all dimensions of teaching satisfaction and learning effectiveness, especially in teaching intuition. It can be seen that algorithm visualization technology can effectively improve the teaching effectiveness of computer data structure courses, and enhance students’ learning interest and efficiency.