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High‐loading electrode is a prerequisite for achieving high energy density in industrial applications of lithium‐ion batteries. However, an increased loading leads to elevated battery polarization and reduced battery power density, which presents a significant technical bottleneck in the industry. The present study focuses on designing a rapid electrolyte diffusion pathway to diminish lithium concentration polarization for the high‐loading LiNi0.83Mn0.12Co0.05O2 (NMC83) electrode by employing two layers of NMC83 materials with different sizes. This innovative architecture demonstrates exceptional rate performance even under challenging conditions with high‐loading and high‐rate. Additionally, the interrelationships between electrode structure, process route, porosity, and optimal thickness ratio between layers are discussed, providing valuable guidance for industrial promotion and application. The designed L‐Dry‐S electrode structure (coating large particles first and then small particles) effectively mitigates concentration polarization in the thick electrode, which is attributed to the fast electrolyte diffusion channel and the differential reaction speeds of NMC83 particles with varying sizes. The knowledge from this work is broadly applicable to other material systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for desalination has gained popularity in generating drinking water from seawater sources. This study assesses the performance of a single-module feed-forward reverse osmosis (RO) system, representing the membrane module as a tubular module with feed flow on the tube side. A superstructure for the single-module feed-forward RO system forms the basis for a comprehensive mathematical model of the RO system. Mass, materials, and energy balances are meticulously applied to all system components. The study also explores external factors' influence, such as feed parameters, utility costs, and product costs, on RO system performance and optimal design. It delves into parameters affecting unit performance, including feed characteristics and operational conditions. Additionally, the impact of feed specifications and operating conditions on concentration polarization within each module is investigated. The obtained results showed that the total permeate from the unit decreases with higher salt concentration on the membrane wall as the feed concentration increases, while the unit cost remains constant. In addition, the rise in feed flow rate and feed temperature led to a decrease in wall concentration. Finally, a substantial 20% reduction in wall concentration was generated with approaching the upper limits endorsed by module manufacturers for feed temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Symmetry breaking in an electric field-driven active particle system can be induced by applying a spatially uniform, but temporally non-uniform, alternating current (AC) signal. Regardless of the type of particles exposed to sawtooth AC signals, the unevenly induced polarization of the ionic charge layer leads to a major electrohydrodynamic effect of active propulsion, termed Asymmetric Field Electrophoresis (AFEP). Suspensions containing latex microspheres of three sizes, as well as Janus and metal-coated particles were subjected to sawtooth AC signals of varying voltages, frequencies, and time asymmetries. Particle tracking via microscopy was used to analyze their motility as a function of the key parameters. The particles exhibit field-colinear active propulsion, and the temporal reversal of the AC signal results in a reversal of their direction of motion. The experimental velocity data as a function of field strength, frequency, and signal asymmetry are supported by models of asymmetric ionic concentration-polarization. The direction of particle migration exhibits a size-dependent crossover in the low frequency domain. This enables new approaches for simple and efficient on-chip sorting. Combining AFEP with other AC motility mechanisms, such as induced-charge electrophoresis, allows multiaxial control of particle motion and could enable development of novel AC field-driven active microsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs), which exploit the reversible redox reactions of water-soluble organic electrolytes to store electricity, have emerged as a promising electrochemical energy storage technology. Organic electrolytes possess fast electron-transfer rates that are two or three orders of magnitude faster than those of their inorganic or organometallic counterparts; therefore, their performance at the electrode is limited by mass transport. Direct adoption of conventional cell stacks with flow fields designed for inorganic electrolytes may compromise AORFB performance owing to severe cell polarization. Here, we report the design of a flow field for flow-through type AORFBs based on three-dimensional multiphysics simulation, to realize the uniform distribution of electrolyte flow and flow enhancements within a porous electrode. The electrolyte flow is visualized by operando imaging. Our results show that multistep distributive flow channels at the inlet and point-contact blocks at the outlet are crucial geometrical merits of the flow field, significantly reducing local concentration overpotentials. The prototype pH-neutral TEMPTMA/MV cell at 1.5 M assembled with the optimized flow field exhibits a peak power density of 267.3 mW cm-2. The flow field design enables charging of the cell at current densities up to 300 mA cm-2, which is unachievable with the conventional serpentine flow field, where immediate voltage cutoff of the cell occurs. Our results highlight the importance of AORFB cell stack engineering and provide a method to visualize electrolyte flow, which will be appealing to the field of aqueous flow batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure-driven membrane filtration systems are widely utilized in wastewater treatment, desalination, and water reclamation and have received extensive attention from researchers. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) offers a convenient approach for conducting mechanistic studies of flow and mass transfer characteristics in pressure-driven systems. As a signature phenomenon in membrane systems, the concentration polarization that accompanies the permeation process is a key factor in membrane performance degradation and membrane fouling intensification. Multiple fouling models (scaling, biofouling and colloidal particle fouling) based on CFD theory have been constructed, and considerable research has been conducted. Several representative antifouling strategies with special simulation methods, including patterned membranes, vibration membranes, rotation membranes, and pulsatile flows, have also been discussed. Future studies should focus on refining fouling models while considering local hydrodynamic characteristics; experimental observation tools focusing on the internal structure of inhomogeneous fouling layers; techno-economic model of antifouling strategies such as vibrational, rotational and pulsatile flows; and unfavorable hydraulic phenomena induced by rapidly changing flows in simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed spacers in reverse osmosis systems generate complex fluid flows that limit computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to small length and time scales. That limits our ability to simulate mineral scaling and other membrane fouling phenomena, which occur over longer length and time scales. Thus motivated, we develop a reduced model that replaces the CFD simulation of the velocity field with an analytical model that mimics spacers. This focuses the remaining numerical effort on simulating the advection–diffusion equation governing solute transport. We motivate and validate the model with CFD simulations and bench-scale experiments of spacer filaments in three different arrangements, including cases of unsteady vortex shedding. We show that the model produces a roughly 10,000-fold speedup compared to CFD, and accurately reproduces CFD predictions of not only the average and maximum concentrations, but also the local concentration distribution along the membrane. We also demonstrate the model for simulating a feed channel with a length-to-height ratio of 200. The model provides a simple testbed for exploratory studies of multispecies transport, precipitation, and membrane fouling phenomena for which simulating spacers is often prohibitive.

Introduction: Progressive clogging of the dialyzer membrane during hemodialysis can compromise solute removal efficiency. Existing solutions fall short in addressing intradialytic reduction of dialyzer clearance. This pilot study aims to assess the impact and safety of applying therapeutic ultrasonic waves to dialyzers for mitigating intradialytic clogging. Methods: In this pilot study, 15 stable maintenance hemodialysis patients (12 males and 3 females) were enrolled. Each patient served as their own control. They underwent one session of hemodialysis with the application of therapeutic ultrasonic waves (Ultrasonic session) and were crossed‐over to a second session without the use of ultrasonic waves (Control session). All the study sessions operated at a fixed dialysate flow rate of 500 mL/min and a blood flow rate of 250 or 300 mL/min. The adequacy of dialysis achieved during each session was monitored using Online Clearance Monitoring of the dialysis machines, and clearance K values, varying between 135 and 209 mL/min, were recorded, and plotted. A direct comparison between Control and Ultrasonic sessions was performed to assess the impact and safety of using ultrasonic waves during hemodialysis. Findings: The mean percentage decline in dialyzer clearance values was 4.41% for Ultrasonic sessions (SD: 5.3) and 12.69% for Control sessions (SD: 6.35) (p‐value <0.001). This indicates that the application of ultrasonic waves reduced the decline in clearance values. The mean differences of the blood component parameters were comparable between both Ultrasonic sessions and Control sessions, suggesting the safety of utilizing ultrasonic waves during dialysis. Microscopic membrane analysis corroborated the safety. Discussion: Intradialytic clogging of dialyzer membranes is a significant problem that can cause dialysis inadequacy. Our study tackles this issue by introducing therapeutic ultrasonic waves to improve dialyzer clearance during hemodialysis sessions in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, external mass transfer phenomena around hydrogen selective Pd-based membranes were analyzed experimentally and mathematically modelled. A supported Pd-Ag membrane was tested in pure hydrogen and in hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures using three different membrane lengths. Pressure, temperature, gas flow rate and feed composition were varied to obtain an elaborate dataset that could be used for analysis and modelling. Strong influences of concentration polarization and hydrogen depletion were observed. Various empirical correlations describing gas phase mass transfer around a tubular membrane from literature were tested, but none of them yielded a sufficiently accurate prediction of concentration polarization observed in the experiments. Therefore, a new Sherwood correlation was fitted using the dataset. The obtained correlation (Sh = 1.846 ∙ G z 0.60) showed significantly improved predictive behavior for the system used in this work and represents a potentially powerful tool for the modelling of membrane separators for pure hydrogen production. • H2 separation of Pd-based membranes is influenced by concentration polarization and hydrogen depletion. • In this work, extensive experiments were performed with a PdAg membrane at three different lengths. • The experimental dataset was used to evaluate the accuracy of multiple mass transfer correlations. • The new Sherwood correlation(s) showed significant improvement compared to literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Traditional dual-ion lithium salts have been widely used in solid polymer lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). Nevertheless, concentration polarization caused by uncontrolled migration of free anions has severely caused the growth of lithium dendrites. Although single-ion conductor polymers (SICP) have been developed to reduce concentration polarization, the poor ionic conductivity caused by low carrier concentration limits their application. Herein, a dual-salt quasi-solid polymer electrolyte (QSPE), containing the SICP network as a salt and traditional dual-ion lithium salt, is designed for retarding the movement of free anions and simultaneously providing sufficient effective carriers to alleviate concentration polarization. The dual salt network of this designed QSPE is prepared through in-situ crosslinking copolymerization of SICP monomer, regular ionic conductor, crosslinker with the presence of the dual-ion lithium salt, delivering a high lithium-ion transference number (0.75) and satisfactory ionic conductivity (1.16 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C). Comprehensive characterizations combined with theoretical calculation demonstrate that polyanions from SICP exerts a potential repulsive effect on the transport of free anions to reduce concentration polarization inhibiting lithium dendrites. As a consequence, the Li||LiFePO 4 cell achieves a long-cycle stability for 2000 cycles and a 90% capacity retention at 30 °C. This work provides a new perspective for reducing concentration polarization and simultaneously enabling enough lithium-ions migration for high-performance polymer LMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the operation progress of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), the performance and endurance are two major concerns significantly affected by gas flowing, charge transport, and chemical reaction. This paper presents a thorough research on the key parameters related to syngas and charge transport in the SOFC to reveal the intrinsic influence mechanism, including electro conductibility, gas mixture concentration, CH4 component ratio, temperature, and anode thickness, which is instrumental in improving the operational efficiency and applicability of SOFC. Firstly, the theoretical models of charge transport and multi-component mass transfer are established, respectively, and the two are coupled using the reaction rate calculation method. Then, employing an innovative combination of the representative elementary volume (REV) scale lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the finite-difference LBM, the potential and multi-component gases distributions are simulated to calculate the evaluated indicators, namely activation and concentration overpotential. Finally, considering various operational conditions, the simulation experiments are conducted to investigate the parametric effect on the performance of SOFC fueled by syngas. The results demonstrate that compared to the direct reforming way, the external syngas with lower CH4 component ratio is more favorable to the SOFC and the optimal ratio should be controlled within 0.2. The higher concentration of gas mixture and lower anode thickness both contribute to weakening the effect of concentration polarization. Especially, the performance of SOFC is improved when the concentration is 15 mol‧m−3 and the anode thickness is below 1.05 mm. With the increment of conductivity and operating temperature, the consumption of H2 gradually increases, enhancing the efficiency of reaction gas and reducing the economic cost. And the optimal operation temperature of SOFC is about 1073 K. Moreover, the anode thickness is a trade-off between the electrochemical reaction conditions of anode and cathode, as its variation affects both of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In traditional reverse electrodialysis (RED) stacks, the output power is severely lost due to the shadow effect caused by the nonpermselective spacers. To inhibit the spacer shadow effect, a design on ion‐permselective woven net spacer is proposed. By combining the linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods, the effectiveness of permselective woven net spacer is validated together with the shadow effect and concentration polarization measured quantitatively. Additionally, their influence on stack resistance and power production is investigated under various factors. When contrasted to nonpermselective spacers, the use of permselective woven net spacers reduces the spacer shadow effect by 90% whereas also exacerbating the concentration polarization. This results in a higher power density due to a dramatic reduction in resistance. However, compared with permselective spacers, the permselective woven net spacers increase the power density due to its weaker concentration polarization. The factors including the solution concentration, temperature, and spacer thickness have a considerable influence on the power production of stack. Especially, increasing the concentration of concentrated solution alone is most beneficial to improving the output power while the impact of spacer thickness is the weakest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAppropriate and effective decolorization of raw and thin juice in sugar refineries is considered as an important process to obtain premium quality sugar, which due to the problems of its conventional process, membrane processes as effective and environmentally friendly processes can be used in parts of sugar industries. Among the disadvantages of the usual methods to remove membrane fouling, it can be mentioned the destruction of the membrane, environmental pollution, the remaining detergents in the membrane and the product, especially in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and the increase in production costs. Therefore, it seems that physical methods such as pre-filtration of the incoming feed, using turbulent and pulse currents to prevent excessive compression of the gel layer formed on the membrane surface are more effective and have fewer disadvantages. One of the ways to change the flow of feed entering the membrane surface is bubbling, which causes mixing the flow and increases the tangential shear stress. In fact, the hydrodynamic force that creates bubbles causes both the dragging force and the lifting force and leads to the removal of fouling and reducing the phenomenon of concentration polarization. Materials and Methods In this research, an ultrafiltration membrane (MWCO=10 KDa) pilot with a flat module (effective surface 40 square centimeters) was used to purify raw beet juice (which had passed a stage of pre-treatment with microfiltration) at the temperature of about 30 degrees Celsius and a trans membrane pressure of 3.5 bar during the process. Nitrogen gas in the amount of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 liters per minute was used in two continuous and interrupted modes for bubbling. In this way, in the interrupted mode, after every 3 minutes of filtration, the filtration process was carried out with gas for one minute. The factors such as flux, fouling and membrane resistance as membrane efficiency's factors and parameters like color, purity and turbidity as purification factors was investigated in the form of a completely random design and compared with control filtration conditions (without bubble generation). The results of this research were statistically analyzed using SAS (version 1.9) and Microsoft Office Excel 2019 software. The average data of each test in three repetitions was compared with the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 95% level. Results and DiscussionIncreasing the amount of gas during the bubbling process improved the flow rate. Also, the results showed that the decreasing trend of the permeate flux at the gassing rate of 1.5 L/min was less than other treatments and more stable conditions were seen in the sap flux during the process. Also, the amount of flux in the interrupted form of bubbling showed that after the application of bubbling, although the amount of flux increased, but after that, during the ultra-refining process, the flux decreased again and did not remain constant at that level. But in general, despite the fact that the average flux was higher in the continuous process compared to the interrupted state, there was no significant difference between them. The results related to the amount of membrane fouling after applying the process showed that by applying bubble generation in both continuous and interrupted mods, the fouling was significantly reduced compared to the usual state of ultrafiltration. Also, as the amount of gas entering the feed stream increased, the membrane fouling decreased, which was slightly higher in the continuous state than in the interrupted mod. The overall hydrodynamic resistance of the membrane in different filtration modes showed that the difference between the overall resistance of the membrane in the ultrafiltration and the ultrafiltration process with gasification is quite significant. However, although the overall resistance of the membrane in the interrupted gassing state is higher than its continuous state due to more clogging, there is no significant difference between them (P

Uncontrolled transport of anions leads to many issues, including concentration polarization, excessive interface side reactions, and space charge-induced lithium dendrites at the anode/electrolyte interface, which severely deteriorates the cycling stability of lithium metal batteries. Herein, an asymmetrical polymer electrolyte modified by a boron-containing single-ion conductor (LiPVAOB), is designed to inhibit the nonuniform aggregation of free anions in the vicinity of the lithium anode through the repulsion effect improving the lithium-ion transference number to 0.63. This LiPVAOB exerts a repulsion interaction with free anions even at a long distance and a selective effect for free anions transport, which diminishes uneven aggregation of free anions at the interface and suppresses space charges-induced lithium dendrites growth. Consequently, the assembled Li||Li cell delivers an ultra-long cycle for over 5400 h. The Li||LiFePO4 cell exhibits outstanding cycle performance with a capacity retention of 93% over 4500 cycles. In particular, the assembled high-voltage Li||Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 cell (charged to 4.8 V) exhibits good cycle stability with a high specific capacity of 245 mAh g-1. This designed polymer electrolyte provides a promising strategy for regulating ion transport to inhibit space charge-induced lithium dendrite growth for high-performance lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the design, implementation, and use of a new system to investigate the behavior of small batteries that power sensor and wireless systems that consume relatively high power during infrequent short activity periods. The system enables simple, low-cost, long-term (days to weeks) monitoring of batteries under such loads. Data collected by this system revealed a major cause of failures in wildlife tracking tags, an effect called concentration polarization, which causes a transient increase in the internal resistance of the battery. The article describes the goals and the design of the system, failures that it revealed, mechanisms to mitigate the limitations of miniature batteries, as well as a methodology to optimize and validate the design of tags powered by miniature batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction As a useful fruit for humans, apple (Malus domestica) is a good sourceof antioxidants, minerals, ascorbic acid, vitamins, polyphenols, fibers and other essential elements with medicinal properties. Improving the storage time of apple juice and maintaining the stability of extracts with high Brix value (during transportation and storage) and its marketability by removing the remaining water as well as reducing the turbidity, viscosity and brown color caused by colloidal suspended solids. Large (pectin, protopectin, pigments, polymeric carbohydrates, tannin, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, fibers, etc.) is of great importance. Due to the presence of colloidal suspended solid particles and compounds that settle over time (mold, bacteria, plant cell fragments, pectin-tannin complex), apple juice must be clarified before concentration. Due to the high-energy consumption, time-consuming, degradation of thermo-sensitive components, and reduction of nutritional value in traditional methods, recently, the use of membrane concentration in food and beverage production holds great potential.. Despite all the benefits of membrane processes, one of the critical problems is permeate flux decline due to the concentration polarization and membrane fouling. In this study, an innovative mechanical motion was developed to remove the cake deposits on the membrane surface towards mitigating adverse effects of polarization and fouling. Materials and Methods Membrane scraped surface module was designed and made with polyethylene material. The membrane was enclosed between the lower and upper parts of the module. These two parts are connected with screws and create a cylindrical part. Also, two caps are pressed axially to this cylindrical part by a metal frame to eliminate any unwanted leakage. The rotor shaft was coupled with an electric motor and the rotation of the output shaft was regulated by an inverter. A pump transferred the fresh fruit juice to the module through the inlet port and then it was divided into two output streams, permeate and retentate. The permeate was collected from the bottom of the module for further investigation and the retentate was returned to the juice tank. A polyethersulfone (PES) membrane with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 4 kDa was used to clarify apple juice. Effects of the blade rotation speed (0, 600, 1400 and 2200 rpm), transmembrane pressure (TMP) (0.5, 1 and 1.5 bar), feed flow rate (FFR) (10, 15 and 20 ml/s) and the distance of the blade from the membrane surface (2 and 5 mm) on volumetric concentration factor (VCF) and fouling phenomenon were evaluated. Hermia model was used to study the main fouling mechanism and it was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Results and Discussion Results showed that rotating the blade with speed of 600 rpm at TMP of 0.5 bar, FFR of 10 ml/s and 2 mm distance from the membrane surface had the best performance in VCF and reducing fouling. The main mechanism of fouling was cake formation. Rotation of the blade decreases the intensity of cake formation and its thickness on the membrane surface and enhances the standard pore blocking. Also increasing the blade rotation speed changes the main fouling mechanism to the standard pore blocking due to the cake disintegration on the membrane surface and the penetration of fine particles into the membrane pores. As a result, the rotation of blade had a significant positive effect on increasing the VCF. On the other hand, the total resistance decreased with the rotation of the blade and by increasing the distance of blade from the membrane surface, the intensity of cake formation reduced. Also, the SEM images showed that in without blade rotation mode, the accumulation of cake particles on the membrane surface is thicker and denser than in with blade rotation mode. On the other hand, the low thickness of the cake layer formed on the membrane surface in the process of blade rotation is due to the turbulences resulting from the rotating blade. These observations confirm the results of the Hermia model in the previous sections. Conclusion In conclusion, the TMP 0.5 bar, FFR of 10 ml/s, blade rotation speed of 600 rpm with a distance of 2 mm from membrane surface were considered as the best conditions for ultrafiltration of apple juice using scraped-surface membrane unit.

With each passing year, water scarcity in the world is increasing, drying up rivers, lakes, and dams. Reverse osmosis technology is a very viable alternative which helps to reduce water shortages. One of the challenges is to make the process more efficient, and this can be achieved by improving the capacity by adapting membranes with nanomaterials in order to increase the permeate flux without exceeding the limits established in the process. In this research, brackish water membranes (BW30) were modified with ZnO nanoparticles by interphase polymerization. The modified membranes and BW30 (unmodified) were characterized by FTIR, AFM, contact angle, and micrometer. The membranes were tested in a cross-flow apparatus using 9000 ppm brackish water, and their permeate flux, salt rejection, and concentration polarization were determined. The salt rejection for the 10 mg ZnO NP membrane was 97.13 and 97.77% at 20 and 30 Hz, respectively, sufficient to generate drinking water. It obtained the best permeate flux of 12.2% compared to the BW30 membrane with 122.63 L m−2 h−1 at 6.24 MPa and 30 Hz, under these conditions, and the concentration polarization increased.

Even though batteries operate at different temperatures depending on their use and state of charge, little work has been done to understand the effects of temperature on the ionic transport properties of the electrolyte. The temperature dependence of these properties is important for predicting how the performance of the battery will change as a function of temperature, along with gaining fundamental insights into the underpinnings of ion transport in these electrolytes. In this study we provide the first investigation of the effect of temperature on ionic conductivity, salt diffusion coefficient, transference number, and the thermodynamic factor of a model polymer electrolyte: lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt dissolved in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). These properties were measured at 70, 90, and 110 °C. As expected, we see monotonic increases in conductivity and diffusion with increasing temperature. Additionally, monotonic dependencies on temperature were obtained for the transference number and the thermodynamic factor. One presumes that concentration polarization decreases with increasing temperature due to more rapid ion transport. We use concentrated solution theory to predict concentration polarization in lithium-PEO/LiTFSI‑lithium symmetric cells and thereby quantify the effect of temperature on concentration polarization.

Electrochemical hydrogen pump is expected to play an important role in, e.g., H 2 extraction from natural gas pipelines, by-product hydrogen purification. The influence of typical concomitant CH 4 and CO 2 on electrochemical hydrogen pump is systematically investigated in this study over a wide range of gas content (CH 4 or CO 2 : 10-80 %) and temperature (26-60 °C), with the focus on two main inhibition effects, i.e., concentration polarization and chemical interaction. An Faradaic efficiency of 86–96 %, i.e., below 100 %, is obtained as to the H 2 /CH 4 mixture separation due to concentration polarization effect, which is even lower in case of H 2 /CO 2 , due to additional chemical interactions between CO 2 and Pt anode catalysts. The inhibition of concentration polarization is more significant than that of chemical interactions, and the former can be suppressed by increasing the operating temperature and pressure due to enhance catalytic activity and proton conductivity. As to these two gas mixtures, the energy consumption ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 kWh/m3 with the increase of applied current from 125 to 1250 mA. The electrochemical pump exhibits limited H 2 purity of 98.6 %–99.7 % due to the existence of nafion membrane defects, which requires to be further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material characterization, hydrogen permeation, and separation properties of a novel ternary Pd 82 Ag 15 Y 3 membrane were evaluated by feeding single gases and several mixtures at temperature and pressure ranges of 300 – 600 °C and 1.0–3.0 bar (abs), respectively. The Pd 82 –Ag 15 –Y 3 membrane was prepared by cold rolling and was characterized by ∼38 μm of thickness. When exposed to air at different temperature and constant pressure of 1 bar, the membrane showed good thermal and chemical stability. In particular, its surface area increased from 615 μm2 at 25 °C to 685 μm2 at 500 °C indicating a potential improvement of hydrogen permeation. However, several agglomerates consisting of metal oxides were formed on the surface at the highest temperature. The temperature was -then- kept constant at 400 °C and the pressure was varied to analyze the effects of singles gases and several mixtures on the hydrogen permeation characteristics. When exposed to pure gases, such as H 2 and N 2 , the membrane showed an H 2 permeability of 9.1 × 10−11 mol m−1 s−1.Pa−0.9 and "n" value of 0.9 due to the presence of Y, while no N 2 was detected in the permeate stream, respectively. So, the membrane was considered to be completely selective towards H 2 permeation. When mixtures were used, the hydrogen permeation decreased by its original value due to the presence of other gases, such as N 2 , CH 4 , CO 2 and CO. The presence of CO particularly affected the H 2 permeating flux due to the competitive adsorption of both gases on the Pd-alloy surface. Finally, the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed to observe any changes in the surface and structure of pristine and used membrane. • The Pd 82 Ag 15 Y 3 membrane showed good thermal and chemical stability when exposed to air at different temperature. • The Pd 82 Ag 15 Y 3 membrane showed higher permeability than Pd–Ag due to the presence of Y, which increased H 2 solubility. • No changes observed on the membrane's morphology with gases exposure except with O 2. • The hydrogen permeation flux decreased by 41% with CO exposure at 400 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixing in gas separation membranes has received much less attention than in membrane liquid separation because gas molecules have much smaller viscosity, allowing them to diffuse easily through membranes without requiring significant flow mixing. However, due to advancements in membrane fabrication technologies aimed at improving material properties, concentration polarization (CP) might become an issue in gas separation due to enhanced membrane efficiency and permeability. Consequently, a 2D CFD analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of spacer-induced mixing on membrane gas concentration polarization for typical CO 2 /CH 4 gas separation. Results show that spacers generally enhance flux performance while reducing CP in the membrane channel when compared to the case without spacers. Furthermore, the effectiveness of spacer-flux-to-pressure-loss-ratio (SPFP) reaches a peak for a Reynolds number in the range of 5 < Re h < 200 because of the trade-off between flux and pressure drop. This mixing-induced flux enhancement is most effective under high CP conditions (less mixing) within the membrane channel. Similarly, flux enhancement due to spacers can be observed as membrane selectivity, pressure ratio and feed gas concentration increase due to enhanced CP. [Display omitted] • 2D CFD analysis of the impact of spacer-induced mixing on membrane gas separation. • The spacer-flux-to-pressure-loss-ratio reaches a peak at 5 < Re h < 200. • Spacer reduces CP and enhances gas permeation flux compared with empty channel. • Spacer is most effective in enhancing gas permeate flux under high CP conditions. • Spacer enhances flux as selectivity, pressure ratio and feed concentration increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane distillation (MD) is widely used in the field of seawater desalination. Among its various sub-categories, air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) stands out due to its high thermal efficiency and compatibility with low-grade heat sources. This study delves into the impact of varying operating conditions on AGMD performance, employing numerical simulations which are grounded in experimental validation. The objective was to enhance the performance of AGMD, mitigate polarization phenomena, and provide a reference for optimizing membrane component design. The results show that the agreements between the simulated and the experimental values were high. When increasing the feed temperature and decreasing the coolant temperature, the impact of polarization phenomena on the performance of AGMD was reduced. The mass flux, Total Permeate Concentration (TPC), and heat flux increased by 81.69%, 36.89%, and 118.01%, respectively, when the feed temperature was increased from 50 °C to 75 °C. When the coolant temperature decreased from 22 °C to 7 °C, the mass flux increased by 37.06%. The response surface analysis revealed that the feed temperature has significant influence on AGMD performance, and there is a noticeable interaction between the feed temperature and coolant temperature. These findings will play key roles in practical applications.

The CO2 absorption flux while using monoethanolamide (MEA) solution in a spiral-wired channel was significantly enhanced by optimizing both the descending and ascending spiral ring pitch configurations within the filled channel. In this study, two distinct spiral ring pitch configurations were integrated into concentric circular membrane contactors to augment CO2 absorption flux. Spiral rods were strategically inserted to mitigate concentration polarization effects, thereby reducing mass transfer boundary layers and increasing turbulence intensity. A theoretical one-dimensional model was developed to predict absorption flux and concentration distributions across varying MEA absorbent flow rates, CO2 feed flow rates, and inlet CO2 concentrations in the gas feed. Theoretical predictions of absorption flux improvement were validated against experimental results, demonstrating favorable agreement for both ascending and descending spiral ring pitch operations. Interestingly, the results indicated that descending spiral ring pitch operations achieved higher turbulent intensity compared to ascending configurations, thereby alleviating concentration polarization resistance and enhancing CO2 absorption flux with reduced polarization effects. Specifically, under conditions of a 40% inlet CO2 concentration and 5 cm3/s MEA feed flow rate, a notable 83.69% enhancement in absorption flux was achieved compared to using an empty channel configuration. Moreover, a generalized expression for the Sherwood number was derived to predict the mass transfer coefficient for CO2 absorption in concentric circular membrane contactors, providing a practical tool for performance estimation. The economic feasibility of the spiral-wired module was also assessed by evaluating both absorption flux improvement and incremental power consumption. Overall, these findings underscore the effectiveness of optimizing spiral ring pitch configurations in enhancing CO2 absorption flux, offering insights into improving the efficiency and economic viability of CO2 capture technologies.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction offers a sustainable alternative to the conventional Haber‐Bosch process. However, it is currently restricted by low effective overpotential due to the concentration polarization, which arises from accumulated products, ammonium, at the reaction interface. Here, a novel covalent organic polymer with ordered periodic cationic sites is proposed to tackle this challenge. The whole network exhibits strong positive charge and effectively repels the positively charged ammonium, enabling an ultra‐low interfacial product concentration, and successfully driving the reaction equilibrium to the forward direction. With the given potential unchanged, the suppressed overpotential can be much liberated, ultimately leading to a continuous high‐level reaction rate. As expected, when this tailored microenvironment is coupled with a transition metal‐based catalyst, a 24‐fold improvement is generated in the Faradaic efficiency (73.74 %) as compared with the bare one. The proposed strategy underscores the importance of optimizing dynamic processes as a means of improving overall performance in electrochemical syntheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic salts, when present in high concentrations, can disrupt the osmotic balance of aquatic organisms, leading to physiological and ecological harm. Osmotic membrane distillation (OMD) is an emerging technique for recovering inorganic salts from wastewater. The process involves the transfer of water vapor from a feed solution (FS) to a permeate stream due to the difference in vapor pressure across a hydrophobic membrane. It thus results in a concentrated solution at the feed outlet and purified water at the permeate side. OMD is preferred due to its straightforward scale-up and low energy requirements. In this research, a steady state 2-D axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to study the recovery of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3) from aqueous feed solution through OMD in a hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC). Aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was taken as an osmotic solution (OS). The numerical convection-diffusion mass, momentum transport, and Happel equations were scripted in COMSOL Multiphysics™ version 6.0 software. The model computed the water transport from FS to OS. Computed water flux well matched with the literature based experimental results. Simulations were carried out to investigate the parametric effects, including Reynold's number, FS and OS concentration and the module geometrical parameters to establish an optimized operating conditions and module geometry and to achieve the desired FS concentration. Results showed that a 2-fold rise in OS concentration increased the transmembrane water flux 4-fold. However, the flow rates of both FS and OS did not significantly affect the flux. On the other hand, concentration polarization (CP) showed dependence on the FS concentration, tortuosity, and Reynolds number. A membrane tortuosity of 1.6, feed concentration of 75 g L−1, OS concentration of 300 g L−1, and a FS Reynolds number in the turbulent flow range can result in higher transmembrane flux and lower chances of CP development. [Display omitted] • A 2D mathematical model is presented to study the OMD process. • Model results are compared with experimental data for accuracy. • Velocity and concentration profiles of water in OMD contactor are presented. • The effects of operating parameters and membrane properties on water flux and concentration polarization are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is a universal phenomenon in most microfluidic systems when an external electric field exists along charged channel walls. The mechanism of ion transport and fluid flow in such systems has been extensively studied, largely based on simplified models without consideration of electrode reactions and water dissociation. To study the effects of these electrochemical reactions, we build an electrokinetic model with full consideration of these processes, namely electrochemistry (EC) model, and compare its performance with that of the traditional electrokinetic (EK) model. Our results show that electrode reactions alter the electric potential and reduce the current, causing a significant reduction in EOF velocity. These potential changes and EOF reduction are driven almost entirely by electrode reactions, because the difference between the results from the EC model and those from the EK model with potential adjustment induced by chemical reactions is slight. In addition, the participation of ions in electrode reactions leads to notable alterations in their concentration within the microchannel and significant pH change, which are ignored in the traditional EK model. It is found that at a typical applied electric field of 50 V/cm, the EOF velocity in the EC model is 63% of that in the EK model. This difference in velocity decreases to only 4.0% as the EK model considers electric potential shifts caused by electrode reactions. In the microchannel, the Cl− concentration drops by approximately 50% while the OH− increases, leading to a pH growth 3.5. The results presented in this work can improve the understanding of electrode effects on the physicochemical properties of EOF systems, providing essential guidance for manipulating fluid flow and amphoteric molecular transport in various microfluidic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foulants build-up on the membrane surface followed by polarization is considered to be one of the most critical issues that have limited the application of membranes in different industries because they reduce the permeate flux, increase the required feed pressure, reduce the time intervals between chemical cleanings, and finally, shorten the lifetime of the membranes. Several strategies have been proposed to reduce and control the membrane polarization and fouling mitigation for increasing the permeate flux. The strategies include inserting different spacers and turbulence promoters, pulsation of feed, back-pulsation of permeate, the introduction of air bubbles, patterning of the membrane surface, etc. Among these methods, surface patterning of membranes (MSPs) has been one of the most promising ways to reduce and control polarization at the membrane surface for mitigation of fouling which has recently received much attention. In this regard, in this paper, the state-of-the-art surface patterned membranes for the treatment of different feeds are reviewed. Also, various methods for fabrication and construction of the surface patterned polymeric membranes and the enhancements induced by the surface patterns on the membrane processes' performance are discussed in detail. Finally, the future perspective of this technology is forecast. [Display omitted] • Different techniques for fabrication of surface patterned membranes are reviewed. • The mechanisms and strategies of membrane surface patterning are reviewed. • Performance of the surface patterned membranes in different applications are reviewed. • CFD opportunity for designing the surface patterned membranes is expressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) have found potential applications in diverse areas, such as environment related issues and addressing energy. Due to their increasing importance, several studies have been made on the preparation, characterization, modification, and applications of IEMs. This paper first discusses IEMs, their use as new separation materials, and the methods to characterize them. Subsequent sections review IEM-based ion separation techniques, such as diffusion dialysis, Donnan dialysis, and particularly electrodialysis (ED). Importantly, the section on ED reviews concentration polarization (CP), which is especially relevant to the recent trends of research. More specifically, a discussion on monovalent ion permselective membranes and the methods to create them has been made in the paper. Layer-by-layer (LBL) adsorption of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) gives rise to remarkable monovalent to multivalent cation and anion selectivities > 1000 and > 100, respectively. However, such high selectivities are accompanied by lower current efficiencies (∼ 50%) and lower recoveries of the ions. Additionally, the PEMs assembled through LBL deposition method may start delaminating under an applied potential after a certain period of time. The later part of the paper suggests creating selective PEMs with a net charge matching the native charge of IEMs to reduce CP in ED. Suggestions to increase current efficiencies, percentage recoveries of ions of interest, and the possible ways to increase the stability of PEMs deposited on IEMs have also been discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO2$\left(\text{CO}\right)_{2}$ reduction reaction is considered as a promising technical route for carbon‐neutral and mitigating greenhouse effect. CO2$\left(\text{CO}\right)_{2}$ concentration limitation hinders the performance of state‐of‐the‐art electrochemical CO2$\left(\text{CO}\right)_{2}$ reduction reaction. Increasing the mass transfer of reactants on the catalyst surface by flow cell design and porous electrode design has become the mainstream approach. Studying the distribution of mass in reaction region is important and beneficial to optimizing and designing efficient reactors. Herein, electrochemical CO2$\left(\text{CO}\right)_{2}$ reduction reaction reactors with micrometer and millimeter channels are simulated and systemically analyzed. The results reveal the microfluidic design can improve the mass transfer and reactant gas flow in the porous layer to reduce the concentration polarization and ensure uniform local potential of the reactor. A micrometer channel model requires only 10 sccm inlet gas supply to achieve the same current density compared to a millimeter flow channel with an inlet flow of 20 sccm. This study proposes a reasonable flow channel reactor to reduce gas stagnant region, which not only enhances the CO2$\left(\text{CO}\right)_{2}$ reduction performance effectively with evident potential dependence, but also guides the design for large‐scale reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effect of ultrasound on water flux through forward osmosis membrane for seawater desalination was investigated using the factorial design approach. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was used to simulate the dissolved solids content. In every test, the initial draw solution (DS) concentration was fixed at 4.5 M for NaCl and 2 M for MgCl2. Parameters considered in the investigation included membrane crossflow velocity (0.25 and 1.0 cm/s), flow configuration (co-current versus counter-current), direction of ultrasound waves relative to the membrane side (active layer versus support layer), and type of draw solution (NaCl versus MgCl2). A two-level factorial design was considered in the analysis of the results obtained from the experimental work. Based on the factorial design analysis, crossflow velocity and use of ultrasound have a positive effect on water flux enhancement for both draw solutions. However, the velocity effect on water flux enhancement was more pronounced than that of the use of ultrasound. The effect of flow configuration was statistically insignificant for both draw solutions. The interaction effect between crossflow velocity and ultrasound was statistically significant for both draw solutions. However, the interaction between crossflow velocity and flow configuration was only significant for the case of MgCl2. The three-way interaction was insignificant for both draw solutions. The developed factorial model equations were used to predict other flux data in ultrasound-assisted FO systems and showed adequate representation of these data at relatively similar conditions after adjustment of the model for the baseline conditions of the evaluated cases.

In this paper, the Nr hybrid version of the Kedem--Katchalsky--Peusner (K-K-P) formalism for concentration polarization conditions is developed. For ternary non-electrolyte solutions, this formalism includes the hybrid Peusner coefficients (Nr ij, i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}, r = A, B), which determine the transport properties of the membrane, the nr ij coefficients which determine the degree of coupling, and the energy conversion efficiency coefficient (er ij). Besides, K-K-P formalism is the basis for a method to evaluate the conversion of internal energy (U-energy) into free energy (F-energy) and dissipated energy (S-energy) in a membrane system containing ternary non-electrolyte solutions separated by a polymer membrane. Moreover, it is shown that the Peusner coefficients are proposed as a flux-induced version of the modified Péclet number for concentration polarization conditions. The present paper is a continuation of several previous papers, of which the Lr, Rr, Hr, Kr versions of the Kedem--Katchalsky--Peusner formalism are presented. The formalism using the Nr form of the hybrid Kedem--Katchalsky--Peusner equations can be a useful tool to study the transport properties of artificial membranes for environmental engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of determining the nonstationary concentration polarization of a solution, flowing in a plane channel, in the process of nanofiltration of the solution flow is proposed. The concentration polarization of the aqueous solutions, containing 0.5 kg/m3 of ZnSO4 and SnSO4, in the process of their nanofiltrational separation was analyzed. It was established that an increase in the transmembrane pressure in a separation apparatus in the range Pm = 0.5–2.0 MPa causes the coefficient of concentration polarization of the ZnSO4 and SnSO4 solutions in this apparatus to increase in the ranges θ = 1.340–1.436 and θ = 1.351–1.430, respectively. A calculation of the time of work of a membrane in a stationary regime and the volume of the permeate obtained in it has shown that, before a membrane is regenerated, the nanofiltrational separation of ZnSO4 and SnSO4 from their solutions at a definite pressure can be conducted for the times tm = 2070–2791 s and tm = 2893–2036 s, respectively. An increase in the transmembrane pressure causes these times to decrease and the amounts of the permeates obtained for the stationary-regime time to increase from 0.200 to 0.266 dm3 and from 0.202 to 0.262 dm3, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major challenge of Li metal electrodes is the growth of high surface area lithium during Li deposition with a variety of possible shapes and growing mechanisms. They are reactive and lead to active lithium losses, electrolyte depletion and safety concerns due to a potential risk of short-circuits and thermal runaway. This work focuses on the mechanism of tip-growing Li dendrite as a particular high surface area lithium morphology. Its formation mechanism is well-known and is triggered during concentration polarization, i.e. during mass (Li+) transport limitations, which has been thoroughly investigated in literature with liquid electrolytes. This work aims to give a stimulating perspective on this formation mechanism by considering solid polymer electrolytes. The in-here shown absence of the characteristic “voltage noise” immediately after complete concentration polarization, being an indicator for tip-growing dendritic growth, rules out the occurrence of the particular tip-growing morphology for solid polymer electrolytes under the specific electrochemical conditions. The generally poorer kinetics of solid polymer electrolytes compared to liquid electrolytes imply lower limiting currents, i.e. lower currents to realize complete concen­tration polarization. Hence, this longer-lasting Li-deposition times in solid polymer electro­lytes are assumed to prevent tip-growing mechanism via timely enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation on fresh Li deposits, while, as stated in previous literature, in liquid electrolytes, Li dendrite tip-growth process is faster than solid electrolyte interphase forma­tion kinetics. It can be reasonably concluded that tip-growing Li dendrites are in general practically unlikely for both, (i) the lower conducting electrolytes like solid polymer electro­lytes due to enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation and (ii) good-conducting electro­lytes like liquids due to an impractically high current required for concentration polarization.

The present work aims to study the possibility of utilization a forward osmosis desalination process as an alternative method to extract water from brine solution rejected from reverse osmosis process. Experiments conducted in a laboratory–scale forward osmosis (FO) unit in cross flow flat sheet membrane cell yielded water flux ranging from (0.0315 to 0.56 L/m2 .min) when using CTA membrane,and ranging from (0.419 to 2.785 L/m2 .min) for PA membrane under 0.4 bar. Two possible membrane orientations were tested. Sodium chloride with high concentrations was used as draw solution solute. The effect of membrane orientation on internal concentration polarization (ICP) was studied. Two regimes of ICP; dilutive and concentrative were described and characterized and their governing equations were applied. Also the effect of draw and feed solution concentrations and flow rate were studied. It was found that the experimental water flux were lower than the theoretical water flux. Using of PA membrane under pressure was resulted in a higher flux of desalinated water than when CTA used alone without pressure under the same operating conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of operating temperature on the reverse solute diffusion, the forward osmosis-only model incorporating the surface charge on solute partitioning is developed to obtain the reverse solute flux as a function of operating temperature and draw solution concentration using MATLAB. By comparing the calculated reverse solute flux for bulk draw solution concentrations at different operating temperatures, the range of the draw solution concentration at the support layer-active layer interface applicable to the constant surface charge density is found. The concentration beyond which the surface charge density is not constant, which is caused by the variety of the Debye length with the draw solution concentration, decreases with increasing operating temperature. The dilutive internal concentration polarization at 45°C is greater than that at 25°C due to the greater structural parameter and ratio of the structural parameter to diffusion coefficient at 45°C. The lower reverse solute flux at 45°C than that at 25°C is due to the fact that the ratio of the effective concentration between 25°C and 45°C outweighs that of the effective solute permeability coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casein is an important protein in the raw milk and many approaches have been established to separate casein to make cheese. This study mainly deals with the analysis of casein protein (19 kDa, pI 4.6) transport characteristics through ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Polysulfone (PS) based polymer membranes are used and modified with polyethylene imine (PEI), polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The fabricated membranes are characterized by contact angle and Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The UF process was conducted with a dead-end filtration unit and the volumetric flux and transmission values are recorded and that varies with pressure and pH. The experimental results are explained using the concentration polarization and irreversible thermodynamics model. The characteristics of the transport of casein are determined from the values of the parameters such as the solute concentration near the surface of the membrane [Cm], the solute permeability [Pm], mass transfer coefficient [k], and the reflection coefficient [σ]. From the results, it is concluded that the casein transport through the UF membrane was controlled by convection with decrease in casein rejection. Although, this model predicts the transmission behavior as a function of flux and supports the experimental results for both membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane-based gas separation (GS) has emerged as a competitive separation technology for industrial gas separation applications due to its simpler operation and cost-effective approach. This paper reviews the computational parameters and boundary conditions involved in model simulations, including the general assumptions made for the gas separation process. The transport mechanisms used for dense and porous gas separation membranes are discussed, followed by verification studies of CFD models. The impacts of different operation parameters, such as the temperature, pressure ratio, variation in hydrodynamics, and membrane selectivity, on membrane performance are evaluated in terms of gas permeation flux and concentration polarisation (CP). This review also describes the effect of obstacles (feed spacers) and various unsteady flow approaches for improving performance. Finally, challenges and future perspectives in CFD simulation involving membrane gas separation are provided. [Display omitted] • CFD modelling for membrane gas separation is reviewed. • Methodology of CFD modelling for dense and porous membranes is given. • Effects of different operating conditions are discussed. • Challenges and future perspectives on gas membrane CFD modelling are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is a promising technique for upgrading traditional manufacturing procedures and achieving a circular economy. However, the industrial applications of BMED technology have been restricted by the large consumption of expensive bipolar membranes and the unmatching behavior between water splitting and ion migration. Herein, we proposed a novel asymmetric bipolar membrane electrodialysis (ABMED) to regulate the water splitting in the bipolar membrane and orientational ion migration in the electrodialysis (ED). It was found that the ABMED exhibited comparable performances to BMED for acid/base production when the area of the bipolar membrane was reduced to 50% of the monopolar membrane. The total process cost of ABMED was 0.78 $/kg NaOH, which is 21% lower than the BMED process. The asymmetric membrane design was capable to boost the water splitting in the bipolar membrane and to eliminate the concentration polarization in the ED process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are promising energy storage devices owing to their high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, energy density improvement and lifespan prolongation of AZBs are impeded by the poor reversibility of Zn anodes. Instead of focusing on restraining the water activity that has been widely discussed, this work reports a unique strategy to eliminate the side reactions, which is the simultaneous regulation of cation and anion fluxes by microporous material. The as‐synthesized protective layer possesses an excellent sieving ability to repel sulfate infiltration by channel effect and via the electric field, and homogenizes Zn ion flux to achieve a dendrite‐free morphology, which is confirmed by the electrochemical and theoretical investigations. The protected anode exhibits a long lifespan (2400 h), deep Zn plating/stripping, and high current tolerance (100 mA cm−2). As a result, the full battery achieves a capacity retention of 76.4% after 7500 cycles, and in the anode‐free configuration, a high energy density of 192.8 Wh kg−1 is observed, which is more than 50 times that of a full battery with a Zn foil anode. By regulating the cations and anions simultaneously, the proposed strategy provides a low‐cost remedy to achieve the practical scale‐up of AZBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]