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The objective of this research is to determine how informed consent is used in dental practice in southern Peru in the year 2023. The methodological design adopts a descriptive level with a mixed approach that is divided into two stages: The first consisted of a qualitative theoretical-analytical-rational analysis, followed by a subsequent empirical analysis with a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional approach. The study was carried out in a population of dentists who practice the dental profession in southern Peru in the year 2023 with a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 131 dentists. The main results were that the use of informed consent (14.5%) states that they do not use it in their daily consultation and (59.5%) use it in an erroneous way, due to different factors that influence this procedure and that the non-use of informed consent in its highest percentage arguing "lack of time" on the part of dentists It was concluded that there is a high rate of dental professionals who do not use informed consent in their professional practice, even more so that there is a high percentage that does not use consent correctly reported as an ethical-legal document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the importance of the Research Ethics Committees (CEP) in the context of the Brazilian North Region, formed by the Amazon rainforest, which is occupied by traditional populations and those constituted by migratory currents. This study aims to analyze the bioethical implications arising from the activities of CEPs in the ethical evaluation of research projects and their essential role in protecting vulnerable populations. The authors seek to highlight the importance of ethics committees in the Amazon and their importance face the modern bioethical values that can contribute to the preservation of one of the most valuable and diverse environments on earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Bioetica is the property of Universidad El Bosque and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O presente artigo expõe um panorama geral da Tomada de Decisão Compartilhada (TDC), considerada cada vez mais como a melhor forma para envolver os pacientes no processo de decisão sobre seus cuidados em saúde. Contudo, a despeito do amplo reconhecimento internacional, a TDC ainda não se encontra amplamente implementada na prática clínica brasileira, sendo o consentimento informado o modelo de tomada de decisão mais comumente adotado pelos profissionais de saúde. Assim, este trabalho, após esclarecer as definições em torno da TDC, apresenta instrumentos para sua aplicação e as razões pelas quais essa nova forma de tomar decisões deve ser preferível ao consentimento informado.

A violência obstétrica constitui duas formas de violência contra a mulher, violando seus direitos humanos, como saúde, segurança, integridade física, integridade mental, respeito e, nos casos mais extremos, ou a própria vida . Abordaremos, as diversas tipologias, especialmente a violência física ocorrida fora do parto, através de insultos, falta de informação, desrespeito à autonomia e autodeterminação da mulher e violação do consentimento informado, livre e informado. Por outro lado, a prática de procedimentos médicos como episiotomia, excesso de medicação, privação de movimento, manobras como Kristeller, são potencializadores de risco para a saúde e a vida do próprio feto/infância. Portanto, afirmamos que a violência obstétrica não é apenas uma violência contra a mulher, mas também contra a criança. Revisamos, em termos bibliográficos, trabalhos e estudos na área do Direito, Bioética e Saúde Reprodutiva bem como, procedemos a uma exaustiva análise de diplomas legais internacionais e nacionais. Concluímos que a violência exercida contra a mulher em contexto obstétrico é um ataque frontal às artes jurídicas da medicina e constitui uma forma de grave discriminação de gênero que merece censura legal por dois Estados e pelas classes médica e de enfermagem. Afirmamos, com justificação, que a episiotomia é atualmente qualificada como uma espécie de mutilação genital feminina, punível criminalmente. Por fim, defendemos que o acompanhamento direto do não parto e o cumprimento do plano de parto elaborado pela mulher ou domiciliar são mecanismos preventivos da violência obstétrica.

The privacy problem of facial recognition technology is that commercial companies obtain people’s facial information without the consent of individuals and use facial information to infringe on the privacy of individuals. The importance of human privacy in facial recognition technology is reflected through facial ethics, which requires others to perform corresponding obligations to individuals, such as oral care. Through the analysis of the privacy issues of facial recognition technology, it is found that the two elements of “without personal informed” and “without personal consent” together form the basis for commercial companies to violate personal privacy. The principle of informed consent includes the principle of informed and the principle of consent, which is derived from the principle of informed consent in medical ethics. This paper improves the principles of informed consent in medicine and ethics to better address facial recognition privacy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes to what extent and how training programs for future researchers in doctoral education address the challenge of integrating ethical training in their curricular design. Based on a documentary review of course plans and postgraduate programs in education active in Chile, the explicit presence of ethical aspects and academic integrity in their training plans was examined. Through a thematic analysis of the official documentation of the programs, we identified and analyzed various elements related to research ethics and academic integrity addressed in doctoral training, their prevalent approach normative or ethical discernment, their orientation proactive or preventive and the depth with which these aspects are treated. The results show that only one-third of the current programs explicitly address ethical training in research and that in these cases, their approach tends to emphasize more formal than substantive aspects, mainly limited to compliance with the informed consent protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo versa sobre o estudo de três vertentes do consentimento informado em no ambiente de saúde: na relação médico-paciente voltada aos cuidados de saúde relacionada ao ato médico; no âmbito da pesquisa clínica com seres humanos e a terceira versa sobre o consentimento informado na proteção de dados de saúde. O presente trabalho possui enfoque no direito à autodeterminação informacional e nas limitações aos direitos da personalidade.

Resumo O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido tem a função de informar o participante de pesquisas clínicas sobre a natureza da pesquisa e seus direitos, formalizando sua decisão de participar. Estudos indicam que esse documento é redigido de modo complexo, comprometendo a autonomia do participante. Para este trabalho, foram redigidos dois termos de consentimento da mesma pesquisa hipotética, com estilos de redação diferentes. Ambos os termos foram analisados pela ferramenta Coh-Metrix Port, que avalia métricas linguísticas e acessibilidade textual. A análise indicou que os textos são complexos e exigem alta escolaridade para serem entendidos. Esses achados reforçam a percepção de que, no Brasil, os termos de consentimento podem ter sua real função comprometida e apontam a importância de modificar sua forma de elaboração.

in the healthcare activity carried out by health professionals, informed consent (IC) instrumentalizes the acquiescence of the patient concerning the procedure and/or surgical intervention. There is a scattered regulation in the Peruvian legal system about IC. In the Inter-American system, essential precedents establish the minimum content the patient should be informed of before consent. Compliance with 22 necessary elements and nine desirable elements in the IC forms was evaluated under the current legal system and the supranational provisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR Court). These categories were validated through the judgment of expert lawyers and health professionals. The target population consisted of 456 consent forms applied in public health facilities in Metropolitan Lima from 2019-2021. In all the formats, the necessary elements associated with patient data, the health professional, and the name of the procedure or surgical intervention are fulfilled. There is no desirable element that is fulfilled in all of these formats. In this sense, there are gaps in the content of these forms in Peruvian health facilities, so the informative aspect should be vindicated to achieve fully effective acts of consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Law n° 13.146/2015 has given full capacity to people with disabilities, promoting the re-reading of the doctor-patient relationship. Under the ideal of reducing the interference of third parties and medical paternalism in the decision-making of these individuals in health matters, this law restricted the institute of guardianship, in art. 85, caput, to the economic and financial dimensions, excluding from its scope the exercise of existential rights, as is the case of the right to health. In this scenario, the problem of informed consent involving patients with neurocognitive and psychiatric impairment is verified, since the assessment of their will constitutes a complex task. The limited discernment of patients with this profile sometimes supplants the normative aspiration of giving them full autonomy to practice existential acts. A systematic interpretation would allow the harmonization of article 85, caput, of the Statute of the Person with Disability, with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, recognizing the comprehensiveness of the scope of application of the guardianship regarding the exercise of the right to health, in the cases of the cited patients. Thus, this article seeks to analyze informed consent in medical interventions performed on these individuals, in light of the aforementioned Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Medicinae: Revista Portuguesa de Direito da Saúde is the property of Centro de Direito Biomedico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Medicinae: Revista Portuguesa de Direito da Saúde is the property of Centro de Direito Biomedico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The invention and widely use of organ allotransplantation provides effective treatment of some originally fetal diseases such as liver/kidney failure and has saved million of lives around the globe. However, the scarcity of human organs has caused many patients, who could have been treated, to die while waiting for suitable organs around the world. Pig-to human xenotransplantation provides a potential solution to solve this tough problem. Pig organs have been considered as major sources of xenotransplantation because of the sufficient number of donors, the sizes of organs, and physiologically structural similarities. However, xenotransplantation also has some problems, such as the possibility of spreading animal diseases to human, the interspecies immunological barrier, organs of animal origin challenging human nature, and potential informed consent issues. This article will discuss these potential issues and to see whether it is the suitable time to conduct clinical xenotransplantation trials in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Within a psychiatric care setting, informed consent is the voluntary acceptance of a plan for medical care by a competent patient after full disclosure of the care plan, its risks, benefits, and alternative approaches. This implies that the patient must have full information about any treatment options and must be competent to make the needed decisions. Objective: To assess psychiatric nurses' knowledge and practices of obtaining informed consent. Research Method: The study used a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from a random sample of 99 nurses selected from a total of 131 nurses of different professional cadres working in the hospital, by means of a structured questionnaire constructed by the researchers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Respondents' score on Knowledge of Informed Consent was above average (15.06 ± 2.671 out of a possible total score of 25). Likewise, their score on the disclosure of full information to psychiatric patients before treatment was well above average (6.01 ± 2.198 out of a maximum possible score of 8). However, respondents' score on the practice of obtaining Informed Consent was below average (2.41 ± 0.940 out of a maximum possible score of 5). Conclusion: Though a majority of the participants indicated good knowledge of informed consent, there was no corresponding correct practice of obtaining informed consent from patients in the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Medicinae: Revista Portuguesa de Direito da Saúde is the property of Centro de Direito Biomedico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Informed consent is a concept resulting from the transformations that occurred in the relationship between doctors and patients throughout the twentieth century. The main change occurred with the overcoming of the Hippocratic paradigm of medicine by another that privileges the patients’ right of self-determination. Although there is not yet a law that provides for this institute in the country, it is already recognized by the case law. The incorporation of this concept by legal thought reveals a new understanding for the doctor-patient relationship. In this article we seek to discuss the nature of informed consent, exposing its requirements and application limits. For this, besides theoretical references about the notion, we also expose a research about the applicability of the concept from the court decisions of the State of Rio de Janeiro between 2002 and 2016, in order to expose how the process judice has contributed to the consolidation of the patient’s right to self-determination, as well as the difficulties that still need to be overcome.

Este artigo debate as inovações trazidas com o Código Civil e Comercial argentino, junto a um paralelo com o Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência no Brasil, cujas leis se adequaram à Convenção de Nova York de 2006. A pesquisa partiu da análise de documentos normativos e autores de direito civil e bioética, de forma a questionar como se efetivará a manifestação de vontade dos doentes mentais na relação médico-paciente. Para tanto, será abordado inicialmente quais mudanças ocorreram na capacidade civil no ordenamento jurídico argentino. Após, discutir-se-á a relação entre autonomia e competência e sua configuração na relação médico-paciente, para após adentrar-se no consentimento dos doentes mentais. Por fim, comparar-se-á o tratamento dado a tais indivíduos com dois países.

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O modelo informacional alterou a gramática cultural da Sociedade, encetando novos conflitos ainda isentos de adequada regulamentação jurídica e impelindo uma análise a partir do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, dos direitos humanos e fundamentais previstos nas constituições brasileira e portuguesa que, nessa medida, forjaram os alicerces éticos e jurídicos dessa investigação teórica encetada mediante o emprego do método bibliográfico e de uma abordagem exploratória e descritiva sobre a proteção dos dados de saúde, particularmante com o enfoque voltado para o atual contexto engendrado a partir da recente promulgação da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados brasileira em evidente sintonia com a regulamentação européia em vigor a partir de maio, enfatizando, portanto, a relevância do consentimento livre e informado como o principal instrumento para assegurar, em uma perspectiva multinível, a integralidade dos direitos e das garantias à pessoa humana, dentro e fora do ambiente digital.

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As a general rule, medical interventions require to be informingly consented by the patient. This requirement is ethically founded in the autonomy of the patient to decide on his own body and the respect for his dignity that prevent to instrumentalise it. The way in which the law materialises those ends is by implementing duties to inform and duties to advise, and regulating the conditions under which the consent must be given. Legally, those duties delimit the relation physicianpatient and give guidance to define hypothesis of civil liability. In this article, we revise the conditions for the satisfaction of those duties and the cases in which their breach give rise to civil liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Medicinae: Revista Portuguesa de Direito da Saúde is the property of Centro de Direito Biomedico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Medicinae: Revista Portuguesa de Direito da Saúde is the property of Centro de Direito Biomedico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Perspetiva sobre a competência para dar consentimento informado, livre e esclarecido para a realização de eletroconvulsivoterapia na presença de doença mental grave com indicação para este tratamento.

N/a.

N/a.

O consentimento informado é importante e se incorporou à prática na área da saúde, tanto na assistência quanto na pesquisa. Um dos grandes desafios do processo de consentimento informado tem sido a adequação dos textos utilizados. A legibilidade dos termos de consentimento é um dos grandes problemas para os comitês de ética em pesquisa, para os pesquisadores e para os participantes das pesquisas. Unitermos: Consentimento informado, legibilidade, ética na pesquisa

Neste artigo foram trabalhados conceitos gerais de bioética e analisados sobretudo o consentimento informado e seus vícios, no contexto do crime que ficou conhecido como “Máfia das Próteses”, em 2015. O objetivo da análise do caso prático foi analisar não somente os crimes elencados na denúncia envolvendo médicos, advogados e empresários do ramo das OPME, mas principalmente chamar a atenção para o fato de que houve pouca discussão no que toca aos princípios éticos e médicos feridos no esquema criminoso. Algo de essencial relação com o ocorrido está diretamente ligado ao fato de que o registro do consentimento informado se situa atualmente em um campo de padronização quase absoluta, sendo utilizado muito mais como um “escudo jurídico” de médicos.

Este artigo discute as preocupações e os desafios éticos que devem ser considerados durante o estudo da prática de covisualização (televisão social) dos conteúdos audivisuais nas mídias sociais e aplicativos de mensagens instantâneas. As práticas de covisualização se referem às atividades interconectadas que ocorrem enquanto os espectadores se sentam juntos em frente a um aparelho de TV, observando e construindo sentido a partir do conteúdo televisivo. Plataformas conectadas ampliam as possibilidades de covisualização, permitindo que as pessoas experimentem uma copresença digital. Neste estudo, os usuários que participaram em atividades de covisualização conectada em grupos não oficiais, do Facebook e do WhatsApp, dedicados à telenovela brasileira Babilônia (exibida em 2015), são usados para exemplificar a necessidade de estabelecer um consentimento informado ao realizar pesquisas online e evitar danos aos participantes. A pesquisa demonstra que uma tomada de decisão ética em relação aos dados e aos pontos de vista dos usuários estudados deve ser considerada e avaliada nos estágios iniciais e ao longo de cada etapa do estudo.

This article aims to make clear that the Chilean regulation of the right to be informed and informed consent in Dentistry is not sufficient for the proper exercise of such rights. To do this, it begins by describing this obligations, considering historical and doctrinal aspects. It continues to analyze the right to be informed and informed consent, emphasizing its purpose and usefulness. Subsequently, the current Chilean regulation on the matter is critically detailed, to finish exposing aspects of dental practice in the field of informed consent. Lastly, some solution proposals for overcoming the problems found are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed consent requires a positive and active attitude for the health service provider and a willingness committed to the patient from whom it is sought to achieve a device act of authentic will-autonomy, in which it is possible to prevent risks, alternatives, disadvantages and conditions of success of the contraceptive treatment singularly considered; total transparency and impartiality in the case of voluntary interruption of pregnancy and, timeliness and fairness with respect to the means of prenatal diagnosis, for which it is necessary to observe the jurisprudential sub-rules elaborated by the Constitutional Court and the Colombian Council of State, in harmony with the constitutional principles and international standards that regulate the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Opinião Jurídica is the property of Revista Opiniao Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad: Revista Latinoamericana is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad: Revista Latinoamericana is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To estimate the influence of clinical and demographical information in the understanding of cataract surgery informed consent, identifying less understandable areas. To assess informed consent document concept. Methods: Multiple-choice questionnaire was designed to collect information and to evaluate the understanding of cataract surgery and informed consent. An ordinary regression model was adjusted to express the effect of clinical and demographic variables to the questionnaire score. Results: The study comprised 180 patients. Sex (female, p=0.404), non-ophthalmologist source of information (p=0.397), previous surgical history (p=0.571), not having a companion (p=0.396) nor the days since the signing of informed consent form (p=0.535) had no influence in the understanding of cataract surgery informed consent. Age (r=-0.083, p<0.001) and educational level (secondary studies r=1.845, p<0.001; tertiary studies r=4.289, p<0.001) showed statistical significance with greater strength of association educational level (OR secondary studies = 6.33, OR tertiary studies = 72.86) than age had (OR = 0.92). Conclusion: Patient's knowledge about cataract informed consent is influenced by age and educational level. The purpose and the risks, consequences of not performing surgery and postoperative indications are the least understood topics. Informed consent is seen as a forced legal obligation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Medicinae: Revista Portuguesa de Direito da Saúde is the property of Centro de Direito Biomedico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Medicinae: Revista Portuguesa de Direito da Saúde is the property of Centro de Direito Biomedico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Medicinae: Revista Portuguesa de Direito da Saúde is the property of Centro de Direito Biomedico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introdução: A Convenção sobre os Direitos das Crianças e normas nacionais da Direção Geral da Saúde conferem aos adolescentes o direito às decisões sobre a sua saúde. O objectivo deste estudo foi identificar as dinâmicas de implementação do assentimento e do consentimento informado, em ambiente hospitalar. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal e multicêntrico realizado a partir de inquéritos. Incluídos adolescentes dos 14 aos 18 anos e pais respectivos. Foram ainda entrevistados os diretores de serviço e assistentes hospitalares. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 194 respostas de adolescentes e pais e efetuaram-se 46 entrevistas a médicos e diretores dos serviços. Adolescentes e pais consideram importante a participação no processo de decisão mas os pais valorizam de forma significativamente superior a sua participação (91,7% vs 47,8%, p < 0,001 no grupo 14 - 15 anos; 91,8% vs 53,1%, p = 0,001, no grupo 16 - 17 anos), bem como a do médico (89,6% vs 69,6%, p = 0,016 no grupo 14 - 15 anos; 91,8% vs 69,4%, p = 0,005 no grupo 16 - 17 anos). Os folhetos informativos são pouco perceptíveis pelos adolescentes. Os oito diretores consideraram que os médicos estão sensibilizados para comunicar com os adolescentes mas têm pouco tempo disponível. Dos 38 assistentes, 36 afirma ter aprendido com os colegas mais velhos e confirmam lacunas na formação pós graduada. Discussão: Este estudo pioneiro em Portugal permitiu a identificação de áreas passíveis de otimização, através de programas da educação para a saúde para pais e adolescentes, informação escrita adequada à idade e formação no ensino pré graduado para estudantes de Medicina e educação nas instituições de saúde para os profissionais. Conclusão: Os adolescentes e pais desconhecem as normas legais e éticas quanto ao consentimento e assentimento. Não fica demonstrada a implementação do direito dos adolescentes ao assentimento informado / consentimento informado. Propõem-se programas locais de sensibilização para adolescentes e pais.

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article shows the importance of informed consent in scientific research processes and therefore the vulnerability faced by people with disabilities in this procedure. The evolution of the concept of informed consent in different countries of Latin America and the United States is presented. Similarly, the various criteria that must be considered within the informed consent are addressed, as well as the treaties and declarations that must be taken into account so as not to violate the human rights of the participants in scientific research. In addition, within this ethical dilemma in our times, the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is addressed, a neurodevelopmental disorder that, by presenting varying degrees of severity, does not allow people with ASD to give their opinion, combined with the cases where the participants are underage, an issue that puts them in a condition of vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: To study the views and behaviors of the nurses who apply physical restraint. Research Design: The study was designed as a descriptive study. The data were collected using a questionnaire form and analyzed by chi-square tests. The study was conducted at a university hospital. The convenience sample consisted of 93 voluntary nurses. Findings: The decision to initiate/terminate the physical restraint is mostly (63.4%) made by the physician and the nurse together, and frequently (96.8%) wrist belts are used. While one-third of the nurses (33.4%) apply the restraint for more than 7 days, 21.4% never loosen the physical restraint. 28% of the nurses face resistance due to the restraint. 78.5% of the nurses obtain informed consent for the restraint whereas 51.6% believe that the consent is not necessary. Only 9.7% of the nurses record the practice to the patient observation chart. Additionally, there is a relationship between the unit, patients they cared for daily, years in the profession and the nurses' views on restraint (p=0.05). Conclusion: It is necessary to improve the nurses' awareness and ethical sensitivity about physical restraint. Professional development of the nurses regarding physical restraint should be maintained continuously from the beginning of their undergraduate education. An institutional committee should be established to support decision-making and monitor the restraint processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]