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Models used to explain phenomena are necessarily finer grained than the models used to measure them. In language study, the measures used to assess development (e.g., readability indices) rely on models of language that are too coarse grained to be interpreted in a linguistic framework and so do not participate in linguistic accounts of development. This study argues that the constructionist approaches provide a framework for the development of a practical and interpretable measure of developmental complexity because these approaches feature affordances from which a measurement model may be derived: they describe language knowledge as a comprehensive network of enumerable entities that do not require the imputation of external processes, are extensible to early child language, and hold that the drivers of language development are the learning and generalization of constructions. It is argued here that treating schematic constructions as the unit of language knowledge supports a complexity measure that can reflect developmental changes arising from the learning and productive generalization of these units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analyzing the diachrony of Hebrew bein, originally a spatial preposition ‘within/among’, this article traces several grammaticization clines associated with bein’s gradual evolution into a rich variety of functions within various constructions. While its early function is purely locative, bein later participates in an array of constructions and sub-constructions, where its syntactic status, its semantic meanings and functions, as well as its discourse role, have shifted considerably. Bein may thus be part of a conjunctive or a disjunctive construction, but it may also be part of an ‘in any case’ adverbial, and later an ‘anyway’ discourse marker. It conveys different locative construals (‘within’, ‘among’ and ‘between’), but also various abstract symmetric relations, such as ‘difference’, ‘dispute’ and ‘separation’. Some bein constructions partition a set, focusing on a subset of it, while in other cases bein serves as an ‘all-purpose’ preposition. Nevertheless, our goal is to show how each grammatical, semantic and discoursal phase is well motivated, given the previous phase. Based on written historical corpora, from Biblical to contemporary Hebrew, we provide a step-by-step diachronic development from earlier to later bein functions.

We aimed to analyze the natural population characteristics and habitat growth conditions of the valuable seaweed Silvetia siliquosa. Its population characteristics and habitat conditions were assessed monthly from May 2022 to April 2023 and April to August 2022, respectively, on selected habitats. The average population density, coverage, and frequency of S. siliquosa were 579 ± 94.18 ind./m2, 27.82 ± 6.92%/m2, and 78.37 ± 5.98/m2, respectively. The average thallus length and width were 47.53 ± 4.35 and 46.33 ± 4.17 mm, respectively, while the branch width, thickness, and frequency were 2.35 ± 0.03 mm, 0.59 ± 0.12 mm, and 2.8 ± 0.2 times, with a receptacle length and width of 24.13 ± 2.07 and 2.81 ± 0.19 mm, respectively. Among the 40 previously known natural habitats of S. siliquosa, growth was confirmed only in Sepo, Sebang, and Bangpo. The causes for the declining S. siliquosa populations could be attributed to habitat changes due to construction, coastal road maintenance projects, habitat disturbances, and increased pollutants. Habitat substrate disturbances and changes were the main causes of the decrease in S. siliquosa growth. Studies on environmental factors and habitat degradation, growth related to environmental factors, mass cultivation, and the marine ecosystem restoration of S. siliquosa are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To construct resilient structures, systems and sustainable buildings, capable of enduring fatigue, inclement weather, and seismic activity, researchers are actively seeking effective solutions to minimize vibrations and cyclic loading. Although these factors may not have immediate effects, they contribute to residual deformation in structures that gradually grows over time. For this reason, shape memory alloy (SMA) can be used as a perfect damper to dissipate the mechanical load in structures construction and buildings. The SMA actuators characterized by several thermo-mechanical functions, they are generally used in different applications as Mechatronics, Biomedical, Mechanical engineering and building systems. This study aims to adapt SMA actuator with structures for construction and buildings, in order to ensure a high displacement and vigilance taking into account fatigue phenomena to repulse mechanical fatigue and fretting. Accordingly, a thermomechanical analysis has been developed using finite element techniques to describe shape memory alloys' behavior and can integrate these material as a thermomechanical actuator dampers in building engineering systems. Furthermore, the suggested model elucidates the actuator's thermomechanical response, showcasing its adaptable behavior to both superelasticity and the shape memory effect within the desired structure in the building. Thus, the numerical findings affirm the efficacy of the proposed design that based on shape memory materials in addressing thermomechanical fatigue within buildings, concurrently enhancing structural resilience against mechanical fatigue. The primary outcome of this study is the successful preservation of the Ni-Ti superelastic response within the proposed system. This preservation is validated through cycling variations of up to 7.6% strain, significantly surpassing the requirements typically mandated for applications in earthquake engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of word predictability in context show that words in English tend to be shorter if they are predictable from the next word, and to a lesser extent, if they are predictable from the previous word. Some studies distinguish function and content words, but otherwise have not considered grammatical factors, treating all two-word sequences as comparable. Because function words are highly frequent, words occurring with them have low predictability. Highest predictability occurs within bigrams with two content words. Using the Buckeye corpus, we show that content word bigrams from different constructions vary widely in predictability, with adjective–noun and noun–noun sequences (content words within a noun phrase) having the highest scores. It is known that in adjective–noun sequences, the vowel of the adjective is shorter than in other positions. We study noun–noun sequences within the noun phrase and show that the first noun is shorter than in other contexts. It follows that the shorter duration of the first word when it is predictable from the second in many cases is due to the noun phrase construction and not necessarily the regulation of duration corresponding to predictable versus unpredictable information. We conclude that predictability studies must consider the constructions words occur in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artiklis vaadeldakse eesti keelt teise keelena omandavate 8–10-aastaste laste sõnavara ja konstruktsioonide arengut aasta jooksul 2022. ja 2023. aastal läbi viidud pildikirjelduskatse põhjal. Aasta jooksul suurenes õpilaste sõnavara, areng toimus kõikides sõnaliikides suhteliselt ühtlaselt, siiski oli lekseemide hulga kasv kõige suurem omadus- ja asesõnade puhul. Ka konstruktsioonides toimus märkimisväärne areng, lisandus uusi konstruktsioonitüüpe ning need muutusid komplekssemaks. Sõnavara ja konstruktsioonide hulk oli omavahel seotud: mida suurem oli õppija sõnavara 2022. a pildi kirjelduses, seda rohkem eri konstruktsioone oli lisandunud tema 2023. a pildikirjeldusse. Eri sõnaliikide sõnavara ulatus konstruktsioonide arengut ei paista mõjutavat. *** "Development of vocabulary and constructions in the speech of young learners of Estonian as a second language over the course of one year" The article examines the development of vocabulary and grammatical constructions on both phrase and clause level of children aged 8-10 years acquiring Estonian as a second language on the basis of a picture description test carried out in 2022 and 2023. Over the course of the year students’ vocabulary increased, development occurred relatively evenly in all parts of speech, however, the increase in the number of lexemes was the greatest for adjectives and pronouns. The growth of vocabulary was faster for children whose language skills were weaker in 2022. The constructions also developed significantly over the year: new types of constructions were added and they became more complex. In most children, the growth of structures was focused either on the phrase or on the clause level. The correlation between the number of lexemes and the number of constructions was significant: those children whose vocabulary was bigger in 2022 used more constructions in test conducted in 2023.The scope of the vocabulary of the different parts of speech does not seem to affect the development on the level of constructions. Data from the study on the relationship between vocabulary and constructions strongly support the view that syntactic development is driven by lexicon-level development, i.e. sufficient words must be acquired so that different types of constructions can be recognized and used.

The present paper investigates if not for - if it weren't/wasn't for constructions in American English based on the analysis of more than 2,100 constructions extracted from The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). In analyzing these constructions, we focus on significant interdependencies between the slots of the protasis (i.e. animacy of the referent of the NP) and apodosis (i.e. semantics of the verb lemma) and how these cross-clausal associations interact with other linguistic variables, such as the polarity of the apodosis. We apply a new multivariate extension of collostructional analysis that combines distinctive and (co-varying) collexeme analysis via a hierarchical configural frequency analysis. This allows the analyst to identify associations not just of one slot to a construction or one slot to one other slot in one construction, but to include other features to identify (i) which constructions are preferred by which fillers in, now, one or more slots of one construction and (ii) which constructions are preferred by which (combinations) of one or more fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of human communication and culture is among the most significant—and challenging—questions we face in attempting to understand the evolution of our species. This article takes up two frameworks for theorizing about human communication and culture, namely, Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture of the human language faculty, and the cultural evolutionary framework of Memetics. The aim is to show that the two frameworks uniquely complement one another in some theoretically important ways. In particular, the Parallel Architecture's account of the lexicon significantly expands the range of linguistic phenomena that are plausibly covered by Memetics (e.g., from words to constructions and pure rules of syntax). At the same time, taking a “meme's‐eye‐view” of the lexicon retools the Parallel Architecture's treatment of the origins and subsequent cultural evolution of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives a detailed description of the "A egy N" construction in Hungarian based on a thorough investigation of carefully collected corpus data. Utterances containing this construction express a speaker-related (mostly derogatory, but sometimes appreciative) value judgement. The morphological, syntactic, and pragmatic characteristics of the construction are presented. Furthermore, some formally and pragmatically similar constructions are also discussed and some misleading pieces of information in the earlier literature are debunked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a large number of bionic superhydrophobic surfaces have been reported in recent years, their poor robustness remains to be improved. Herein, we present a method to fabricate a hierarchical micro-nanostructure on Ti6Al4V with excellent robustness by combining laser direct writing technology and hydrothermal treatment. Microscale pore array pattern with hard oxide layer was generated by laser irradiation, which provided protection for the nanowires later grown in situ by hydrothermal treatment. After low surface energy molecular modification, the composite surface exhibited outstanding wetting properties with a contact angle of 165.2° and a roll-off angle less than 1°. We focused on the mechanical and chemical stability of the as-prepared superhydrophobic surface (SHS), and the performance tests included water jet impact, cyclic friction, solution immersion, heat treatment and UV irradiation. Additionally, the SHS was transformed into slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) by lubricant injection, which expends the applications of the hierarchical micro-nanostructure surface. Considering the loss degree and the self-repairing performance of the lubricants with different viscosities, we can conclude that the lubricant with a viscosity of 350 mPa·s matches the SHS substrate best. The constructed SHS and SLIPS show remarkable robustness and versatility and may be applied in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu Aastaraamat is the property of Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhing (ERU) / Estonian Association for Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2023, the Romanian Government decided on the reduction and alignment of tax incentives for employees in the IT, construction, agriculture and food industry sectors. This paper aims to analyze the impact on these activity fields, with a focus on the IT sector. For this purpose, indicators such as number of employees, percentage in the total GDP and labor productivity were considered relevant and the data was processed using the regression analysis. Thus, the implementation of fiscal facilities had an overall positive impact on all industries in terms of employment, but not necessarily as a percentage of GDP. A strong, direct link between the increase in the mean salary in the IT industry and number of employees, labor productivity and percentage of GDP was determined, with a coefficient of multiple determination of over 90% for all three regression analyses. The elimination of benefits for the employees working in IT might have a negative impact on the sector which has become a main strategic resource for Romania, mainly because the possibility of working remotely can make companies easily relocate their IT departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) in company strategy has become critical as it increases investors confident in the company. A company without ESG strategies will have problem on loss of intellectual capital, loss of customers, sales and decline in reputation. Failed to disclose ESG information perceived as having poor investments in high-risk sectors. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate current ESG practices disclosed in annual reports and sustainability statements among 55 construction sector companies listed in Bursa Malaysia from 2021 until 2022. The investigation was conducted using content analysis based on ESG pillars and themes of FTSE Russell rating model. The rating model consists of 3 individual pillars and 14 themes. A binary scoring method was used, and the result was analyses in descriptive analysis. Based on the content analysis, the results indicate that social pillar has the highest percentage of ESG practice among the construction company with 64% score with the focus on health & safety. Environmental pillar practice remains the second highest score with 57.45% followed by governance with 55% score. The findings of this study are useful to investors, government agencies such as Bursa Malaysia and Securities Commission, industry, policy makers, and other related agencies. This study is among the first content analysis study on auditing ESG practices of construction sector in Malaysian public listed companies guided by FTSE Russell rating model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Somali verb is traditionally presented as having a quite large number of inflectional paradigms with, e.g., special negative forms and several kinds of subordinate clause forms. The complexity of traditional descriptions tends to overshadow important generalisations that would otherwise reflect a relative simplicity of the Somali verb system. The most important reasons for the abundance of paradigms are that forms, periphrastic constructions and their functions are not systematically differentiated, but also that the tonal accent and case marking are treated as parts of the inflection, instead of phrasal marking of syntactic or pragmatic functions. The aim of this article is therefore to suggest a simplified analysis and to define the minimal set of synthetic forms and analytical constructions that are necessary for the description of Somali verb inflection as well as the basic syntactic functions of these forms and constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to analyze the natural population characteristics and habitat growth conditions of the valuable seaweed Silvetia siliquosa. Its population characteristics and habitat conditions were assessed monthly from May 2022 to April 2023 and April to August 2022, respectively, on selected habitats. The average population density, coverage, and frequency of S. siliquosa were 579 ± 94.18 ind./m2, 27.82 ± 6.92%/m2, and 78.37 ± 5.98/m2, respectively. The average thallus length and width were 47.53 ± 4.35 and 46.33 ± 4.17 mm, respectively, while the branch width, thickness, and frequency were 2.35 ± 0.03 mm, 0.59 ± 0.12 mm, and 2.8 ± 0.2 times, with a receptacle length and width of 24.13 ± 2.07 and 2.81 ± 0.19 mm, respectively. Among the 40 previously known natural habitats of S. siliquosa, growth was confirmed only in Sepo, Sebang, and Bangpo. The causes for the declining S. siliquosa populations could be attributed to habitat changes due to construction, coastal road maintenance projects, habitat disturbances, and increased pollutants. Habitat substrate disturbances and changes were the main causes of the decrease in S. siliquosa growth. Studies on environmental factors and habitat degradation, growth related to environmental factors, mass cultivation, and the marine ecosystem restoration of S. siliquosa are needed.

This study aims to determine the impact of green marketing (green perceived value), green products (green buildings), and environmental concerns on Jordanian consumers’ attitudes toward buying green buildings in Jordan. The research population includes all consumers in Amman, the capital of Jordan, who might be interested in buying such buildings. A convenience sample is used to collect data from the respondents by distributing the questionnaire among 400 consumers using Google Forms. 357 questionnaires were found valid for statistical analysis. The results of the multiple regression test showed that R equals 0.815, which indicated that green marketing and consumers’ attitudes toward buying green buildings in Jordan are positively and highly correlated, with a percentage of 81.5%. R square equals 0.664, indicating that the variation in green marketing explains 66.4% of the variance in consumers’ attitudes toward green buildings in Jordan. Moreover, the hierarchical multiple regression test showed that there is an increase in R and R2 values in the existence of product awareness as a moderating variable between green marketing and consumers’ attitudes toward buying green buildings in Jordan.

This paper offers the basic guidelines of a formalized version of the Lexical Constructional Model (LCM; Ruiz de Mendoza & Mairal Usón, 2008, 2011; Ruiz de Mendoza & Galera, 2014), the Formalized Lexical-Constructional Grammar (FL_CxG), which will pave the way for future computational developments, such as parsers or lexical databases. The FL_CxG deploys (i) the typologically oriented syntactic apparatus of Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin, 2005; Van Valin & LaPolla, 1997), (ii) the catalogue of constructional units arranged in a 4-layer typology, as proposed by the LCM, and (iii) some insights for semantic representations from the Generative Lexicon Theory (Pustejovsky, 1995; Pustejovsky & Batiukova, 2019), and Minimal English (Goddard, 2018). All the components of the FL_CxG (lexical units and construct(ion)s) are formally encoded as Typed Feature Structures in the format of Attribute Value Matrixes. These units are to be understood as constraints operating in the unification processes which underlie the generation/decoding of a given fragment of language.

Contrairement à d’autres pays, comme la France, la République démocratique du Congo ne dispose pas d’un code traitant uniquement de l’urbanisme. Cela ne veut pas dire que cette matière n’y est pas règlementée. Bien au contraire. Il existe un corpus de normes urbanistiques, notamment le décret de 1957 sur l’urbanisme ainsi qu’un arsenal des textes épars influant sur la constructibilité. Cependant, cette nature éparse du droit de l'urbanisme constitue une grande faiblesse pour l’harmonisation des actions à entreprendre par l’Administration pour contenir les initiatives individuelles anarchiques, débouchant sur des constructions anarchiques, qui prennent le dessus sur les besoins de la collectivité. Ainsi, en vue de contrer le développement de ces initiatives individuelles, d’une part, et de remédier à la difficulté de la dispersion des textes juridiques existant, d’autre part, nous suggérons la refonte des matières éparses sur l’urbanisme, mais aussi veiller à la légalité de certaines mesures d’application.

The subject of this article is the expression of causative movement events in German and Spanish. It is hypothesized that, being respectively a satellite frame language and a verbal frame language, it is likely that both differ in the syntactic order with which the semantic material of the aforementioned events is expressed, a question already studied for this pair of languages in the intransitive movement events. It is especially interesting to analyse this possible interlingual difference in statements with types of verbs that cannot necessarily be expected to develop the triargumental scheme of these causative events (agent subject, affected object and dynamic locative complement) due to their basic argument structure. This contribution specifically studies the possible development of these triargumental structures by the so-called verbs of contact by impact. To do this, a one-way contrastive analysis is carried out, from German to Spanish, of a corpus of pairs of statements extracted from the PaGeS corpus. The results certify the existence of the phenomenon in both languages, but also point to important interlingual differences in their productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we give a sufficient and necessary condition that a twisted Reed-Solomon (TRS) code is MDS. Then we give a sufficient and necessary condition that a twisted generalized Reed-Solomon (TGRS) code is self-dual. Moreover, we present some new explicit constructions of self-dual TGRS codes. These self-dual TGRS codes are MDS, Near-MDS, or 2-MDS and most of them are non-GRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to modern housing systems and new barn concepts, an indoor environment on dairy farms has become very important. Airborne dust is a significant pollutant in the indoor environment of animal barns. An increased concentration of small airborne dust particles can cause health problems for farm animals and workers. This research shows that cattle barns with straw bedding cause more indoor airborne dust than barns without straw. Increased ventilation airflow has a positive effect on reducing the concentration of airborne dust particles, which was especially evident in the comparison of older, massive brick cowsheds compared to modern, light, uninsulated barns. The installation and operation of axial fans with a horizontal axis of rotation significantly help natural ventilation in terms of airborne dust concentration reduction. The results of the research showed that a large proportion of airborne dust particles in the summer are made up of the smallest dust particles. This research shows the size composition of airborne dust fractions in selected dairy barns down to the smallest particles, including factors that influence this composition. Measurements with a Dust-Track 8530 laser photometer took place in the summer at external temperatures of 29.5 to 36 °C. In barns with straw bedding, the average total dust concentration TDC was 66.98 ± 28.38 μg·m−3 (PM10 60.11 ± 19.93 μg·m−3, PM4 49.48 ± 13.76 μg·m−3, PM2.5 44.78 ± 10.18 μg·m−3, and PM1 38.43 ± 9.29 μg·m−3). In barns without straw bedding, the average TDC was 55.91 ± 36.6 μg·m−3, PM10 33.71 ± 13.86 μg·m−3, PM4 30.69 ± 15.29 μg·m−3, PM2.5 27.02 ± 13.38 μg·m−3, and PM1 22.93 ± 10.48 μg·m−3. The largest TDC of 108.09 ± 32.93 μg·m−3 (PM10 69.80 ± 18.70 μg·m−3, PM4 68.20 ± 18.41 μg·m−3, PM2.5 53.27 ± 14.73 μg·m−3, and PM1 38.46 ± 5.55 μg·m−3) was measured in an old cowshed with stanchion housing for 113 cows, straw bedding, and ventilation through windows. In a modern cowshed for loose housing of 440 lactating cows without straw bedding, with natural ventilation and 24 axial fans, TDC was 53.62 ± 49.52 μg·m−3, PM10 20.91 ± 5.24 μg·m−3, PM4 17.11 ± 3.23 μg·m−3, PM2.5 13.71 ± 0.92 μg·m−3, and PM1 12.69 ± 2.82 μg·m−3. In all investigated barns, a large proportion of airborne dust particles (54.38 ± 20.82% of TDC) consists of the smallest PM1 dust particles (from 12.69 ± 2.82 μg·m−3 to 48.48 ± 1.18 μg·m−3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many descriptions of American Sign Language (ASL), signs like [breakfast] are identified as compounds. These signs were once formed with two separate signs but have since fused into a single unit. This article presents an alternative definition of compound that includes both functional and formal properties. Following this updated definition, examples of ASL compounds are constructions like [name sign] and [sign language], which combine two object-concept words to name an object concept, as well as related constructions like [formal room] 'living room,' which also label object concepts. The updated definition of compound allows for terminological consistency and sets the stage for fuller understanding of the variety of multisign units in ASL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The site of Němčice is known primarily for its metal artefacts from the La Tène period and its key role as an emporio - central site. Systematic research in the last few years has brought a huge amount of new data, including a large set of daub fragments, which in the past were parts of constructions like houses or production features. In the following article, we present the results of the first phase of the analysis from the very rich feature No. 500. It did not deliver too many ceramic or metal artefacts, but on the contrary, there is a large number of daub fragments. This material presents a very high representation of construction materials which includes wattle negatives, pale negatives and carved elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeological excavations at Vitănești “Măgurice” tell-settlement began in 1993 encompassed in a larger objective which targets learning the main characteristics of the neo-Eneolithic habitation in the Teleorman River area. The 2009-2019 excavation seasons pursued several objectives. The first was accomplishing the research of the last settlement layer, Gumelnița B1. The second objective was starting the research on the next settlement layer, by digging up both sectors. One campaign, in 2012, was dedicated to researching an off-tell settlement, discovered in 1999, named “Vitănești II”. This article reviews the main results of research over the last decade. Thereby, the research carried out in the northeast sector (Sy) targeted several buildings and a large area of animal bones located at the edge of the settlement. Four burnt buildings belonging to the last habitation level, strongly deteriorated by late interventions, were found in this surface. An area with a heavy concentration of antler materials was found in the north-west side of the settlement, which could have been a workshop for processing antlers. The archaeological inventory is very rich, consisting of: in situ vessels, many antler-, bone-, and flint- artifacts, loom weights, grinding stones, and figurines. Among these are some remarkable finds: a gold pendant, an anthropomorphic vessel, and a figurine with eyes made of two pieces of shell. The rather inconsistent remains of the buildings, some of which were burnt, were discovered underneath this level, pointing to a prior habitation to the last existence sequence of the settlement on “Măgurice”. The last campaigns focused on the Sx sector, having as main goal identifying the remains of habitation prior to the last known habitation layer. The two researched surfaces, H-L and M-R revealed a complex situation. Thereby, the research revealed the remains of an unburnt building in H-L surface, indicating that it belonged to Gumelnița A2 level, based on the ceramic fragments. Many archaeological artifacts were discovered in the rest of the H-L surface, concentration of materials that also continued in the nearby surface, M-R. Because no buildings have existed in this area for a long time, a large amount of archaeological material has accumulated. The most interesting find made in the M-R surface is represented by the remains of a burnt building, coded L18, and next to it, a hearth (or oven) with a novel way of construction. The building had a rich inventory composed of an assemblage of grinding stones and many in situ vessels.

Exploring how actors translate public policy content into practice provides new insight into policy processes. Because they are driven by contextual circumstances and values, that is, they are socially constructed, studying the interpretations and negotiations involved in the translation process advances our understanding of what shapes implementation agents, and subsequently the success of policy implementation. The Swedish moose policy, a legislative framework for decentralizing moose management in order to balance the various interests affected by the presence and abundance of moose, was used as a case study. In response to the task of implementation, some of the key stakeholders sought their own strategies for successful implementation and to achieve the national policy goals. This response expressed itself as two separate agreements, in 2016 and 2019, between different constellations of implementing actors (landowner and hunter organizations). These agreements provide an example of how key actors can translate policy, and expose inadequate policy designs. Revealing how the implementing actors perceive the policy and each other helps explain the continued presence of social and political conflict. Our results indicate that power struggles underpin the translation process; by constructing the core problem differently, not sharing ideas about management and using language that discourages collaboration, the actors' translations, together with a lack of clarity in policy design, hinder the chances of successful policy implementation. Policy processes have become increasingly complex, and differences between implementers present as obstacles that have to be overcome. The paper contributes to our understanding of implementation processes within a collaborative governance setting, where the responsibility of the implementation process has been devolved to non‐state actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In English the NP1 V NP2 construction typically involves arguments that are construed as Agent and Patient, or Subject and Object. It is associated with the notion of transitivity and analyzed accordingly, even when it exhibits only the syntactic properties of transitivity but not its semantic characteristics. This phenomenon is well-known and has been accounted for by linguists (Lakoff 1977; Hopper and Thompson 1980, among others) as a result of the absence of some prototypical transitive features in the utterance. This paper aims at demonstrating that the NP1 V NP2 structure has a semantic value and conveys a general abstract sense, of which prototypical transitivity represents only one particular realization whose occurrence is determined by the semantic and aspectual properties of the context. It will be argued that the sense of this construction can be explained through concepts that are not usually used in the description of transitive utterances, namely conjunction and disjunction. In some examples, the subject enters a relation of conjunction or disjunction with the object. In others, it is the other way round.

This paper examines the degree to which learners’ L1 typology may affect the comprehension and production of L2 constructions. It has been suggested that English makes more use of constructional meaning than other languages (Goldberg, 2006: 120). Spanish learners of English have been found to face difficulties interpreting constructional meaning when it does not match the verb sense. One of the reasons for this failure may be the lack of a comparable construction in their native language (Martínez Vázquez, 2004). The caused-motion construction is common to satellite-framed languages but almost inexistent in verb-framed languages. I will hypothesize that learners of English with a source language that has a similar construction will make a better use of constructional meaning than learners whose native language does not contain this form-meaning correspondence. In order to test this hypothesis I made an extensive search for Motion verbs in the ICLE (International Corpus of Learner English). The writing produced by native speakers of three satellite-framed languages (German, Dutch and Swedish) was contrasted with the production of native speakers of verb-framed languages (Spanish, French and Italian). The results supply evidence of how the typology of the source language may facilitate or hinder the learning process.

The article focuses on the construction of international students in continental Europe, aiming to broaden the existing literature that primarily focuses on English-speaking countries. It explores the structural influences of policy, practices, and representations in shaping the experiences of international students and suggests using the concept of "internationalised" students instead.

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Copyright of Magazine of Historical Studies & Archaeology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In this work, we investigate the analytic causative microconstructions in Portuguese, from the theoretical conception of Use-Centered Functional Linguistics. We aim to analyze causation patterns in microconstructions with fazer, deixar, mandar, permitir, levar and obrigar - the most frequent data found in the media sample of PEUL, composed of the newspapers O Globo, Jornal do Brasil, Extra and O Povo. From the analysis of the groups of factors causative subject’s agentivity, caused subject’s animacy, and verbal process of the verb-effect, we sought to verify whether these microconstructions are semantically equivalent or whether there is a polysemy regarding their use according to the theory of Construction Grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2000; CROFT, 2001, among others). The results showed that there is a polysemic network with different forms of conceptualization of the causative structure, with selection dependent on the elements of the discourse.

Any economic entity may be represented by means of two fundamental financial images, the held financial position, respectively, on the one hand, and the achieved performances, on the other hand. If, regarding the financial position, we aim at a dual approach, reflecting the method of financing the assets based on equities and debts, with regard to the performances, we are considering a dual structuring according to engaged causes/expenses and achieved effects/incomes. For the purpose of substantiating relevant managerial decisions, an efficient management of the information provided by the financial position and performances is required. A relatively easy and extremely suggestive way of managing this information is the analysis based on the installment method, namely of indicators of percentage reports type regarding various aspects, like the companies’ structure, liquidity, solvability or profitability.