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The fatigue allowance effectively mitigates declines in physiological state due to work fatigue. An appropriate allowance rate facilitates timely recovery for employees and serves as a crucial basis for labor quota formulation. In this paper, the action mode in mechanical processing was extracted and disassembled into six action units. The study conducted fatigue measurement experiments based on physiological measurement methods, including exercise fatigue tests at different frequencies and work fatigue tests over varying durations. As the frequency of actions increased, the rate monotonic scheduling index showed a linear increasing trend and the degree of fatigue caused by the action was different. The fatigue coefficient of different action units and the fatigue index of the fatigue instability period were obtained by fitting. Hazard ratio indicators showed significant differences, and the corresponding fatigue recovery rest time was obtained for different continuous operation hours. By further fitting the above data, a fatigue relaxation rate model suitable for simulating operation methods was obtained (the fatigue coefficient for the simulated operations in this study is 0.076152) which could provide a reasonable basis for the formulation of fatigue allowance rates for machining methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A pilot-scale smouldering reactor with a height of 2.0 m is constructed. • Smouldering performance under long-term continuous operation is evaluated. • Effect of discharging residue interval and Darcy velocity is investigated. • 30 s for discharging residue interval and 3.5 cm/s for Darcy velocity are suggested. Smouldering is a novel, low-energy, low-cost technology for disposing of sludge with high moisture. Currently, related researches focus on the lab-scale with batch disposal, but more reports about the pilot-scale with continuous process need to be done. Based on our previous research, this study further enlarged the pilot-scale smouldering reactor height from 1.2 m to 2.0 m and provides insight into the smouldering performance under long-term continuous operation and the influence of the discharging residue interval and Darcy velocity. The temperate evolution shows that the discharging residue interval significantly affects the reaction location stability due to the difference between the smouldering upward velocity and the feed-stock descent velocity. Furthermore, the unburnout content, heavy metal in the smouldering-derived residue, the non-condensable flue gas concentrations (O 2 , CO, NO x , VOCs, dioxin), and the components of the condensable liquid are deeply investigated. The pilot-scale measurements show that 30 s and 40 s for the discharging residue interval under the studied operating condition may be reasonable for the high (3.5 cm/s and 5.0 cm/s) and low (2.5 cm/s) Darcy velocity, respectively. Comprehensively, the condition with 30 s for the discharging residue interval and 3.5 cm/s for the Darcy velocity is suggested in the future actual application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), also known as lactase, is an exoglycosidase enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing the β-glycosidic bond between galactose and its organic moiety. This study focused on extracting, purifying, characterizing and immobilizing β-galactosidase from tomato leaves. The enzyme was successfully extracted using a 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6. To evaluate its chemical properties, the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on enzyme activity were examined. The optimal temperature for β-galactosidase activity was found to be 50°C and the enzyme demonstrated the highest solubility at pH 6. The kinetic parameters of the free enzyme were determined, revealing a Michaelis constant (Km) of 0.1 mM and a maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) of 48.78 ìmol/min. These findings provide valuable insights into the enzyme's efficiency and behaviour under various conditions, which are essential for optimizing its application in industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial scale-up of hydrothermal supercritical water gasification process requires catalytic integration to reduce the high operational temperatures and pressures to enhance controlled chemical reaction pathways, product yields, and overall process economics. There is greater literature disparity in consensus on what is the best catalyst and reactor design for hydrothermal gasification. This arises from the limited research on catalysis in continuous flow hydrothermal systems and rudimentary lab-scale experimentation on simple biomasses. This review summarizes the literature status of catalytic hydrothermal processing, especially for continuous gasification and in situ catalyst handling. The rationale for using low and high temperatures during catalytic hydrothermal processing is highlighted. The role of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in hydrothermal gasification is presented. In addition, the rationale behind certain designs and component selection for catalytic investigations in continuous hydrothermal conversion is highlighted. Furthermore, the effect of different classes of catalysts on the reactor and reactions are elaborated. Overall, design and infrastructural challenges such as plugging, corrosion, agglomeration of the catalysts, catalyst metal leaching, and practical assessment of catalyst integration towards enhancement of process economics still present open questions. Therefore, strategies for catalytic configuration in continuous hydrothermal process must be evaluated on a system-by-system basis depending on the feedstock and experimental goals.

Industrial scale-up of hydrothermal supercritical water gasification process requires catalytic integration to reduce the high operational temperatures and pressures to enhance controlled chemical reaction pathways, product yields, and overall process economics. There is greater literature disparity in consensus on what is the best catalyst and reactor design for hydrothermal gasification. This arises from the limited research on catalysis in continuous flow hydrothermal systems and rudimentary lab-scale experimentation on simple biomasses. This review summarizes the literature status of catalytic hydrothermal processing, especially for continuous gasification and in situ catalyst handling. The rationale for using low and high temperatures during catalytic hydrothermal processing is highlighted. The role of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in hydrothermal gasification is presented. In addition, the rationale behind certain designs and component selection for catalytic investigations in continuous hydrothermal conversion is highlighted. Furthermore, the effect of different classes of catalysts on the reactor and reactions are elaborated. Overall, design and infrastructural challenges such as plugging, corrosion, agglomeration of the catalysts, catalyst metal leaching, and practical assessment of catalyst integration towards enhancement of process economics still present open questions. Therefore, strategies for catalytic configuration in continuous hydrothermal process must be evaluated on a system-by-system basis depending on the feedstock and experimental goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To solve the problems of low accuracy and low efficiency, high labor intensity and high production cost of fresh fruit manual sorting in China. Methods: A new dynamic weighing type fruit sorting machine was developed based on the fruit weight classification method. This machine operated by initially collecting the weight of fruit through a high-precision weighing unit. The data collected was then processed in conjunction with a signal processing module and a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The processed data controlled an actuator, specifically a launcher, to execute the sorting based on the fruit's weight. This machine was capable of continuously performing loading, weighing (diameter ≤126 mm). Results: When the separation efficiency was 18 327, 14 400, 10 473 PCS/h, the average separation accuracy was 95.31%, 96.12%, 97.13%, and the damage rate was 1.09%, 1.11%, 1.15%, respectively. Fruit sorting speed significantly affected the sorting accuracy, but had no significant effect on fruit damage rate. Conclusion: The new dynamic weighing type fruit sorting machine can effectively improve the efficiency of fruit sorting and reduce the damage to fruit under the premise of keeping the sorting accuracy >95%.

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We demonstrated a 75‐inch 4K 60Hz outdoor display with an open cell brightness of 3500 nits and regular service life greater than 30000 hours. In terms of design, we focused on improving transistor shading. In the process, efforts were made to reduce transistor Ioff and enhance TFT working stability. And in the circuit aspect, a time‐varying voltage compensation IC was employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatigue allowance effectively mitigates declines in physiological state due to work fatigue. An appropriate allowance rate facilitates timely recovery for employees and serves as a crucial basis for labor quota formulation. In this paper, the action mode in mechanical processing was extracted and disassembled into six action units. The study conducted fatigue measurement experiments based on physiological measurement methods, including exercise fatigue tests at different frequencies and work fatigue tests over varying durations. As the frequency of actions increased, the rate monotonic scheduling index showed a linear increasing trend and the degree of fatigue caused by the action was different. The fatigue coefficient of different action units and the fatigue index of the fatigue instability period were obtained by fitting. Hazard ratio indicators showed significant differences, and the corresponding fatigue recovery rest time was obtained for different continuous operation hours. By further fitting the above data, a fatigue relaxation rate model suitable for simulating operation methods was obtained (the fatigue coefficient for the simulated operations in this study is 0.076152) which could provide a reasonable basis for the formulation of fatigue allowance rates for machining methods.

The process of countercurrent multistage precipitation (CnMP) was developed for reduction of the acidic variant (av) content in monoclonal antibody (mAb) pools. The process was performed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions of low ionic strength, at which av was the most prone to precipitate. To design the process, a mathematical model was formulated, which consisted of steady-state mass balance equations and underlying thermodynamic dependencies. The model was solved for different combinations of the process variables, including the protein concentration in the feed material and the PEG concentration in subsequent precipitation stages. The model solution was projected onto two-dimensional planes, where the performance indicators, such as the separation yield and the av reduction level, were correlated with the process variables. CnMP overperformed crosscurrent multistage precipitation (CsMP) and ion exchange chromatography (IEX) used in previous studies; in the comparison with CsMP, the 3-stage CnMP process allowed up to 28% increase in yield and up to 25% increase in the av reduction level, and in the comparison with IEX, up to 37% increase in yield and up 12.5% increase in the av reduction level. The yield benefit of CnMP depended on the composition of the feed material and the demand for the av reduction. The concept was experimentally verified; the 2- and 3-stage CnMP processes were performed using the input process variables provided by the model solution. The performance indicators calculated by the model and experimentally measured were in a good agreement, which indicated both feasibility and predictability of CnMP. [Display omitted] • PEG-aided precipitation was used to reduce acidic variant content in a mAb pool. • Precipitation was performed in crosscurrent (CsMP) and countercurrent (CnMP) regimes. • Mathematical model was used for the process design. • CnMP outperformed CsMP and ion exchange chromatography. • CnMP can be performed in continuous mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this paper is to assess the thermal behaviour of Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) under continuous operation mode during the cooling period in warm climatic conditions. An experimental setup was conducted in Biskra University (Algeria) to test the ability to use EAHE as an alternative solution to conventional air conditioning systems. Besides, a transient numerical approach for the flowing air within the EAHE was developed using energy balance equations, discretised by the implicit finite differences method and solved by Thomas method. Furthermore, the transient temperature profile of the soil around the EAHE was investigated in order to determine the adiabatic radius of the soil as a function of the duration of operation. In this context, a transient semi-analytical model was integrated to the air model to estimate the transient EAHE’s performance deterioration. This deterioration is produced by the thermal saturation of the soil, which is influenced by the heat released from the air inside the pipe. Results showed that continuous operation for a duration of four days has minimal impact on the outlet air temperatures due to the implementation of night purging. Furthermore, the design and thermal efficiency of the EAHE are impacted by factors such as higher air velocity and reduced soil thermal conductivity.

Fe0 and MoS 2 can synergistically activate H 2 O 2 to generate free radicals for the removal of refractory organic compounds. This study aims to evaluate the Fe0-H 2 O 2 -MoS 2 process for the removal of refractory organic compounds from bio-treated landfill leachate (BTL) under continuous operation mode. The results show that the dosage of H 2 O 2 , Fe0 and MoS 2 all affect the removal effect of the Fe0-H 2 O 2 -MoS 2 process on refractory organics during continuous operation. The removal rates of total organic carbon, absorbance at 254 nm and chroma at an initial pH of 3, [H 2 O 2 ] of 5 mM, Fe0 of 0.4 g/L, MoS 2 of 0.4 g/L and reaction time of 60 min were 65.83%, 85.11% and 93.14%, respectively. The Fe0-H 2 O 2 -MoS 2 process can not only effectively destroy the complex structure of refractory organic compounds in the BTL treatment but also reduce the biological toxicity of BTL to a certain extent. In addition, a high organic removal rate can still be maintained during the long-term dynamic reaction process. Therefore, the Fe0-H 2 O 2 -MoS 2 process has excellent performance in removing refractory organic compounds from BTL under continuous operation conditions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digging holes for planting, which is a minimal tillage method, is beneficial in terms of reducing energy consumption and preventing erosion. Current popular hole diggers operate intermittently to give low productivity, and this problem can be solved by continuous hole digging machine with active tillage unit. On the basis of established principles, the kinematics of machine and its optimal parameters have been studied and determined. This paper presents the results of the study on dynamics of a tractor combined with a continuous excavator, as a basis for determining the combination’s working parameters, such as the speed of the unit and the number of rows. The experimental data on digger’s drag torque and the characteristics of Kubota B2530 tractor are the basis for simulating the working process at different speeds. The inequality of rotation speed and the moment of engine crankshaft is determined. Aggregates with single-row digger work stably in gears P1 to P6, while with double-row digger, stable operation is in gears P1 to P5. The productivity of a continuous operating digger is superior to that of an intermittent operating one. A continuous operating digger can reach 3500 pits·hour-1 with a double-row or 2400 pits·hour-1 with a single-row tractor aggregate.

• Food-processing sludge with extremely high moisture is treated by smouldering. • Sand: Food-processing sludge: Sawdust = 25:5:1 may be a reasonable mixing ratio. • Continuous self-sustaining smoldering is volumetrically scaled up to the pilot-scale. • O 2 , CO, NO x , SO 2 , VOC, and dioxin concentrations of flue gas are measured. • Heavy metal element is low in ash, good self-healing of smouldering is validated. Although smouldering of solid waste with high moisture has shown strong promise in laboratory studies, there are fewer reports about the larger-scale device and continuous operation. This work studies a self-sustaining smouldering treatment of food-processing sludge (FPS) with extremely high moisture (over 85 %) in laboratory- and pilot-scale devices. Results from laboratory-scale experiments show that adding auxiliary fuel is necessary to maintain FPS self-sustaining smouldering, Sand: FPS: Sawdust = 25:5:1 is a reasonable mixing ratio. Then, the self-sustaining smouldering is volumetrically scaled up to the pilot-scale. The smouldering asynchrony in the feedstock is observed due to the non-uniform air flux. Compared to the laboratory-scale, the pilot-scale device presents a similar temperature level but a higher smouldering velocity. Furthermore, a continuous process in the pilot-scale device is successfully performed, and the flue gas concentrations are measured: 15.0 ∼ 16.5 % for O 2 , 4000 ∼ 5500 ppm for CO, 155 ∼ 195 ppm for NO x , 210 ∼ 250 ppm for VOC s , 55 ∼ 70 ppm for SO 2 , 0.0138 ∼ 0.0317 ngTEQ/m3 (at 11 % O 2) for dioxin. These studied results can provide useful information for continuous, low-energy solid waste treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A mixture of cation and anion exchange resin bed was synthesized. • A RW-EDI process was configured to treat NH 4 +-containing water. • The resin bed volume was 3.51 mL within the RW-EDI stack. • The system was operated in a continuous mode with a 2.2 A cm−2 current density and 3 V applied voltage. • After eight cycles, treatment efficiency reaches 80%, with 41% CE and 0.78 kWh m−3 PC under optimized conditions. Ammonium ion (NH 4 +) is a common pollutant from various sources like human and animal waste, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and commercial products, with traditional treatment methods often generating secondary contaminants, such as nitrite and nitrate. In this study, an energy-efficient resin-wafer electrodeionization (RW-EDI) process was employed for nitrogen recovery from ammonium-rich water. The system was operated in a continuous mode, with voltage-current curve measurements identifying a limiting current density of 2.2 A cm−2. With the NH 4 + concentration of 1 g/L and a flow rate of 2.4 mL min−1, the system was tested at various cell voltages (1.2–7.2 V). The system could achieve 80 % NH 4 + removal efficiency at a cell voltage of 3 V, current density of 2.2 A cm−2, influent NH 4 + level of 3 g/L, and flow rate of 6.4 mL min−1. The observed current efficiency and the calculated power consumption were 41 % and 0.78 kWh m−3, respectively. Finally, a mass balance model was developed to predict the number of RW-EDI stacks for complete removal of NH 4 + from the feed. Overall, the result from this study demonstrates that the RW-EDI-based system could be a promising technology for recovering nitrogen from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Achieve complete dechlorination of CAP for the first time using Pd-Au H 2 -MCfR. • CAP reduction pathway investigation based on kinetics and DFT calculation. • Continuous removal of 10 mg/L of CAP in H 2 -MCfR and had less than 1 % catalyst loss. • Complete reductive dechlorination significantly greatly reduced acute toxicity. An effective treatment method to achieve complete dehalogenation of halogenated antibiotics is an urgent affair, because partially dehalogenated products remain persistent pollutants and sometimes having higher toxicity than the original antibiotics. This study is the first to achieve complete reductive dechlorination of chloramphenicol (CAP) using bimetallic alloy Pd-Au nanoparticles (Pd-AuNPs) in a hydrogen (H 2)-based membrane catalyst-film reactor (H 2 -MCfR). Compared to mono-Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs), bimetallic alloy Pd-AuNPs gave faster removal and more complete dechlorination of CAP in batch and continuous-flow experiments. Notably, complete CAP dechlorination was achieved with a catalyst film of Pd-AuNPs (mole ratio 1:1) that had negligible catalyst loss in a 20-day continuous operation. LC-MS identified the products of reductive dechlorination, and the dominant pathways differed significantly between PdNPs and Pd-AuNPs. In particular, Pd-AuNPs favored reductive dechlorination, while PdNPs favored reduction of the –NO 2 group, which led to partially dechlorinated products that were stable. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed how the Au atoms reduced the adsorption energy of reactants, which affected reaction selectivity. Toxicity prediction model confirmed that reducing dechlorination significantly decreased acute toxicity to fish, daphnia and green algae. Thus, the MCfR with Pd-AuNP catalysts offers promise for achieving complete dechlorination of CAP and inspires further studies for other halogenated antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haptic technology permeates diverse fields and is receiving renewed attention for VR and AR applications. Advances in flexible electronics, facilitate the integration of haptic technologies into soft wearable systems, however, because of small footprint requirements face challenges of operational time requiring either large batteries, wired connections or frequent recharge, restricting the utility of haptic devices to short-duration tasks or low duty cycles, prohibiting continuously assisting applications. Currently many chronic applications are not investigated because of this technological gap. Here, we address wireless power and operation challenges with a biosymbiotic approach enabling continuous operation without user intervention, facilitated by wireless power transfer, eliminating the need for large batteries, and offering long-term haptic feedback without adhesive attachment to the body. These capabilities enable haptic feedback for robotic surgery training and posture correction over weeks of use with neural net computation. The demonstrations showcase that this device class expands use beyond conventional brick and strap or epidermally attached devices enabling new fields of use for imperceptible therapeutic and assistive haptic technologies supporting care and disease management. • Continuous haptic feedback with high spatial resolution via adhesive-free biosymbiotic device architectures. • Continuous, neural net enabled multimodal closed-loop haptic feedback for assistive and therapeutic applications. • Demonstration of advanced learning outcomes through haptics for minimally invasive surgery training and postural reeducation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iodine–Sulfur (IS) or Sulfur–Iodine (SI) thermochemical water-splitting cycle is considered as one of the most promising hydrogen production methods through thermal chemical cycle process with heat. This paper introduces the new built hydrogen production testing facility of IS process made by industrial structural material (IS-5m3 facility). The TC4, Hastelloy C276 and SiC materials were chosen in this pilot-scale testing facility for different modules. The new designed structure of Bunsen reactor, HI decomposer and H 2 SO 4 decomposer are described particularly, and the corresponding individual tests are successfully executed to verify the function of each section. Based on testing, a preliminary continuous experimental run was carried out in September of 2021 for about 4 h with the hydrogen production capacity of 80 L/h. The problems such as slight corrosion, lower hydrogen gas yield and shorter operation time faced in this experiment will be modified in the near future. A longer time operation and higher H 2 production rate test will be carried out soon. • Materials were selected based on a corrosion test and previous studies. • Designing and constructing a new hydrogen production testing facility of IS process made by industrial structural material. • The corresponding individual tests for three separate parts were successfully executed. • A preliminary continuous experimental run was carried out for 4 h with the hydrogen production capacity of 80 L/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing desalination (FD) is considered a potential alternative that addresses the shortage in water resources. FD commercialization is limited due to the intermittent nature of the FD process. An experimental investigation is conducted to a pilot continuous freeze desalination unit that employs vacuum-assisted brine extraction. The system is regarded as a first step to realize a continuous freeze desalination process that can be then commercialized. The proposed pilot FD unit has multiple brine extraction stages to reach the desired water salinity. Four distinct feed water salinity are tested. The results show that the unit has the potential to produce low-salinity water without the need for washing or crushing which causes significant mass loss. The results indicate that water is obtained at a salinity of 393 and 1225 ppm NaCl at feed water salinities equal 10,000 and 40,000 ppm NaCl, respectively. Furthermore, the system produces an approximate constant volume equal 850 mL which is around 28 % of feed water volume. The gain output ratio (GOR) of the system is 3.07, 2.97, 2.99 and 2.98 for feed water with salinity 10,000, 20,000, 30,000 and 40,000 ppm NaCl respectively. • The pilot FD unit produces low-salinity water without mass loss. • The system yields 850 mL per cycle, 28 % of the feed. • Gain output ratio ranges from 2.97 to 3.07. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A continuous stirred tank reactor was constructed using common laboratory supplies. • Cu 7 S 4 was continuously synthesized in a mild experiment condition. • The morphology of Cu 7 S 4 was controlled by agitation speed. As a typical model for a chemical reactor in industry, the continuous stirring tank reactor has been widely used in waste-water treatment, industrial catalysis, and biological fermentation as well as great application prospects in the synthesis of nanomaterials. In this report, a convenient lab-scale continuous stirring tank reactor was assembled and utilized to synthesize Cu 7 S 4 nanocrystals by injecting cupric bromide and sulfur solution in the presence of ascorbic acid and polyethyleneimine at 60 °C. The morphology control of Cu 7 S 4 nanocrystals was accomplished by simply adjusting the agitation speed. Cu 7 S 4 nanofibers with an average diameter of 48 ± 4.42 nm and a length of several micrometers were obtained at 80 rpm. Cu 7 S 4 nanoplates with a thickness of 89 ± 13.56 nm and a plane size of 103 ± 16.47 nm were synthesized at 90 rpm, and the size of the nanoplates was regulated by continuously increasing the agitation speed from 90 rpm to 1000 rpm. Furthermore, the influences of two additional conditions (the mean residence time and the concentration of the feed solution) on the morphology of Cu 7 S 4 nanocrystals, were also investigated. Therefore, these results could facilitate the understanding of the behaviors of CSTR in the synthesis of Cu 7 S 4 nanocrystals and could also provide an important reference for the continuous synthesis of other nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonly high lipid in food waste confronts anaerobic digestion with improved energy production and also inhibition risk from the intermediate long chain fatty acids (LCFAs). Combined with operation challenges from anaerobic digestion of food waste itself, coping strategies are necessitated to ensure stable operation for oily food waste (OFW). A parallel thermophilic (TD) and mesophilic digestion (MD) of high-solid OFW was conducted and operated continuously for a long term. It was clarified that challenges were mainly from acidification, trace metal deficiency and LCFA inhibition. Acidification resulted in an abrupt pH decline to even below 6.00, and over 75% drop of biogas production rate. In addition to the requirements of saturated strong alkali to maintain an appropriate range, supplementation of trace metals were proven effective in counteracting the sharp decrease of biogas production rate. The TD was observed more competent in coping with the acidification than the MD, while the TD needed more supplementation of trace metals at approximately 0.10 mg Fe/g chemical oxygen demand (COD) added , 0.01 mg Co/g COD added and 0.01 mg Ni/g COD added. The TD was more adaptable in LCFA conversion due to the stronger ability of overcoming the palmitic acid (C16:0) accumulation. The MD experienced a prolonged recovery period owing to LCFA inhibition shortly after acidification. Similar operation performance was ultimately achieved for the TD and MD by the counteractions, with a methane yield and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiency at about 0.60 L/g VS added and 75.0%, respectively. In summary, combined pH control and trace metal supplementation, and prevention and recovery of LCFA inhibition were necessary for the stability insurance of a long-term continuous digestion of oily food waste. [Display omitted] • Long and stable continuous digestion of high-solid oily food waste was explored. • Fatty acid inhibition remained inevitable, besides lacking alkalinity and nutrient. • Maintaining pH above 6.80 and nutrient addition needed to be performed in couple. • 55 °C required more nutrient at 0.10 mg Fe, 0.01 mg Co and Ni per gram of COD added. • The coping strategies were proven effective in achieving 0.60 L methane/g VS added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high moisture content of sewage sludge and the difficulty of dewatering are the common technical problems that restrict the utilization of sludge resources. Hydrothermal carbonization technology can change sewage sludge into hydrochar, liquid phase and a small amount of CO2 through a series of hydrothermal reactions under a certain temperature and pressure. The dewatering performance of sewage sludge can be greatly improved after hydrothermal carbonization, which promotes reduction and resource utilization of sludge. At present, there are many achievements have been made in process optimization and product characteristics, but few reports on the industrial scale of sewage sludge hydrothermal carbonization, which promoted the large-scale application of hydrothermal carbonization technology in sludge dewatering. In this paper, the sludge hydrothermal carbonization system based on engineering scale was studied, the technological process and control logic of system were elaborated. In the engineering system, we carried out continuous testing for 4 days, analyzed the physicochemical characterization of sewage sludge and hydrochar, discussed the product distribution of hydrochar, liquid phase and gas phase, and calculated the energy balance of the system. The results showed that the system worked well, and all indexes met the design requirements, the three-phase products after hydrothermal carbonization were 28.57% of hydrochar, 70% of liquid phase, 1.43% of gas phase, and the sludge dewatering rate could reach 75%. Under the hydrothermal reaction conditions of high temperature and high pressure, the water in the sludge was in a subcritical state, with high free ionization constant and low dielectric constant, which made the water have strong solubility and penetration ability as the reaction solvent and broke up the sludge microbial cells in the reaction process, The organic substances (protein, fat and carbohydrate) in the sludge cells were further hydrolyzed into small molecular substances, and the cell bound water was released, which improved the dewatering performance of sludge. Through the analysis of hydrochar, it can be seen that the O/C ratio of hydrochar was 2.58, indicating that the stability of hydrochar was poor. Combined with the ultimate analysis of hydrochar, the low calorific value was 13.17 MJ/kg and ash content was 35.05%, it was concluded that the fuel characteristics of hydrochar were not ideal, and other resource utilization paths need to be explored. The concentrations of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in aqueous phase were 2 000-5 000, 100-600 and 10-200 mg/kg respectively. The hydrothermal phase products had a high potential in the preparation of organic fertilizer. However, considering the high COD content and complex composition in aqueous phase, the treatment and resource utilization of aqueous phase products need to be further studied. Considering the whole production system, the heating energy and power consumption of the system were 454.22 and 64.80 MJ/t respectively, the energy consumption ratio of the continuous hydrothermal carbonization system was 83.83%, and the energy recovery ratio was 66.68%, which showed that most of the energy was transferred to the products of each phase, and indicated the hydrothermal carbonization of sludge has a good application prospect. Through the analysis of dewatering rate and energy balance, it can be found that hydrothermal carbonization technology has better technical advantages in the treatment of high water content sludge. This study could provide an important technical reference for the development and application of continuous hydrothermal carbonization of sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar thermochemical gasification is an opportunity for the production of sustainable fuels from carbonaceous resources including biomass. Substituting conventional gasification processes by solar-driven technologies may enable cleaner production of H 2 -rich syngas while saving feedstock resources and alleviating CO 2 emissions. This work addresses hybrid solar-autothermal gasification of mm-sized beech wood particles in a lab-scale 1.5 kW th spouted-bed reactor. Hybridization under reduced solar power input was performed by injecting oxygen and additional biomass inside the gasifier for complementary heat supply. Increasing O 2 :C molar ratios (in the range 0.14–0.58) allowed to heat the reactor cavity and walls progressively, while gradually impairing the reactor performance with an increase of the syngas CO 2 content and a decrease of the reactor cold gas efficiency (CGE). Gasification with mixed H 2 O and O 2 was then assessed at thermodynamic equilibrium and global trends were validated experimentally, showing that control of H 2 :CO ratio was compatible with in-situ combustion. The impact of reaction temperature (1200–1300 °C) and heating mode (direct or indirect) was experimentally studied during both allothermal and hybrid gasification. Higher H 2 and CO yields were achieved at high temperatures (1300 °C) under direct reactor heating. Hybridization was able to counterbalance a 40% drop of the nominal solar power input, and the measured CGE reached 0.82, versus values higher than 1 during allothermal gasification. [Display omitted] • A 1.5 kW th spouted bed solar gasifier was studied under both direct and indirect heating. • Impact of hybrid allothermal-autothermal operation on syngas production was investigated. • H 2 O–O 2 gasification was assessed at thermodynamic equilibrium and validated experimentally. • High temperatures (∼1300 °C) and direct heating favored both allothermal and hybrid operation. • A 40% cut of the solar power input was counterbalanced by addition of biomass and oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A continuous electrodialysis metathesis (EDM) process for converting Na2SO4 to high-value K2SO4 fertilizer was proposed and investigated in this paper. After 6 h, a stable production could be obtained. The concentration of K2SO4 output could be as high as 0.683 mol/L, with a purity of 93.4%–96.5%. The specific energy consumption was 166–300 kWh/ton K2SO4, and the current efficiency was 74.7%–84.5%. Meanwhile, the concentration of by-product NaCl could also reach 2.226 mol/L. The results showed that the effects of stack voltage, feed flowrate, feed concentration, and temperature were similar to those occurring in the normal electrodialysis process. There was a restriction relation between the ions from the two desalination compartments, due to the Donnan equilibrium and electrostatic effect. Therefore, a mole ratio of 1:2 between Na2SO4 and KCl in feed solutions would be of benefit for the synthesis process. An EDM process combined with reverse osmosis and vapor mechanical recompression was proposed and evaluated. The result of the economic evaluation showed that gross profit by converting the Na2SO4 wastewater to K2SO4 is nearly 475.13 CNY/ton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MELiSSA (Micro Ecological Life Support System Alternative) is developing bioregenerative Life Support technologies for long-term Space missions. The MELiSSA concept is conceived as a loop with several compartments, each one performing a specific function, providing all together edible material production, atmosphere regeneration and water recovery with a concomitant use of wastes, i.e., CO2 and organic wastes. Each one of the compartments is colonized with specific bacteria or higher plants depending on its specific function. The MELiSSA Pilot Plant is a facility designed for the terrestrial demonstration of this concept, hosting laboratory rats as a crew mock-up mimicking the respiration of humans. Currently, the MELiSSA Pilot Plant focus on the integration of three compartments: Compartment 3 (nitrifying packed-bed bioreactor based on the co-culture of immobilized Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradsky), compartment 4a (an air-lift photobioreactor for the culture of the edible cyanobacteria Limnospira indica with concomitant oxygen production) and Compartment 5 (an animal isolator with rats as mock-up crew). The output from these tests shows a high robustness and reliability and the performance of oxygen producing and oxygen consuming compartments is successfully demonstrated under transitory and steady-state conditions. This contribution reports on the current state of development of the MELiSSA Pilot Plant Facility and the most recent results of the integration work.

[Display omitted] • Biogas circulation at 5 L/min could not completely replace mechanical stirring. • Intermittent stripping mode proved applicable for in situ ammonia stripping. • Thermophilic digestion could be promoted to 90% of the methanogenic potential. • Exceeding the loading 4.2 g COD/L/d resulted in failure of the stripping mode. High-solid anaerobic digestion of hydrothermal sewage sludge has been developed. In order to upgrade the process by focusing on ammonia inhibition, a simply-equipped stripping system without additional alkali or heat supply was introduced by in situ biogas self-circulation. As the determined limit of total ammonia nitrogen at 1500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L for the mesophilic (MAD) and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) respectively and stripping rate at 5 L/min, continuous MAD and TAD was conducted in parallel. The stripping system successfully polished up the ammonia inhibition, and methanogenic capability of the TAD was promoted to approximately 90.0 % of the potential. Intermittent stripping mode proved usable. More frequent stripping was inevitable for the TAD as compared to the MAD. Hydraulic retention time below 20 d resulted in failure of the stripping mode due to rapid ammonia generation. Overall, this technology was practical in upgrading high-solid sludge digestion by effective ammonia control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important purpose of the tritium processes in the fusion fuel cycle is to stably supply tritium and deuterium to reduce operational uncertainty in the Tokamak. To achieve this, it is desirable for the process operation to be designed as a continuous process with a steady flowrate, pressure and composition. In this study, we aim to propose a modified concept of storage and delivery system, the Fuel Buffer System which is the main interface system between the tritium processing systems and Tokamak for the continuous operation in tritium processes. The buffer vessel is considered as a key interface equipment in the FBS to make steady feed or product stream. We evaluate the tritium inventory and the design impact of the FBS in a tokamak burn-and-dwell operating environment. By applying known ITER operating scenarios, we perform sensitivity analysis on the operating pressure of the buffer vessel and fuel cycle operation time. Based on the results, we suggest the design strategy for fusion fuel cycle in the K-DEMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smouldering is a novel low-energy, low-cost and high-effective technology for the disposal of high-moisture wastes. Most of the existing reports focus on the lab-scale studies and non-continuous operation, but the study about the large-scale device and continuous process is lacking. This work scales up the self-sustained smouldering from the lab-scaled device to the pilot-scale device for treating the printing and dyeing sludge (PDS) with high moisture (over 60%) under continuous operation. Firstly, the lab-scale smouldering experiments with different sand/PDS mixing ratios are performed, and the 4.5/1 mixing ratio is selected as a suitable mixing ratio. Then, the pilot-scale smouldering experiments are carried out and the influence of the discharging residual interval (50s, 35s, 20s) on the reaction stability is tested under continuous operation. Results indicate that the 35s for discharging residual interval may be suitable to maintain the high-temperature region at a relatively stable location under the studied operating condition. The flue gas concentrations are relatively stable during discharging residual, and the main component concentrations are 17.0–17.8% for O 2 , 2600∼3000 ppm for CO, 20∼35 ppm for VOCs, and 60∼80 ppm for NO x , 0.0415–0.0836ngTEQ/m3 for dioxin, respectively. The research in this study can give helpful information for the application of the continuous smouldering treatment in the future. [Display omitted] • Smouldering is scaled up from lab-scaled to pilot-scale for treating PDS. • Continuous operation is successfully performed in pilot-scale device. • Effect of discharging residual interval on smouldering is tested and 35s is suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical lithium extraction presents the advantages of superior ion selectivity and environmental friendliness. However, it faces challenges of intermittent operation, limited areal capacity and constrained mass transfer with conventional solid electrodes. In this work, we propose a continuous electrochemical lithium extraction system by using flow electrodes. Due to the inherent fluidic characteristics, the flow electrodes facilitate efficient mass transfer, thereby manifesting boosted kinetics in the insertion and extraction of lithium ions. Compared with solid electrodes, flow electrodes exhibit a substantial augmentation in lithium extraction capacity, demonstrating a nearly sixfold increase in simulated Atacama brine and a nineteen-fold in diluted Atacama saline under equivalent current density. Furthermore, we achieve a lithium production rate of 1 mol m−2 h−1 with a purity level of 0.97 at a high current density of 4 mA cm−2. These results exemplify the capability of flow electrodes for industrial-scale lithium extraction, particularly emphasizing their suitability for large-scale and high-speed production. • Flow electrodes are proposed for continuous electrochemical lithium extraction. • The flow electrode facilitates efficient mass transfer and boosts redox kinetics. • We achieve a lithium production rate of 1 mol m−2 h−1 at a high current density of 4 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Picking robots must operate continuously throughout the orchard for commercial and practical purposes. • Efficient visual servo control methods of locomotion and picking are necessary for full-field harvesting. • Serialized keyframes from SLAM provide high-confidence global crop information. • The multi-map fusion mechanism greatly improves locomotion stability, despite computational costs. • Solely relying on multi-view positioning does not enhance picking accuracy but affects picking efficiency. Fruit-picking robots are crucial for achieving efficient orchard harvesting. To genuinely meet the commercial production needs of farmers, the new generation of fruit-picking robots must be capable of demonstrating complete and continuous observation, movement, and picking behaviors throughout complex orchards, akin to real human employees. This poses systematic challenges, as many prior researches have focused solely on a part of the continuous operation of the entire orchard, such as fruit positioning, navigation, path planning, or grasping. These isolated basic functions are important but insufficient for fulfilling operational requirements on a macro scale and continuous situation. Developing an efficient control method for each basic module and constructing their internal coordination is vital for transitioning a harvesting robot from a functional prototype to a practical machine. In this context, this study tackles the visual servo control problem for efficient locomotion, picking, and their seamless integration. A set of vision algorithms for locomotion destination estimation, real-time self-positioning, and dynamic harvesting is proposed. Additionally, a solid coordination mechanism for continuous locomotion and picking behavior is established. Each method offers distinct advantages, such as improved accuracy, adaptability to varying conditions, and enhanced picking efficiency, enabling the robot to operate autonomously and continuously. Comprehensive field experiments validated the soundness of the methods. The primary contribution of this study lies in addressing the challenge of continuous operation in an entire orchard as a systematic problem and providing new insights into control methods for the future development of highly autonomous, practical, and user-oriented fruit harvesting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluid dynamic characterization for a set of three serial rectangular based spouted beds (RBSB) using sawdust or turnip seeds, were made. In batch experiences, the minimum spouting velocity (U ms) and the maximum pressure drop (Δ P max) were determined based on the bed height and moisture content. With respect to the continuous solid feed experiences, initially the conditions that allowed the stationary operation for 1, 2 and 3 beds connected in series, were determined. Following, injecting colored particles and with an image analysis it was possible to determine the residence time distribution (RTD). When compared with expressions from literature, good agreement was found for U ms , whereas for Δ P max an expression is proposed that includes the sphericity of the particles. The RTDs were adjusted with the tank in series model, finding that the effects of solids feed rate, air flow and moisture content are significant for each solid RTD. Unlabelled Image • Determination of fluid dynamic parameters and adjustment of a proposed correlation. • RTD for sawdust and turnip seeds determined experimentally through image processing. • Effect of operational variables of sawdust on its mean residence times. • Effect of the number of RBSB connected in series on the RTD was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) for continuous operation was successfully executed and is presented in this study. Petroleum coke, an abundant carbon source in Canada, was used as a fuel and pneumatically supplied to the anode side of the cell. The open circuit voltage (OCV) of the cell reached 1.1 V and generated a power density of 28 mW/cm2 at 700 °C and 85 mW/cm2 at 850 °C. After about 180 h of operation the cell's performance declined, due to loss of electrolyte. In the next design, a cell was fabricated with an electrolyte circulation loop. This cell generated a lower power density than the first cell assembly but its OCV drop during 180 h operation was significantly improved. These are the first molten carbonate DCFC results demonstrating continuous carbon supply and electrolyte recirculation with potential for ash and impurities removal. • The progression of a planar molten carbonate DCFC design is presented. • A new continuously-fed DCFC design is experimentally implemented. • A distribution plate improved even delivery of petroleum coke to the anode surface. • Electrolyte circulation improved cell performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigates continuous spray fluidized bed agglomeration with internal separation using glass primary particles and sprayed solution of cellulosic binder. Different fluidization and thermal parameters were investigated with respect to their influences on process behavior and product quality. Product quality is characterized with respect to particle size, sphericity and porosity. Trends between operation parameters and product characteristics are established, especially in view of the drying potential of the fluidization gas. In addition to the successful identification of the parameter influences, this study has detected general relationships between drying potential and agglomerate porosity, as well as between agglomerate size and porosity. Unlabelled Image • Experimental investigation in continuous spray agglomeration with internal separation. • Successful identification of seven parameter influences, e.g. nuclei feed and spray rate. • Larger agglomerates have higher porosity. • Relationship between porosity and drying potential are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a system design for continuous and emission-free hydrogen production using the thermochemical Sulfur–Iodine cycle. Process heat required for the sulfuric acid decomposition is exclusively generated by a combination of concentrating solar thermal parabolic trough and solar tower systems, which are operated during the daytime only. The proposed design relies on the decoupling of the high temperature section from the rest of the process through material and energy storage for continuous operation. We conceptually design the whole process via steady-state simulation and assess its thermal efficiency and economics. We reveal that the proposed system is comparable to its alternatives in terms of the heat-to-hydrogen efficiency (38.0%) and the levelized cost of hydrogen 10.4 $/kg H 2 . Since the levelized cost is primarily attributed to the capital investment, enlarging the proposed system will lead to significant cost reduction due to economies-of-scale. • Continuous hydrogen production system based on Sulfur–Iodine cycle is proposed. • The whole system is powered by solar thermal energy. • Material and energy storage systems enable continuous operation. • Conceptual process design is conducted to assess process performances. • Thermal efficiency & levelized cost of hydrogen are comparable to the alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle formulation processes such as continuous fluidized‐bed layering granulation (FBLG) are widely applied in chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Particle size and particle porosity are important product properties in FBLG. In this paper, a new concept is presented for the simultaneous control of both properties. The new concept allows stable process operation, automatic adjustment of the desired product properties, and rejection of unforseen disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purification of chemicals is industrially important. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a useful chemical and the industrial requirement is minimum 99.5 mass %. THF forms a homogenous minimum boiling aqueous azeotrope due to which purification by distillation is difficult. The present work has used liquid-phase adsorption of the THF–water azeotropic mixture over different adsorbents in order to purify THF. Molecular sieves (3A and 4A) were observed to offer better separation. A methodology to make the process continuous is presented in this work so as to obtain high-purity THF by using adsorption over molecular sieves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A column packed with non-porous beads was developed for continuous virus inactivation. • The reactor performed more efficiently than Jig in a Box and the Coiled Flow Inverter. • The model predicted worst-case virus clearance based on residence time distribution. • Nanoparticle tracers (20 nm and 300 nm) travelled through the column with the same dynamics. A narrow residence time distribution (RTD) is highly desirable for continuous processes where a strict incubation time must be ensured, such as continuous virus inactivation. A narrow RTD also results in faster startup and shut down phases and limits the broadening of potential disturbances in continuous processes. A packed bed reactor with non-porous inert beads was developed to achieve narrow RTDs. The performance was defined as the ratio between the onset of the cumulative RTD and the median residence time (t x % / t 50%). Laboratory-scale packed columns were used to study the influence of the column parameters on the RTD. A larger column with a void volume of 0.65 L and a length of 89 cm, packed with beads in a size range of 125 to 250 μm, achieved t 0.5% / t 50% >0.93 across flow rates from 0.1 to 9.8 mL/min. The RTD was significantly narrower than the RTDs of other reactor designs, such as the Coiled Flow Inverter and Jig in a Box. The pressure drop remained under 3 kPa for all tested flow rates. Fluorescent nanoparticles (30 and 200 nm) were used to mimic viruses. These two sizes showed less than 2% difference in terms of t 1% / t 50% and t 0.01% / t 50% scores. These results indicated that viruses travelled through the column at rates independent of size. This proposal of packed beds as incubation chambers for continuous virus inactivation is simple, scalable, and can be realized as single-use devices. Due to the low pressure drop, the system can be easily integrated into a fully continuous process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The present study shows the application of a water treatment unit based on pipe flocculation and sand filtration for applications at the household level, with minimum maintenance requirements in order to remove chromium(VI) to concentrations lower than 10 μg/L, which might be the future Cr(VI) drinking water limit. Chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) is the main chromium species found in groundwater and is considered as a highly toxic and carcinogenic element to humans. In the present study, removal of Cr(VI) by coagulation with ferrous iron is studied in a continuous flow treatment unit comprising pipe flocculation reactors followed by a sand filter. The studied parameters, regarding their effect on the removal of hexavalent chromium, were the ferrous iron dose, the effect of linear velocity, and the effect of the starting Cr(VI) concentration. The experiments have shown that the Cr(VI) removal achieved was very efficient and residual Cr(VI) and total Cr concentration in the treated water was lower than 10 μg/L, provided that the required dose of ferrous iron is provided. In particular, the study demonstrated that the removal of hexavalent chromium, from initial concentration of 50 μg/L and 100 μg/L, was more than 90% with ferrous doses of 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L respectively, applying linear velocity of 8 m/h, at an initial pH value of 7.3. Iron concentration in treated water was very low, far below 200 μg/L, which is the limit for iron in drinking water. This unit comprises a simple treatment option, for applications at the household level, with minimum maintenance requirements capable of removing Cr(VI) to concentrations below 10 μg/L, which might be the future limit for chromium in drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an improved power management and control coordination strategy for autonomous hybrid microgrids (MGs). The new strategy aims to reduce the continuous operation of interlinking converters (ILCs) under all load conditions, and thereby avoids the significant power loss on the ILCs that adversely affects the operational feasibility of the hybrid MGs. The hybrid MG considered in this study consists of multiple alternating current and direct current sub‐microgrids (SMGs) with different voltage levels. The hierarchal coordination of power management and control strategy for autonomous hybrid MG is introduced and analysed. The designed system includes both the primary and secondary control levels to ensure a seamless and accurate transfer of power among the SMGs. A new technique to ensure the continuous power flow among the SMGs while minimising the continuous operation of the ILCs in the islanded mode is presented with a focus on the secondary control level. Five scenarios of transferring power among SMGs are analysed using MATLAB/Simulink. The results indicate that the system's high level of flexibility in managing the power flow at different control levels can be achieved by the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wind energy conversion systems of type 4, the critical operating point in permanent‐magnet generators (PMGs) is the moment of switching on the generator‐side converter (GSC). The induced back‐electromotive force (EMF) acting on PMG terminals can cause inrush currents if the synchronisation between PMG and GSC is not done well. The main condition for achieving a satisfying synchronisation is to know the rotor angle, rotating speed and induced back EMF before the GSC is switched on. This synchronisation together with the switching on of the GSC is called the flying start of a PMG. In this study, a novel sensorless PMG flying‐start method is proposed to ensure good synchronisation. The flying‐start method is based on an extended flux PMG model in a rotating reference frame with a discrete second‐order sliding‐mode observer and a phase‐locked loop controller during the discontinuous operating mode. This is based on discontinuous currents, which are induced because of the PMG rotation caused by wind energy. The proposed method ensures the operation of PMGs in the continuous operating mode as well. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on saturable models of low‐ and high‐power surface and interior PMGs through simulations in Simulink and Piecewise Linear Electrical Circuit Simulation (PLECS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A lab-scale counter-current flow Bunsen reactor was constructed and tested. • A new description of the Bunsen reaction kinetics was proposed. • Gas-liquid–liquid reactor modelling was developed with innovative approaches. • Dimensionless analysis identified optimal conditions for reactor design. Thermochemical water splitting cycles (TWSCs) hold promise for sustainable H 2 production in future energy systems, with Iodine-Sulfur (IS) and Nickel-Iodine-Sulfur (NIS) processes standing out as efficient options. The core of both these processes lies in the Bunsen reaction, underscoring the need to identify optimal operational conditions and plant solutions for this crucial reaction section. Thus, in this study, a continuous counter-current flow Bunsen reactor fed with 5 NL h−1 of SO 2 was constructed and tested. An inventive aspect was the introduction of solid I 2 pellets from the top to enhance saturation at the liquid-liquid interface between sulfuric and hydriodic product phases, promoting segregation. This ingenious design achieved nearly complete SO 2 conversion and optimal H 2 SO 4 and HI concentrations in the respective product phases, while avoiding undesirable byproduct formation. The study further advanced the modelling of the experimental reactor by employing innovative kinetic and liquid-liquid equilibrium description approaches, and demonstrating exceptional validation accuracy of R2 = 0.9988. Additionally, with the aim of obtaining design charts as a potential tool for Bunsen reactor design, a microscopic model describing the gas phase trend along bubble or packed Bunsen-type reactors was developed. The model's dimensionless analysis revealed a characteristic times ratio (Bu) comprehensively describing all the phenomena occurring to the gas phase within the Bunsen reaction section, and identified an optimal Bu value of 0.4 for pure SO 2 gas inlet. Overall, the study's innovative strategies and models contribute significantly to the advancement of Bunsen reactor engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growth of wind energy penetration in electricity transmission grids, fault ride-through (FRT) ability is required in order to maintain the uninterrupted operation of wind farm in voltage disturbance scenarios. For widespread used doubly-fed induction generator FRT issues, an auxiliary hardware circuit is adopted in large-grid-voltage drop situations. Among all hardware protection devices, the rotor crowbar scheme can suppress rotor overcurrent immediately, while the stator series impedance scheme has the advantage of increasing voltage during voltage dips. A comprehensive FRT scheme based on series impedance and rotor crowbar is proposed. Also, the simulation results show that the proposed method can keep the continuous operation of wind farm during fault situation and recovery, also suppress the overcurrent during voltage recovery and improve the terminal voltage.

The increasing of large-scale wind power integration capacity brings great challenges to the safe operation and management of power grid. Modern grid codes put forward the requirements of fault ride through (FRT) capability: (i) to remain continuous operation at a given time; (ii) to contribute to support the voltage stability during FRT by providing reactive current. Aiming at the FRT problem of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), critical elements of the rotor side converter (RSC) and the grid side converter (GSC) to FRT are analysed, and the improving RSC control scheme, adding extra hardware equipment, and improving reactive current control scheme are studied. Matlab/Simulink simulation studies are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. The results show that when the grid fault is light, the improving RSC control strategy can effectively control the rotor winding overcurrent, when the grid fault is serious, it needs additional hardware equipment; the coordinated control strategy of the RSC and the GSC providing reactive current support is identified as the most advantageous approach because it not only provides enhanced reactive support for the grid, but also avoids over-speed risk of DFIG based wind turbine shaft.