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In automation systems, Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are extensively used for their simplicity, reliability, and ability to maintain desired process levels by continuously adjusting control inputs to minimize the error between the set-point and the actual process variable. Despite the advantages, they have to face challenges such as handling non-linearities, sensitivity to parameter tuning, limited adaptability to changing process dynamics, and susceptibility to disturbances. For these reasons, various advanced control strategies and adaptive algorithms based on deep neural network are being developed and implemented. The aim of the proposed study is to introduce an innovative method for the regulation of processes, using an ESN-based deep neural network model. As preliminary results a case study on a heating system is considered. The model was trained using data generated under the control of a PID controller and tested on a using a TCLab module. The results indicate that the trained model effectively predicts the outputs of the heating system and the corresponding temperature values in alignment with the target temperatures. This study would be a starting point for a future deep methodological exploration of the mathematical aspects of ESN models to ensure the long-term stability of the system and its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates five control methods for the Fischertechnik Training Factory Industry 4.0–24 V system, focusing on accuracy, efficiency, and performance in managing voltage differences and encoder pulse detection. The proposed method introduces a novel approach by integrating a dedicated pulse-counting Arduino with the TBD62783APG chip, enhancing precision and reliability beyond traditional methods. Despite requiring additional hardware, this method demonstrated exceptional control and dependable operation, showcasing the efficacy of specialized integrated circuits in industrial automation applications. The presented evaluation enhances control strategies for industrial automation, emphasizing efficient voltage conversion and precise encoder pulse detection to enhance system performance and reliability, laying the groundwork for future advancements in remote control capabilities and complex manufacturing systems.Article Highlights: A new approach improves the control of automated systems by making voltage adjustments and tracking movements accurately. The solution is affordable, reliable, and adaptable, making it suitable for advanced industrial applications. This design helps industries embrace smart technologies, including remote operation and early problem detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduced-order model (ROM) of large-scale linear time-invariant systems is constructed in this study using a new system abatement technique. The Coulomb's and Franklin's law algorithm (CFLA) is used in this study to determine the ROM of a complex single-input, single-output (SISO) system. In control engineering problems, producing a ROM of a complex system using CFLA is relatively simple. This method employs the properties of molecular dynamics to identify the best values of the variables in the search space. The unknown coefficients of ROM are determined by reducing the integral square error (ISE) value between the original system and ROM. This research looks at various examples of different orders for finding ROMs. Finally, various performance indicators were evaluated and represented in tabulated form and bar graphs to assess the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The simplified model for the original higher-order system is also used to design a PID controller. The response of the closed-loop ROM with the PID controller is identical to that of the closed-loop original system with the PID controller. The simulation results are compared to previous well-known research, revealing that the proposed approach produces ROMs that outperform regarding time and frequency response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The working accuracy of space optical payloads and sensitive components carried on space aircraft greatly depends on the pointing accuracy and stability of the platform. Based on Disturbance Free Payload (DFP) technology, non-contact maglev technology is proposed in this paper, achieving dynamic and static isolation of the platform module and payload module, so that the vibration and interference of the platform module with movable and flexible components will not be transmitted to the payload module, thereby achieving the effect of vibration isolation. High-precision active control of the payload module is adopted at the same time; the platform module follows the master–slave collaborative control strategy of the payload module, meeting the requirements of high-performance payloads. A primary and backup redundant controller is designed, using a one-to-four architecture. The control board achieves high-speed and high-precision driving current control, voltage output, and outputs current feedback signal sampling. Based on uniform magnetic field design, high-precision force control performance is ensured by adjusting current accuracy. Interdisciplinary joint simulation of electric, magnetic, and structural aspects was conducted on the magnetic levitation isolation system. By conducting physical testing and calibration and designing a testing and calibration system, it has been proven that the system meets the design requirements, achieving high-precision current control technology of 0.15 mA and driving force control technology of 0.5 mN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a type of cancer treatment capable of damaging tumors using laser irradiation. This procedure can be a promising approach to complement current cancer therapies, due in part to its minimal invasiveness. One of the challenges of photothermal therapy is the potential collateral damage to the surrounding healthy tissue, as well as excessive temperature increase in the target tumor region that can cause tissue carbonization and evaporation. With the aim of increasing the performance of photothermal therapy in damaging targeted tumor while keeping healthy nearby tissue unaffected, this research proposes the use of a feedback control system that considers the cumulative thermal damage to both types of tissue. Two separate control algorithms (fuzzy logic and PI) were designed and tested in silico using simulations made in MATLAB® and Python. Results showed that both controllers successfully accomplished the proposed goals. Therefore, the feasibility of using these automated systems to improve the efficacy and safety of PTT was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although childhood maltreatment (CM) is widely recognized as a transdiagnostic risk factor for various internalizing and externalizing psychological disorders, the neural basis underlying this association remain unclear. The potential reasons for the inconsistent findings may be attributed to the involvement of both common and specific neural pathways that mediate the influence of childhood maltreatment on the emergence of psychopathological conditions. Methods: This study aimed to delineate both the common and distinct neural pathways linking childhood maltreatment to depression and aggression. First, we employed Network-Based Statistics (NBS) on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to identify functional connectivity (FC) patterns associated with depression and aggression. Mediation analyses were then conducted to assess the role of these FC patterns in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and each outcome. Results: The results demonstrated that FC within the default mode network (DMN) and between the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and dorsal attention network (DAN) mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and aggression, whereas FC within the reward system and between the CON and the reward system mediated the link between childhood maltreatment and depression. Conclusions: We speculate that the control system may serve as a transdiagnostic neural basis accounting for the sequela of childhood maltreatment, and the attention network and the reward network may act as specific neural basis linking childhood maltreatment to depression and aggression, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the challenges of complex structure, limited modularization capability, and insufficient responsiveness in traditional hydraulically driven inter-plant mechanical weeding equipment, this study designed and developed an electric swing-type opening and closing intra-row weeding control system. The system integrates deep learning technology for accurate identification and localization of cabbage, enabling precise control and dynamic obstacle avoidance for the weeding knives. The system's performance was comprehensively evaluated through laboratory and field experiments. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that, under conditions of low speed and large plant spacing, the system achieved a weeding accuracy of 96.67%, with a minimum crop injury rate of 0.83%. However, as the operational speed increased, the weeding accuracy decreased while the crop injury rate increased. Two-way ANOVA results indicated that operational speed significantly affected both weeding accuracy and crop injury rate, whereas plant spacing had a significant effect on weeding accuracy but no significant effect on crop injury rate. Field experiment results further confirmed that the system maintained high weeding accuracy and crop protection under varying speed conditions. At a low speed of 0.1 m/s, the weeding accuracy was 96.00%, with a crop injury rate of 1.57%. However, as the speed increased to 0.5 m/s, the weeding accuracy dropped to 81.79%, while the crop injury rate rose to 5.49%. These experimental results verified the system's adaptability and reliability in complex field environments, providing technical support for the adoption of intelligent mechanical weeding systems. Future research will focus on optimizing control algorithms and feedback mechanisms to enhance the system's dynamic response capability and adaptability, thereby advancing the development of sustainable agriculture and precision field management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Mine Automation is the property of Industry & Mine Automation Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to model and control the dual-fed asynchronous generator (DFIG). The modeling and vector control were simulated using MATLAB, followed by the application of the Backstepping control strategy. A comparative study between two DFIG control strategies, fuzzy logic control (FLC) and Backstepping control, was conducted. The results for the Backstepping approach are discussed and compared with FLC, highlighting that the Backstepping technique addresses robustness issues regarding variations in operating conditions and internal parameters. Both control strategies are applied to a wind turbine system, and the simulation results and robustness tests are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional scheme of the frequency converter control system is presented, that allows limiting the current surges at the input of the autonomous voltage inverter at the moment of sharp voltage recovery in the supply network. The author describes the research results of the proposed control method in the simulation modeling of a frequency-controlled drive in the MatLab software.

The object of this paper is to develop and synthesize a system for managing energy exchange processes between the overhead line, electric drive of metro vehicles, braking resistor and ca-pacitive energy storage devices. To achieve this goal, the following tasks must be completed. The first task is to create a mathematical model and to define the requirements to control system for energy exchange processes currently being developed for metro rolling stock with capacitive energy storage devices. The second task is to develop a block diagram of a control unit for ener-gy exchange processes. The third task is to synthesize a control system for energy exchange pro-cesses on metro rolling stock with capacitive energy storage devices and an algorithm for its op-eration. The fourth task is to check the functioning of the synthesized control system and its op-erating algorithm. The most significant result of the work is the improvement of the technical characteristics of the rolling stock, higher passenger safety on metro transit, minimization of electricity consumption from the overhead line by increasing the use of regenerative braking en-ergy generated by the electric drive of the train, voltage compensation in the overhead line, train operation capability in emergencies due to the implementation of the developed control system. The significance of the results obtained is a synthesis of an adaptive control system that makes it possible to monitor and manage the energy exchange processes on metro rolling stock with ca-pacitive energy storage devices, considering storage devices charging rate, the train-driving mode and the nature of the energy processes.

The goal of the work is the development of an algorithm and corresponding software, which allows the execution of multi-criteria optimization of a control system with PI controller and FOPDT plant. We use the following seven performance indicators to find the optimal tunings: gain margin, phase margin, cutoff frequency, critical frequency, relative delay margin, relative overshoot, maximum control action magnitude. Optimization criteria can include constraints on any number of indicators. The goal of the work has been achieved by solving the following tasks. The first task is to create formulas and procedures for accurate calculation of performance indicators of control systems. The second task is to develop a procedure for the fastest possible simulation of a control system with the orientation on using a model with internal delays structure and a special solver for it. The third task is to develop an algorithm for fast calculation of performance indicators in the range of all possible rational tuning of the controller for a given FOPDT plant model. The fourth task is to develop a software application with a graphical interface in MATLAB language, which allows convenient optimization for an arbitrary rational FOPDT model. The most significant result was that the pointed-out performance indicators can be accurately calculated for all possible rational tunings of a PI controller with an arbitrary FOPDT model in a second. The significance of the results was that it allows to reduce an optimization procedure to a table search and to achieve any multi-term performance criteria. The effectiveness of the procedure has been demonstrated on a set of different FOPDT models. It is shown that there is no dependence in accuracy of calculation from model or controller coefficients.

Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCS) integrate wireless communication technologies with control systems, becoming an essential part of the Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and Tactile Internet (TI). This paper systematically discusses the basic architecture, key components, and main performance metrics of WNCS. It also provides an in-depth analysis of advanced control algorithms developed to address challenges such as latency, packet loss, and energy consumption. These algorithms include Model Predictive Control (MPC), Robust Control, Adaptive Control, and Event-Triggered Control (ETC). Recent advancements in WNCS research are summarized, covering topics such as the trade-offs between latency, data rate, and reliability, wireless feedback control with variable packet lengths, uncoded data transmission, optimal downlink-uplink scheduling, real-time remote estimation, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), air computing and optimization, stability conditions for remote state estimation, and the integration of deep learning for joint estimation, control, and scheduling. The paper also explores the future directions of WNCS development, including the application of 5G, Edge Computing, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, with a focus on cross-layer design, resource optimization, and enhanced security. The research provides comprehensive technical guidance and design concepts to drive the widespread adoption of WNCS in industrial automation, smart infrastructure, and beyond.

In contemporary managerial aspects, corporate social responsibility (CSR) plays an important role in the societal commitment of businesses. The objective of this study is to clarify the level of influence of corporate social responsibility management on the configuration of management control systems. In this perspective, a quantitative empirical study was conducted with 77 Moroccan companies recognized for their CSR practices by the General Confederation of Moroccan Enterprises, demonstrating their commitment to social and environmental responsibility. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire survey, offering significant insights into the effect of CSR management on management control systems. The results showed that certain aspects of CSR management significantly influence the configuration of management control, while others have no notable impact. Governance (β = 0.178, p < 0.05), consumer protection (β = 0.244, p < 0.05), and community development (β = 0.107, p < 0.05) have a positive effect, as does the CSR strategy (β = 0.393, p < 0.05), which has the greatest impact. This indicates that companies integrating CSR into their strategy generally adopt a more structured management system. On the other hand, working conditions and relationships (β = –0.019, p > 0.05) and environmental issues (β = –0.012, p > 0.05) did not show a significant effect, suggesting a limited integration of these aspects into corporate management.

Background. The relevance of this work is due to the need to improve the lowefficiency traditional methods of monitoring emergency situations at industrial facilities. In the course of the study, a case of an electric arc in the brush traverse of an electric generator is considered, which led to a violation of the thermal balance and an emergency catastrophic increase in temperature, not timely detected by the existing tolerance control system. Materials and methods. According to the method of data sliding sample on the experimental trend of generator temperature growth, an assessment of the parameters of the heat balance equation was carried out, which showed that the violation of the thermal balance led to the occurrence of a type A1 disaster. Results. It was assumed that the catastrophic increase in temperature was caused by the reflection of part of the thermal energy by the generator housing into this housing. Assuming that the amount of energy emitted by the housing obeys the Stefan-Boltzmann law, a heat balance equation was obtained taking into account the internal reflection of thermal energy, which showed that the occurrence of elementary Arnold disasters of types A1-A4 is theoretically possible. A forecasting method is proposed, using which the disaster detection time is reduced by 200 minutes, compared to the time of emergency detection by a traditional monitoring system. Conclusions. It is proven that the process of accident development in an electric generator is caused by excessive heat inflow and the presence of a heat-reflecting screen (generator housing). The presence of such screen disrupts the natural process of heat exchange and if we assume that the amount of energy emitted by the screen will obey the Stefan-Boltzmann law, then in accordance with the classification of disasters, the occurrence of elementary disasters of the type is theoretically possible: A0 - non-singular point; A1 - local extremum (stable minimum or unstable maximum); A2 - fold; A3 - assembly. Parametric identification of the nonlinear heat balance equation was performed using the sliding sample method. The maximum error in calculating the emergency mode temperature using this equation does not exceed 30 C. With sufficient accuracy for practice, the heat balance equation corresponds to the classification of elementary disasters by Thom, which can lead to the occurrence of a type A1 disaster.

Abstract. Possibilities and methods of applying the concept of uncertainty in order to assess the quality of control are investigated. An analysis of the approaches currently used for uncertainty assessment is carried out. The use of the informational approach for this purpose is substantiated. It is proposed to use informational uncertainty as a criterion for the quality of control tools. For this, the amount of negative information (misinformation) caused by the imperfection of management methods and devices is calculated. The method of estimating the amount of misinformation is based on Bongard's concept of uncertainty. Misinformation is considered as Bongard's negative useful information. The amount of misinformation is the difference between the Shannon entropy and the Bongard’s uncertainty and is used as a criterion for absolute information uncertainty. The criterion of relative information uncertainty is also proposed as the ratio of the amount of misinformation introduced by the control tool to the maximum possible value of misinformation. The maximum value is the amount of misinformation at zero Shannon entropy. Mathematical expressions for calculating the absolute and relative uncertainty of control systems are given. Formulas for calculating deterministic analogs of Shannon's entropy and Bongard's uncertainty are proposed to assess the quality of control tools that are investigated by non-statistical methods. Appropriate expressions for calculating criteria of absolute and relative uncertainty based on transient processes of control systems are derived. The practical use of the proposed method is shown. To demonstrate the use of the criterion of information uncertainty, simulation of the PID controller was carried out using Scilab/Xcos tools. The vectors of input and output values ​​obtained as a result of modeling were processed using the formulas introduced in this article. The criterion of relative information uncertainty was applied to compare the quality of PID controllers that were discretized by different methods.

Limaçon rotary machines are the heart of power generation systems, especially small- and micro-scale ones. These machines are the prime movers that play the main role in converting the potential energy to other useful forms of work, such as mechanical and/or electrical; the generated energy can also be stored in batteries or in the form of hydrogen. The focus of this paper is on the working of this limaçon technology, and the embodiments and mechanical drives to produce the unique motion of these machines. This paper will also discuss the related power-generating cycles and control schemes.

ObjectivesThe preliminary research device of magnetic confinement deuterium-deuterium fusion neutron source is a novel neutron source preliminary research device based on field-reversed configuration (FRC) cascade magnetic compression. It aims to leverage the experiences from the first-phase construction to enhance system design, significantly improve plasma parameters, and further expand research on magnetic compression fusion, laying the foundation for achieving a large-volume high-flux fusion neutron source in the third phase.MethodsThe preliminary research device control system optimized and reconstructed the control framework, provided safety interlocking, pulse control and comprehensive data services, coordinated and integrated each service into the automated discharge process through integrated control, and added a number of resources to expand applications and DevOps tool.ResultsThrough the reconfiguration design, the comprehensive performance of the control system in terms of safety, stability and efficiency had been significantly improved. The safety interlock system ensured the safety of personnel and equipment during the experiment process, the pulse control system achieved high-precision timing control, the comprehensive data service provided full process support from data collection to analysis, and resource expansion applications and DevOps tools further improved the system flexibility and operation and maintenance efficiency.ConclusionsBy optimizing the control framework and introducing advanced operation and maintenance tools, the design can better meet the needs of complex device structure and precise discharge flow, and provide an efficient control system construction plan for the subsequent long-term cooperation construction of the magnetically confined deuterium fusion neutron source preliminary research device.

Abstract Electrochromic (EC) smart windows are highly efficient in preventing solar irradiation. Nevertheless, an insufficient automated monitoring and control system for EC windows has been observed. This study outlined the framework for designing a control system that effectively regulated the voltage polarity of an EC smart window. Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities and environmental sensors enhanced the smart window control system. This integration allowed for automated monitoring and adjustment of light intensity (below and above 30,000 lx), temperature (below and above 32 °C), and UV index (below 3 and above 7) for the smart window. The magnitude of the current supplied from the output load of the operational circuit module was directly correlated with the switching time of the electrochromic window. Moreover, voltage fluctuation was observed during the evaluation testing of the control system, which was ascribed to the reliability of the breadboard platform. This study also provided a functional design analysis for a Wi-Fi-enabled control system, presented insights into manual and automatic control modes under diverse environmental conditions, and improved user interaction through real-time data visualization using the IoT Blynk platform. Overall, this study presented a range of cost-effective approaches for managing the dynamic EC window using Wi-Fi and sensor-enabled technology.

The concept of automated control systems for positioning radio-signal transmission and reception devices is discussed in this article. The subjects of this article are methods and means for ensuring precise and stable antenna positioning using web-based controllers with integrated sensors and actuators. This research aimed to develop a model of an automated control system for the positioning of radio signal transmission/reception antennas, including directional antennas with a radiation pattern angle of 60-90 degrees, ensuring the minimization of azimuth positioning error. The objective of this research is to develop automated antenna positioning systems using embedded systems. This article provides an example of the system's operation, where the controller performs antenna positioning tasks with high accuracy for directional antennas, such as Yagi–Uda antennas, ensuring that the azimuth position control error does not exceed 15 degrees. Positioning accuracy is achieved by a calibration procedure and dynamic servomotor adjustment based on the magnetometer data. This system is designed to ensure communication for operating a mobile robotic platform (unmanned vehicles), particularly in the presence of electromagnetic interference. Reliable communication with an unmanned vehicle depends on the positioning of the communication elements. It is a necessary condition for the operation of a mobile robotic platform, which, according to the classification by size groups, belongs to Micro, Mini, and Midi categories of wheeled vehicles and is used in search, rescue, and military operations. The result of the research is the development of the system, as well as its implementation and testing under laboratory conditions, which confirms the operability of the proposed control system model. Conclusions. This article discusses the concept of an automated control system for antenna positioning based on the use of embedded web technologies and their integration with hardware components that ensure precise positioning of radio-signal transmission/reception devices.