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During the 1930s, Hollywood enticed women to purchase film costume replicas and product tieins in their local department stores via a cooperative marketing campaign. Hollywood replication gowns were inexpensive, available to consumers of modest means, and offered a way to explore the glamour of stardom through dress. They were available in a variety of styles, but the Letty Lynton dress was the most famous of its genre, and its success solidified the wide-shouldered look of the 1930s. The prevalence of similarly designed gowns establishes it as a cultural sub-meme of Hollywood replications. One example, housed in the Alameda Historical Museum (AHM), was analyzed using the material culture methodology of E. M. Fleming. The study presents a case in which women of this era experimented with the percolating sense of self-determination through Hollywood dress replications, unique to how women express that today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domestic economy institutional structure evolution takes place in the fairway of global changes and the aggregator of such changes is information. This determines the dynamism and complexity of the counterparties interactions in all management spheres, where agriculture is especially vulnerable and, at the same time, strategically important. The aim of the study is to explicate the digital paradigm and to implement modern methods, measures and directions of agribusiness digital transformation to the agricultural producers that will help to improve their competitive status and to create equal contracting conditions for them. To achieve this goal, the society global informatization main trends were identified, in which more than 60 % of the population are Internet users and 89 % are mobile operators consumers. The main dominants of the modern digital paradigm, which are synthesized from the hierarchically interrelated categories, such as energy, digit, digitization, digitalization, digital transformation have been identified. It is proved that the process of digitalization is the basis for the next digital transformation round, which is possible in the case of new technologies implementation by citizens, because it involves the human factor and is based on cultural and behavioral components. The place and the role of agricultural enterprises innovative business technologies and digital marketing techniques are determined. In addition, a sociometric method was used in order to find out the level of the computer technologies implementation to the agricultural enterprises practice and it showed a low level of the medium and small enterprises information innovations exploitation. Therefore, the vectors of the cooperative marketing participants digitalization, such as technical digitalization, Internet and marketing tools aggregation, business collaboration and value management are substantiated. The association of agricultural producers on a cooperative basis with the aim of capital accumulating and financial capacity creating for the innovative technologies, management and marketing specialists attracting, consulting and outsourcing agencies using is proposed. The important cooperative’s role in the social and environmental areas of OTG development is outlined. The further research is directed at the deeper scientific achievements in the field of agribusiness enterprises digital marketing transformation in both domestic and world economic space.

In modern conditions, for small and part of the average Ukrainian agricultural commodity producers, the main and predominantly single component of the marketing complex remains the commodity policy, which is formed under conditions of incomplete retrospective information on the state of the market. The purpose of the article is to assess the possibilities of activation and increase of the efficiency of marketing activity of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises of Ukraine in the context of administrative-territorial reform. Methodological basis of the research is analysis, system approach, dialectical method of scientific knowledge, fundamental positions of modern economic theory, marketing, concept of strategic management, scientific works of leading scientists-economists, devoted to research of problems of management of marketing activity of agricultural commodity producers. The results of the study show that the only way small and medium-sized farms can compete with big ones is to collaborate with each other to implement the concept of collective marketing. World practice shows the prevalence and effectiveness of functioning in the agrarian sector of cooperative structures that take on a significant part of marketing functions. In Ukraine, the process of combining agricultural commodity producers into cooperatives is slow and not widely spread due to institutional and subjective reasons, the main ones being the lack of mutual trust and the lack of experience and information on the benefits of cooperation. The scientific novelty of the research is to substantiate the proposals on the feasibility of creating agricultural commodity producers, which are one united territorial community of a single organizational structure – a marketing coordination center. The practical value of the study is to calculate the cost estimates for the creation and maintenance of the functioning of the marketing focal point and the development of its recommended organizational structure with the allocation of functional responsibilities of employees. A promising direction for further research is to find out the potential role of local authorities in coordinating the marketing activities of agricultural producers

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the importance of the all entrepreneurial activity forms in the agrarian sector of the economy existence, which is possible through the introduction of cooperative marketing as an effective factor in their development in the difficult conditions of our times. Methodology / approach. In the course of this study general scientific and special methods were used, in particular abstract-logical (theoretical generalization) – for study and outline features of various organizational and legal forms of management in rural areas and also definition and concretization the essence of the concept of cooperative marketing in the agrarian business and the specifics of its use for various business entities formulating; statistical and economic – for the analysis of structural and dynamic changes and trends of agricultural servicing cooperatives activity in Ukraine; analysis and synthesis – to determine the dynamics of agricultural service cooperatives development; generalization – in substantiating the importance and perspective of cooperative marketing for agricultural commodity producers. Results. The problems of entrepreneurial structures activity, non-equivalent conditions of their existence and distribution are revealed; the topicality of the cooperative marketing application in the agrarian sector is substantiated; its main types are determined and the perspectives are considered. Based on scientific research, thoughts and views of leading scholars, it has been discovered that there can be no objection to the existence of any entrepreneurial activity form, regardless of its size or volume of profit at present. At the same time, the formation of effective and competitive business structures is considered possible in the use of the benefits of agricultural service cooperatives, which, in addition to its classical understanding, involves the use of marketing components. Originality / scientific novelty. The basis of the cooperative idea should be considered activity, which involves the creation of a complete cycle of interaction from the production of goods to the sale of its end-user, that means cooperative marketing. It is obvious, that its application as a fundamentally new concept will stimulate agrarian enterprises to unite efforts in order to carry out joint work in equal conditions while saving their independence. As a result, in prospect, each entrepreneurship form objectively will have the opportunity to realize its own economic potential in full measure. Practical value / implications. Cooperative marketing is proposed as a perspective labor organization form in agriculture, which aims to overcome existing problems by obtaining the «scale effect» among commodity producers while maintaining their independence.

Understanding the situational relevance of strategy is vital given that strategies have varying utilities under different environmental settings which result in performance variations. Research remains silent regarding the situational relevance of cooperative marketing strategy implementation whereby performance outcomes are maximised. Through quantitative survey results, we explore the relationship between cooperative marketing and performance outcomes across varying environmental contexts (internal and external environments). While past studies acknowledge the importance of an open systems' perspective and the influence of the environment on strategic outcomes, they fall prey to key shortcomings such as a reductionist perspective and inadequate measurement. We provide an insight into the environment-strategy-performance relationship by using a holistic environmental approach and detailing the environments conducive to co-marketing strategy implementation. Managerial implications and future directions for research are also provided in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the existence of bidirectional relationships between interfirm collaboration and business sales. Controlling for factors that influence whether firms form collaborative relationships, the analysis shows that entry and post-entry collaboration often contribute to superior performance, which in turn attracts more partners. However, the performance influences vary across types of collaborators and collaborations, with differences among entrant and incumbent partners, between marketing and R&D partnerships, by partner size, and across time. The empirical analysis examines businesses that operated in the U.S. hospital software systems industry between 1961 and 1991. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-operative relationships between organisations may create added value for the partners involved, but they can also pose a threat to the competitiveness of markets. This paper reviews the economic and legal frameworks of co-operative marketing relationships and seeks to distinguish these from collusive relationships. A model of development from competition to co-operation to collusion is proposed, in which definitions of collusion are continually evolving in response to environmental change. This paper seeks to reconcile the benefits accruing to businesses involved in co-operative relationships, with the possible welfare loss resulting from restrictive relationships. Conceptual frameworks underlying buyer-seller relationships are evaluated from the perspective of models of economic efficiency and legal frameworks. A number of recent cases are evaluated in the context of this discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research to date on co-operative marketing has focused on large organisations. This paper explores co-operation that takes place between smaller businesses for the purpose of marketing the generic elements of their product. A review of literature discusses the business and social objectives of cooperative marketing organisations. It is suggested that the social element of such groups may be more important than in the strategic alliances of larger organisations. A proposition is developed that cooperative marketing groups have a tendency to begin life with a business focus, but over time a social focus becomes more important. The proposition is tested by a qualitative study of cooperative tourism marketing groups. While business objectives were cited by most cooperative groups as their primary goal, evidence within this study suggests that drift toward more social objectives occurs as associations mature. Adopting a social role may be a means of extending the lifecycle of an association, while the missionary zeal of newer associations provides a focus for cooperation which has more clearly defined business objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of the cooperative marketing, used in Ukraine and in the world. The author also focuses on the small business development. The influence and negative impact of different economic factors on small business are determined. The current problems and impossibility of getting the necessary financial resources for the small companies is accented. The special attention is paid to the importance of agricultural cooperation. The essence of the concept of agricultural cooperation is specified. The main cooperative trends in Ukraine economy as well as in the world companies are reviewed and systematized. The attention is paid to the research of the sales, service, marketing, processing, supply and multipurpose cooperatives. The research also shows the necessity of marketing approaches to the modern domestic agricultural company’s activity implementation. The organizational and economic aspects of cooperative marketing are grounded. The basic problems of market adaptation in the sphere of cooperative marketing are investigated. The special attention is paid to the advantages and prospects of cooperative marketing for agricultural organizations. The features and factors of the rural economy development based on the cooperative marketing are detailed. The cooperative marketing as an effective element of the agricultural producer’s protection is under consideration.

The authors develop a transaction cost analysis model designed to explain the channel integration choices of firms in international markets. In a test with data collected from a group of Canadian export firms, the model receives significant support, suggesting that an important contingency when deciding on channel structure in a foreign country is the ability of the market to limit the opportunistic tendencies of outside intermediaries. When the enforcement of contractual arrangements cannot be relied upon in the market, different degrees of forward integration are feasible alternatives. Other empirical results suggest that the firm may prefer use of intermediaries in a foreign market with high environmental diversity in order to cope with its inherent complexity and maintain flexibility. Channel volume, the use of shared channels, and country destination also are shown to affect the nature of integration in channels in international markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors investigate the effectiveness of advertising alliances (in which two brands from different product categories are featured together in an advertisement) for introducing new brands. The authors identify degree of complementarity between the featured products, type of differentiation strategy (common versus unique advertised attributes), and type of ad processing strategy (top-down or bottom-up) as important factors in determining ad effectiveness. The conceptualization captures the effects of these factors on brand awareness, brand accessibility, brand beliefs, belief accessibility, and brand attitudes. The theory was tested in an experiment using print advertisements to manipulate the three factors in conditions of high consumer involvement. The results show an interesting pattern of interactions among the factors, which has important implications for managers of new and established brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors outline a conceptual framework for analyzing differences in competitive marketing behavior of businesses in established industrial markets. They explicitly distinguish between retaliatory and cooperative marketing behavior. The structural characteristics of the served markets and the competitive positions of businesses are postulated to affect the nature and likelihood of retaliatory and cooperative behavior with respect to price and sales force expenditures. The authors specify different models explaining these dimensions of competitive marketing behavior at the strategic business unit level and test their hypotheses by estimating the various competitive behavior models using relevant data obtained from the PIMS (Profit Impact of Market Strategies) Program. The empirical results support several theoretical arguments and provide insights into the determinants of competitive marketing behavior in industrial markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on horizontal cooperative sales promotion, an area that has remained largely unexplored. First, a framework for its classification is proposed. Next, a number of issues pertaining to joint sales promotion, one of the most extensively used forms of horizontal cooperative sales promotion, are explored. The article concludes with a brief discussion on directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on research projects that have been completed, or that are underway, which pertain to the field of marketing. The author includes information about research studies that focus on topics including industrial marketing, producers' marketing of commercial products, and foreign trade. One study focuses on the implementation of advertising laws. Additional topics of discussion include retailing, cooperative marketing, and the cost of marketing. Marketing services and general marketing statistics are also discussed.

The article presents the first part of a two part article analyzing the price policy of the Challenge Cream & Butter Association. The Challenge Cream & Butter Association is a distributive cooperative organization that is based out of Los Angeles, California. The Association purchases products from twenty-seven member cooperative associations located in western states. The author believes the price policy of the Association helps it in its profit policy. The Association focuses on selling because of its quality and flavor, as opposed to its price. Some of the instruments used in the Association's price policy are advertising, product differentiation, use of sales personnel, control of supply, horizontal expansion, services to accompany sales, and resale price maintenance.

In the structure of human nutrition, milk and its processing products play a special role. Currently, the tendency to increasingly meet the needs of the population in dairy products due to their industrial production has a steady growth, and the market is mainly formed by dairy processing enterprises. This article discusses the analysis of the capacity of the Kazakhstan dairy market, which showed that it has potential growth reserves in terms of consumption and production. Nevertheless, the functioning of domestic dairy processing enterprises is connected with both the long-standing problems of the industry, which became aggravated during the crisis, and with the current financial and marketing problems arising under the conditions of the Customs Union. In this connection, a state branch program has needed to develop the production and processing of milk, popularize dairy products, and need government support so that Kazakhstan's dairies and manufacturers can upgrade technologies, modernize equipment, and improve the range and train personnel with the help of innovative methods strategic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logic dictates that destination marketing organisations (DMOs), while representing many stakeholders, should leverage a location's most visible assets to enhance the attractiveness of the destination at any given opportunity. This study examines the manner and extent to which four major European football franchises are mentioned and promoted on the official digital marketing platforms of their respective cities; Amsterdam, Barcelona, Manchester and Munich. A tailor-made content analysis tool is used to conduct a systematic investigation of the virtual platforms over which the DMOs of these cities exert a modicum of control. The content of these platforms is scrutinised from three perspectives; promotional, information dissemination or push towards purchase via external links. The four cities forming part of this study are home to some of the world's most iconic global sporting brands. The research uncovers a level of confusion or simple lack of know-how on the part of DMOs as to how these hugely popular clubs can or should be exploited in the digital space. It proffers solutions to this dilemma as in initiating cooperative marketing efforts between the respective organisations and exposes a contemporary field that necessitates further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gujarat, despite being a highly progressive state of India in terms of dairying, has great potential to enhance its milk production and make dairying a more lucrative enterprise. It is home to many high quality dairy animal breeds and has a very active milk cooperative structure which can accelerate the possibilities of uplifting the level of milk production further, if proper and balanced micro level development policies are promoted. The present study depicts the causes for disparities besides analysing the strengths and weaknesses in dairying across 26 districts in Gujarat. To identify and capture the variation in resource use which causes disparities in dairy development, the principal component analysis-based biplot technique was employed. Data on different variables like resource availability, infrastructure and veterinary facilities, and, milking animals and their yields have been sourced from 26 districts of Gujarat for tracing the disparity. The conclusions drawn from the biplot imply that promoting the quality of animal breeds and increasing the population of high yielding cattle breeds in low-developed districts can lead to high milk production. In the setting of increased milk production, the cooperative milk marketing structure will become more dynamic and result in enhanced income for dairy producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to evaluate the capacity of Northern Bandung Dairy Farmer Cooperative (KPSBU) to support farmers in producing good quality milk within the milk value chain in West Bandung Regency, West Java. The study used qualitative research strategies including desk study, case study, and focus group discussions. The study compared the involvement of three milk collecting actors that were classified into large cooperative (KPSBU), small cooperative (KUD Puspa Mekar), and private company (Bina Kitri Bersama). A total of 18 dairy farmers, 3 milk collecting actors, 2 milk processors, and one livestock officer were interviewed. Three focus group discussions were conducted. The large cooperative performed better in services, milk collection, and milk quality assessment compared to other milk collecting actors. Members' commitment, inconsistent milk quality, and shortage of good quality fodder were the hindering factors that influenced the collection of good quality milk in the large cooperative. In conclusion, the large cooperative had better performance in service provision, it also had better infrastructures in milk collection and milk quality assessment compared to other milk collecting actors. Increasing the milk quality standard by milk processing companies affected the milk price since 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1800 local livestock fairs and markets in north-east Scotland were traditional open markets held at fixed times of the year. Their number increased in the first half of the nineteenth century as the region's meat industry developed to supply the growing demand of the Scottish and English markets. After 1850 and the appearance of the railways the number of livestock markets grew further and localities competed with each other, sometimes fiercely, to capture the benefits of a new livestock market. These markets, where deals were made privately between individuals, were dominated by local butchers and livestock dealers. This changed from 1870 as open markets gave way to regular livestock auction markets (or marts) conducted by professional auctioneers. Farmers believed that auctions served their interests better than open markets as sales were conducted quickly and in greater comfort, and they could also judge whether buyers were competing fairly. Farmers from the north east became so enthusiastic about this form of sale that they took advantage of the nineteenth-century Company Acts to float their own joint stock limited auction companies, and also take over some of the existing family-run livestock auction markets. In spite of some opposition from butchers and cattle dealers, the auction markets were all very successful and by 1900 had largely replaced the traditional fairs and markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts pertaining to cooperative marketing. They include "Goods and Services Provided by Consumers' Cooperatives in the United States," "Developments in the Cooperative Movement in 1943," and "Co-ops Map Plans for International Trade Group."

The article discusses about some current developments in agricultural marketing. One program in which eggs and poultry are auctioned off to retail buyers is described. It has been gaining in popularity due to its shortening the channels of distribution. Several marketing policy cooperatives are noted, particularly the California Fruit Growers Exchange, Federal Marketing Agreement Act and Surplus Commodities Association. A food stamp program is described in which blue stamps may only buy 'surplus' agricultural goods; other surplus goods are marketed to public school cafeterias. Frozen foods and consumer friendly packaging are noted for increasing the sales options for agricultural goods.

The article presents aspects of U.S. marketing research practices in the 1930's. Marketing research is defined as the study of all problems relating to the transfer and sale of goods and services from producer to consumer. It involves the relationships and adjustments between production and consumption, preparation of commodities for sale, their physical distribution, and wholesale and retail merchandising concerns. There is a trend in the field towards establishing a more scientific marketing procedure and the need for analysis on broad marketing trends, consumer research, and cooperative marketing.

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Loyal buyer-seller relationships can arise by design, e.g. when a seller tailors a product to a specific market niche to accomplish the best possible returns, and buyers respond to the dedicated efforts the seller makes to meet their needs. We ask whether it is possible, instead, for loyalty to arise spontaneously, and in particular as a consequence of repeated interaction and co-adaptation among the agents in a market. We devise a stylized model of double auction markets and adaptive traders that incorporates these features. Traders choose where to trade (which market) and how to trade (to buy or to sell) based on their previous experience. We find that when the typical scale of market returns (or, at fixed scale of returns, the intensity of choice) become higher than some threshold, the preferred state of the system is segregated: both buyers and sellers are segmented into subgroups that are persistently loyal to one market over another. We characterize the segregated state analytically in the limit of large markets: it is stabilized by some agents acting cooperatively to enable trade, and provides higher rewards than its unsegregated counterpart both for individual traders and the population as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing the gap between China and foreign countries in fine wool production, combined with the practical experience of fine wool production, the application effects of sheep clothing full coverage technology, mechanical shearing technology, wool grading and collection technology, scale packaging technology and standardized shearing environment control technique were evaluated, in order to provide reference for popularization and application of fine wool production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors show how certification assembles ‘sustainable’ territories through a complex layering of regulatory authority in which both government and nongovernment entities claim rule-making authority, sometimes working together, sometimes in parallel, sometimes competitively. It is argued that territorialisation is accomplished not just through (re)defining bounded space, but more broadly through the assembling of four elements: space, subjects, objects, and expertise. Four case studies of sustainability certification in seafood are analyzed to show that ‘green gabbing’ is not necessarily the central dynamic in assembling sustainable territories, and that certification always involves state agencies in determining how the key elements that comprise it are defined. Whereas some state agencies have been suspicious of sustainability certification, others have embraced it or even used it to extend their sovereignty.The authors call for more nuanced understandings of sustainability certification as made up of multiple logics beyond the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airports across the globe are using social media to engage customers, promote their airline partners and enhance concession revenue. A successful social media strategy is most often built on a solid brand foundation -- one that clearly articulates the airport's strategic differentiators and value to travellers. The symbiotic relationship between airline and airport is enhanced by using social media as part of a comprehensive cooperative marketing plan. It can be used to announce new routes or destinations, help to defray the risk to the airline and to ensure the success of the new service to a community. Plus, smart partnerships between airports and their concession partners can increase per-passenger spending while travellers are in the airport. Several airports are either informally or formally partnering with the concession partners in this way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the most important issues confronting the sustainable supply of seafood, with projections suggesting major effects on wild and farmed fisheries worldwide. While climate change has been a consideration for Australian fisheries and aquaculture management, emphasis in both research and adaptation effort has been at the production end of supply chains-impacts further along the chain have been overlooked to date. A holistic biophysical and socio-economic system view of seafood industries, as represented by end-to-end supply chains, may lead to an additional set of options in the face of climate change, thus maximizing opportunities for improved fishery profitability, while also reducing the potential for maladaptation. In this paper, we explore Australian seafood industry stakeholder perspectives on potential options for adaptation along seafood supply chains based on future potential scenarios. Stakeholders, representing wild capture and aquaculture industries, provided a range of actions targeting different stages of the supply chain. Overall, proposed strategies were predominantly related to the production end of the supply chain, suggesting that greater attention in developing adaptation options is needed at post-production stages. However, there are chain-wide adaptation strategies that can present win-win scenarios, where commercial objectives beyond adaptation can also be addressed alongside direct or indirect impacts of climate. Likewise, certain adaptation strategies in place at one stage of the chain may have varying implications on other stages of the chain. These findings represent an important step in understanding the role of supply chains in effective adaptation of fisheries and aquaculture industries to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]