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The article presents an analysis of the factors that shape gender gaps in old‐age pension coverage and outcomes in Viet Nam. The authors argue that gender norms shape not only women's roles and constraints in society, but further influence policy discourse that impact women's access to employment and social security over their life course. Drawing on a mix of quantitative, qualitative and actuarial evidence from the International Labour Organization and other key actors working on women's employment and access to social security in Viet Nam, such as Viet Nam Women's Union, the article seeks to illustrate the confluence of demand and supply side factors that underly gender gaps in old‐age pensions. A key finding from Viet Nam, relevant for many parts of the region and the world, is that women are discriminated against in social security systems by design. This is particularly stark in the legacy design of social insurance systems, that were once tailored to serve a predominantly male, formal workforce. Moreover, without introducing an explicit gender lens in the design of social insurance schemes, for example eligibility criteria and benefit calculations, any proposals for policy reform further risk exacerbating rather than mitigating existing gender gaps in social insurance schemes. The authors propose key recommendations for both Vietnamese policy makers and international actors to address such gender gaps and help achieve the government's commitments towards an inclusive social security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : Ces dernières années, le développement de biomatériaux à faible impact environnemental a attiré un intérêt croissant. Dans ce contexte, les nanoparticules lipidiques ont émergé comme une solution privilégiée dans la recherche et l'industrie. L'objectif de cette étude était de mettre au point des émulsions Pickering O/W stabilisées exclusivement par des nanoparticules lipidiques solides (SLNs). Ces émulsions de Pickering sont une nouvelle génération de transporteurs lipidiques, à la fois sûrs, non toxiques, biocompatibles et sensibles à la température. Matériel et Méthodes : La première partie de l'étude se concentre sur la compréhension du comportement interfacial des SLNs et les mécanismes de stabilisation associés aux nanoémulsions formulées par ultrasons. Les recherches ont exploré la couverture de surface en fonction des fractions volumiques des phases dispersées et de la taille des SLNs. La deuxième partie de l'étude aborde l'adsorption des SLNs à une interface modèle entre l'huile et l'eau, en évaluant la tension superficielle et la rhéologie. Cela a été réalisé au moyen d'une analyse de la forme d'une goutte axi-symétrique (à l'aide d'un tensiomètre de goutte), en suivant l'évolution de la tension interfaciale et du comportement rhéologique. Résultats : Ces expériences ont démontré de manière concluante que la stabilisation des nanogouttelettes est effectivement assurée par les nanoparticules, tout en mettant en lumière les limites de cette formulation. La caractérisation des dimensions et de la morphologie des émulsions a permis de confirmer nos hypothèses. Par ailleurs, nous avons procédé à la caractérisation du phénomène régissant les interactions entre les nanogouttelettes et l'interface, tout en décrivant le comportement rhéologique de la monocouche de SLNs à l'interface. Conclusion : En conclusion, les émulsions de Pickering stabilisées par les SLNs se révèlent être des nano-transporteurs de médicaments innovants et très efficaces. Elles ouvrent ainsi de nouvelles perspectives en tant que système de délivrance de médicaments sensible à la température.

Advancements in technology enable new opportunities for creating digital social security accounts, but the effectiveness of these to solve the accessibility and eligibility issues facing platform workers has not been assessed fully in the literature. The potential of digital social security accounts lies in their ability to consider the possible different streams of income of atypical workers and to improve the effective access of these workers to social security. Tax and social security offices can now exchange information on the income of platform workers in real time, which offers the promise of formalizing the previously informal casual work relationships of the self‐employed. This article explores the case of the Estonian entrepreneur account as a digital hybrid solution for improving the effective access to social security of platform workers. Digital portable accounts create the conditions for the structural improvement required to respond adequately to meet the changing social security needs of atypical workers. However, this also requires that the policy design be thought through carefully, to avoid digital portable accounts being simply a digital facilitator of outdated solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing Mexico and Uruguay, this article examines the work history of workers and the challenges they face to satisfy the minimum contribution period for eligibility to receive a contributory old‐age pension. Administrative data on work histories is used to formulate a survival model aimed at estimating hazard rates of entering and transitioning out of a given contribution status. This model is then used to perform a Monte Carlo simulation to forecast contribution histories. Results suggest that the hazard rate is negatively associated with the length of a worker's spell in his or her current status and warn that, both in Mexico and Uruguay, a significant group of workers will find it difficult to gain entitlement to a contributory pension in old age. The manner in which each of these national systems has addressed the challenges associated with low contribution densities may explain the two countries' very different coverage results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we provide an overview of the current long‐term care (LTC) landscape across low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), based on an analysis and synthesis of literature review findings. We begin with a brief assessment of LTC needs on the demand side, followed by a supply side assessment of the available mix of formal LTC services vis‐à‐vis informal care provision. Next, we describe and discuss the role of government policies in LTC provision and governance. We conclude by discussing and offering practical LTC policy considerations for LMICs, drawing on experiences, best practices and lessons learned from high‐income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First published in April 1948 as the Bulletin of the International Social Security Association, this year marks the 75th anniversary of what, since January 1967, we have all come to know as the International Social Security Review. To mark this important anniversary, this special double issue, "The human right to long‐term care for the elderly: Extending the role of social security programmes", talks to current debates on social security coverage extension in a context of population ageing. There is a case to be made for revising the international social security standards to formally recognize long‐term care for the elderly, possibly as a distinct branch of social security. At the heart of this discussion, the questions to be addressed by all countries are the roles that social security systems can and should play in helping to meet the long‐term medical and social care needs of elders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of population ageing, healthy ageing is becoming an imperative for all. Social protection systems have an important role to play in this endeavour. Through a life cycle approach, social protection systems can support i) the prevention of disability in old age (i.e. by addressing the social determinants of health and rehabilitation), ii) effective access to long‐term care without hardship for those who need it, and iii) decent work in the care economy. To do so will require adopting a gender‐transformative approach. Indeed, women are disproportionately represented among both older persons and long‐term care providers in their diversity. Further, to adequately contribute to healthy ageing and effective access to long‐term care without hardship as a rights‐based entitlement, social protection systems will need to build strong coordination between health care, social care and other social policies. This article highlights the key entry points for social protection systems to contribute to the United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing, building on the rights‐based approach of human rights and international social security standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collectivus. Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In an effort to establish universal health coverage (UHC), Senegal set up two departmental health insurance units (UDAM) to scale‐up health insurance to rural communities. Part of this innovation meant that health insurance was no longer managed by volunteers, but by professionals. Several years after the conclusion of the project in 2017 that supported their initial development, both UDAMs still operate successfully. This mixed methods research aims to understand the factors that have contributed to the sustainability of both UDAMs, as well as discuss the remaining challenges. The factors deemed favourable to sustainability are actions undertaken to ensure financial stability and organizational risk taking. However, the mobilization of the population, relationships with health professionals and the role of the State have been more difficult to organize. Challenges concern the payment of subsidies and the supply of medicines by the State and partnership with the health care system, the maintenance of contributions, the digitalization of administration, as well as fraud and abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Social Health Protection (SHP) are key policy foci that cut across all dimensions of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals agenda. Understanding of these two concepts, their fundamentals and relations would improve health policy development and implementation to attain UHC and effectively protect the health of people and save lives and livelihoods. The COVID‐19 pandemic has provided useful lessons to improve multi‐sector activities to strengthen and finance health and social protection systems. The aim of this article is to provide conceptual clarity on the contribution of the global frameworks on SHP to the policy goal of UHC. In doing so, the article contributes to health financing and social security related policy discussions and advocates for much needed integrated policy actions at global as well as country levels. It discusses the origins of the two concepts and the relevance of SHP to health systems financing for UHC. Although country situations differ, the main findings, especially for low‐ and middle‐income countries, are highlighted and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the Government of Egypt issued a new legal framework for its social insurance system. Aside from providing a unified scheme covering different groups of workers, the new regulation allowed for systemic and parametric reforms that were aimed in large part at addressing the challenge of workers' low enrolment in social insurance, with an emphasis on informal workers. The reforms reduced the rate of contributions paid by employees and employers, increased the penalties for employers who do not register their workers, and improved the benefits structure. The law also specified provisions to facilitate the enrolment of informal workers by offering to cover the employer's share of their contributions. However, the law limited such improved access to nine specific categories of informal workers, a decision that fails to recognize the diversity of informal forms of work. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of contributors to the previous system, this article argues that structural barriers pertaining to the large numbers of low‐earners and informal enterprises in the economy will likely hinder the expansion of system enrolment despite the legal reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a changing world of work, platform workers struggle to gain adequate protection, and effective access to the benefits provided by the social security system form a part of this. Social security benefits in Romania are particular in that access is based on a person having a professional income, regardless of the legal status of the worker (subordinate or self‐employed). As a rule, all workers are covered in the event of illness and changing family circumstances as well as for pensions. In contrast, coverage for self‐employed workers for unemployment benefits, work injury and occupational disease benefits, paid leave in the event of illness, protection against the risks related to pregnancy or to care for a sick child is voluntary. Given the diffusion of platform work, the article addresses the specific situation of platform workers in Romania, formally covered by the social security system, but who face obstacles related to eligibility criteria, administrative formalities, the risk of the automatic termination of work and intermittent work patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Netherlands, the social security rights of platform workers have still not been formally defined. At present, the level of social security protection accorded to all workers is derived directly from the labour law qualification. In the continuing absence in the Netherlands of specific legislation for platform workers, specifically as regards labour law and social security law, the existing legislation is steering. This means that the platform worker is either included using the status of employee with the corresponding extensive protection package, or the status of self‐employed with limited social protection. For the majority of platform workers, this second option is applied to date. Nevertheless, recent developments point to possible improvements in the social security position of platform workers in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are online platform "workers" in Denmark effectively and adequately protected against social and labour market risks? This article discusses this fundamental issue in the context of the Danish labour market, which is known for having high levels of job insecurity but a rather generous social security system. The article finds that the Danish statutory social security system provides a necessary cushion against risk, but also identifies gaps in protection, which brings into question the system's effective coverage and the adequacy of benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using household surveys from 17 Latin American countries over 2009–2018, we analyze contributory pension coverage for the economically active population (EAP) and contributory/non‐contributory pension coverage for older persons. Nine countries have "private" and eight have "public" pension systems. Inequalities in gender, income, education, location and firm size affect both coverage of the EAP and the elderly. Rather than being affected by the type of pension system – private or public –, coverage depends on structural features of the labour market and public policy interventions. Our findings confirm current understanding that level of development is directly related with coverage whereas inequality and informality are inversely related with coverage. Based on these results, we recomend policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews administrative issues in the context of decentralized social protection in China. In particular, what are the main obstacles to expanding social insurance coverage for workers in the informal economy? Over the last two decades, China has achieved remarkable progress toward universal social protection when this target was set as a national policy priority. However, the social insurance enrolment of informal economy workers still lags significantly behind. This article reviews the application of the International Labour Organization's definition of informality in the Chinese context and overviews existing pension and health insurances in China. This article discusses the impact of China's inter‐governmental fiscal relations and decentralized social protection in the multilevel government system. The article highlights that under a system of decentralized managed social insurance many informal economy workers choose to opt out of the system because of low benefits and high compliance costs. This result in deficits in social insurance coverage amongst informal economy workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid economic growth, declining fertility and changes in family structures have encouraged the Kingdom of Cambodia to reform its old‐age pension system. The Government of Cambodia reached an important milestone in 2019, when the Law on Social Security was promulgated. The Law includes provisions for a compulsory defined benefit pension scheme, establishing a sound framework for extending compulsory pension coverage beyond the public sector to formal private‐sector workers. As a future step, the compulsory pension scheme should be extended to informal workers. To accompany the reform, the investment policy for the pension scheme's reserve funds, including the supervisory regime and investment strategy, will be essential for the modernization of the Cambodian social security system. In this regard, Cambodia has successfully sought policy advice. However, the country should continue to seek further advice, and to act on this. Otherwise, the necessary and increasingly pressing policy ambitions of Cambodia to develop an adequate and sustainable social protection system may not be fully realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using unique data on the contribution base, we investigate under‐insurance within the statutory pension scheme for self‐employed workers in Finland. Under‐insurance is defined as the difference between pension‐declared income and tax‐declared income. The trajectory modelling technique applied has allowed us to estimate the levels of under‐insurance for different subgroups and to identify possible explanatory factors. Under‐insurance is found to be persistent and large. The analysis reveals six distinctive and homogenous sub‐groups of self‐employed workers. Close to 84 per cent of these workers pay too little in contributions, often leading to inadequate protection against personal risks. Especially for lower‐income self‐employed workers, this points to myopic behaviour as regards contributing to the self‐employed statutory pension scheme and calls for fine‐tuned economic incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To estimate geographical variations of child immunisation at the regional level in Senegal, to identify individual and contextual factors that could explain these regional discrepancies, and to measure their effects.Methods: Data come from the 2015, 2016 and 2017 Senegalese Demographic and Health Survey, a national survey targeting women aged 15-49, with a questionnaire focusing on health and reproductive issues including their children's immunisation status. We restricted the analysis to children aged 12-23 months (n = 4955) and conducted a multilevel logistic regression to assess individual and contextual factors associated with complete immunisation coverage.Results: The complete immunisation coverage rate of children was estimated at 68% and ranged from 41% in the region of Kedougou to 83% in the region of Dakar. The inter-regional variance was significantly different from zero (P = 0.006) in the empty multilevel model. It decreased by more than half (57 %) after adjusting for individual factors but remained significantly different from zero (P = 0.010). Regional variations of complete immunisation rates drastically decreased and were no longer statistically significant (P = 0.343) after adjusting for the following regional factors: population density, density of hospitals, literacy rate and proportion of health facilities with an antenatal care service.Conclusions: Regarding health policies designed to improve childhood immunisation and to reduce related inequalities, our results highlight the need to take into account both individual and contextual factors, with a focus on rural and deprived areas where children are at higher risk of incomplete immunisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mélanges francophones is the property of Galati University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digitalization is transforming societies and economies worldwide at an unprecedented scale and pace. In the wake of automation and digitalization, new forms of employment have been emerging in various occupations and sectors, such as the digital platform economy. The emergence of new forms of employment, such as work on digital platforms, requires that existing social protection systems adapt to the specific situation and needs of such workers, as to realize the human right to social security for all. Current social protection coverage for workers on digital crowdwork platforms reveals significant gaps in social security coverage. Where such coverage exists, it is often provided through the workers' previous or additional jobs, or indirectly through their spouses or other family members. This raises questions about digital platforms free riding on the traditional economy with regard to the financing of social security. How can social protection systems adapt to changing forms of work to ensure full and effective coverage for workers in all forms of employment, including those in "new" forms of employment? How can workers in all types of employment, including those on digital platforms, be protected in an adequate and comprehensive way, combining contributory and non‐contributory mechanisms and based on equitable and sustainable financing mechanisms, so as to ensure adequate social protection to all? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of the International Social Security Review considers the multidisciplinary topic of social security and the digital economy. The selected articles that comprise this issue offer a number of varying perspectives on the changing and increasingly complex environment in which social security institutions operate and critically assess not only how social security institutions are likely to be impacted but also how they may respond to the challenges foreseen. Social security institutions do not have control over external factors that can negatively impact the financing and coverage of social security programmes. Nonetheless, with the shift to the digital economy, the task at hand is to manage an unprecedented process of change. Though ensuring service continuity is the primary concern, also required are improvements in service delivery for all stakeholders and the development of responses to meet new operational challenges and emerging coverage risks. Particularly in more developed economies, the socio‐economic challenges that accompany the labour market changes associated with the transition to the digital economy are often characterized as presenting a risk of growing precarity. Regardless, the global policy goal remains one of ensuring sustainable and adequate social security protection for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Criterio Libre is the property of Revista Criterio Libre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pension coverage in Argentina is inequitably distributed between different income levels, both during working years and during retirement. The objective of the article is to study the evolution of inequity in access to the Argentinian pension system in terms of its association with the socio‐economic status of individuals during the period 1994–2017. An evaluation is offered of how variables such as sex, age, and educational attainment influence such inequity. It is concluded that, although the level of average coverage increased, inequity in access increased significantly in the years following the 1994 reform, both among the active and the inactive population. However, inequity in access among active persons did not improve substantially with the return to the pay‐as‐you‐go pension system, while it was considerably reduced among the inactive population. While the former are found to be affected to a greater extent in terms of coverage as a result of the pro‐educated bias among the active population, the latter outcome is thought to be a direct result of the transitory plan (Pension Inclusion Plan) for pension inclusion, after which inequity was to resume its upward course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has as its central core the Colombian educational sector, which was analyzed from the perspective of equity and the postulates of Amartya Sen (capabilities theory), John Rawls (Principle of Justice), and John E. Roemer (Equality of Opportunities in the social playing field). The document directs its analysis to determine the constitutional fulfillment of the right to education beyond circumstances, such as the socioeconomic stratum, housing site, place of birth or family environment. It is concluded that, in recent years, education has developed in the midst of grave difficulties, which include high repetition and dropout rates, low educational quality, and high imbalance in coverage rates, all of them, closely related to the socioeconomic strata. These situations have caused stunting in education compared to other Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hands are the most commonly affected area in burn injuries and are involved approximately 80% of the time. Because of the thinness of the skin and superficial location of critical structures, the dorsum of the hand needs an optimal coverage to preserve maximum articular mobility and range of motion. The aim of this article is to detail the therapeutic alternatives to skin graft in cases of very deep burns on the dorsum of the hand, and to specify the indications. We reviewed all articles referenced on PubMed, and included all the original articles related to the management of acute burned hands and their different coverage techniques (dermal substitutes and flaps). We excluded articles that dealt only with skin grafting techniques, as well as articles about secondary management (sequelae and reconstruction). One hundred and sixteen articles were found and twenty of these were selected. Alternatives to full-thickness skin grafting are dermal substitutes (Alloderm®, Matriderm®, Integra®) and flaps. In cases of immediately usable autologous donor sites, the combination Matriderm® with a thin skin graft is preferred. Otherwise, we use Integra®. In cases of deep exposure of critical structures and doubtful vascularization quality on the wound, flaps can be discussed (cross-arm, abdominal wall flap...). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espiga is the property of Revista Espiga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 asserts that social security is an inalienable human right. Realizing this human right is often considered, simply, as a matter of political will and of administrative aptitude. In these terms, the progressive realization of the human right to social security may be viewed as the outcome of an appropriately-resourced political and bureaucratic process. Such a perspective, however, is clearly inadequate. Characteristically, bureaucracies are designed to cater to the needs of all, based on common procedures and common deliverables designed for the 'typical' case. Yet such approaches often lack the necessary flexibility and resources to make a distinction between individuals, which acknowledge their respective differences and needs. To meet the international commitment to progressively realize universal social security coverage, social security administrations are key actors. However imperative this role may be, if the pursuit of this commitment fails to respect people's differences this will put at risk the meeting in full of what is envisioned by the human right to social security. To this end, this special issue aims to foster an understanding that the goal of universal coverage must necessarily also respect and respond to the individual needs of each and every person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed the significant expansion of social protection programmes around the world. Yet, a vast number of poor and vulnerable people, including children, women, ethnic minorities, and persons with disabilities, remain uncovered, especially in lower-income countries. This article argues that a better understanding of the principle of equality and non-discrimination, as defined under international human rights law, can guide practitioners and policy-makers to design and implement more inclusive social protection systems. Compliance with this principle is also necessary under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the International Labour Organization's social security standards. The article first analyses the scope and content of the legal principle of equality and non-discrimination, giving attention to the standards commonly used to assess compliance with it. It then applies these standards as analytical tools to assess how and when discrimination may occur in the implementation of non-contributory social protection programmes. Finally, it explores the challenges that social protection practitioners face when applying the principle of equality and non-discrimination in social protection programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To ascertain household coverage achieved by Swaziland's national community health worker (CHW) programme and differences in household coverage across clients' sociodemographic characteristics.Methods: Household survey from June to September 2015 in two of Swaziland's four administrative regions using two-stage cluster random sampling. Interviewers administered a questionnaire to all household members in 1542 households across 85 census enumeration areas.Results: While the CHW programme aims to cover all households in the country, only 44.5% (95% confidence interval: 38.0% to 51.1%) reported that they had ever been visited by a CHW. In both uni- and multivariable regressions, coverage was negatively associated with household wealth (OR for most vs. least wealthy quartile: 0.30 [0.16 to 0.58], P < 0.001) and education (OR for >secondary schooling vs. no schooling: 0.65 [0.47 to 0.90], P = 0.009), and positively associated with residing in a rural area (OR: 2.95 [1.77 to 4.91], P < 0.001). Coverage varied widely between census enumeration areas.Conclusions: Swaziland's national CHW programme is falling far short of its coverage goal. To improve coverage, the programme would likely need to recruit additional CHWs and/or assign more households to each CHW. Alternatively, changing the programme's ambitious coverage goal to visiting only certain types of households would likely reduce existing arbitrary differences in coverage between households and communities. This study highlights the need to evaluate and reform large long-standing CHW programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare administrative coverage data with results from household coverage surveys for vitamin A supplementation (VAS) and deworming campaigns conducted during 2010-2015 in 12 African countries.Methods: Paired t-tests examined differences between administrative and survey coverage for 52 VAS and 34 deworming dyads. Independent t-tests measured VAS and deworming coverage differences between data sources for door-to-door and fixed-site delivery strategies and VAS coverage differences between 6- to 11-month and 12- to 59-month age group.Results: For VAS, administrative coverage was higher than survey estimates in 47 of 52 (90%) campaign rounds, with a mean difference of 16.1% (95% CI: 9.5-22.7; P < 0.001). For deworming, administrative coverage exceeded survey estimates in 31 of 34 (91%) comparisons, with a mean difference of 29.8% (95% CI: 16.9-42.6; P < 0.001). Mean ± SD differences in coverage between administrative and survey data were 12.2% ± 22.5% for the door-to-door delivery strategy and 25.9% ± 24.7% for the fixed-site model (P = 0.06). For deworming, mean ± SD differences in coverage between data sources were 28.1% ± 43.5% and 33.1% ± 17.9% for door-to-door and fixed-site distribution, respectively (P = 0.64). VAS administrative coverage was higher than survey estimates in 37 of 49 (76%) comparisons for the 6- to 11-month age group and 45 of 48 (94%) comparisons for the 12- to 59-month age group.Conclusion: Reliance on health facility data alone for calculating VAS and deworming coverage may mask low coverage and prevent measures to improve programmes. Countries should periodically validate administrative coverage estimates with population-based methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Insāniyāt / Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales is the property of Centre de Recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle (CRASC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accrocher le lecteur occasionnel ou fidéliser l’abonné en suscitant son désir de lire les pages intérieures, telle est la fonction « marketing » des couvertures de périodiques de bandes dessinées. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous proposons d’analyser cet objet central de la production sérielle bédéique en examinant deux magazines franco-belges emblématiques : Tintin (dans sa version belge) et Le Journal de Spirou2. Notre objectif consiste à étudier la composition des pages de couverture, le rôle que celles-ci jouent dans l’exercice d’une pratique sérielle ainsi que la nature des liens qu’elles entretiennent avec le contenu des planches intérieures.

Dans les installations de stockage des déchets, le confinement des déchets est réalisé grâce à des structures d'étanchéité-drainage dont le rôle est de limiter les transferts de polluants vers le milieu environnant. L'amélioration de la gestion de ces unités de traitement passe par une meilleure connaissance du comportement des matériaux d'étanchéité constituant ces barrières étanches en couverture. Cet article nous présente les principaux résultats obtenus dans le cadre d’une expertise du fonctionnement hydraulique d'une couverture constituée de géosynthétique bentonitique.Six geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) samples were excavated from the cover of a landfill site closed since 2002 in order to analyse if an evolution of the chemical and hydraulic properties of the GCL had occurred after maximum 6 years. This question arised in relation with an important leachate production. Results obtained on the GCL show a poor hydraulic behaviour in relation with a low confining stress, cation exchange and the presence of cracks in the bentonite. Those results are consistent with previous results from the literature. With the actual properties measured, water balance calculated helps explaining the increased production of leachate and argue about the generalization of results to the entire cover of the site.

Using framing analysis, this article explores how the English language press organized coverage of the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. The coverage began with a standard "outbreak" narrative that defined the problem in terms of "primitive" lifeways and inadequate humanitarian aid However, after the World Health Organization declared an international emergency and after Ebola carriers began to appear in the West, the framing changed toward a "pandemic" narrative that shifted attention away from medical solutions, humanitarian aid, and national safety toward government and military action, biosecurity, and the global species network. This change in the press narrative makes sense to populations in the West because they increasingly live within a "pandemic culture" that has become characteristic of globalized societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les traumatismes multi-tissulaires du membre inférieur sont rares chez l’enfant mais nécessitent une prise en charge élaborée prenant en compte le potentiel de croissance de l’enfant, la morbidité du site donneur ainsi que les conséquences psychologiques pour l’enfant et sa famille. Cette revue expose les différentes options de couverture, des plus simples au plus complexes, en développant leurs principes ainsi que leurs résultats. Seront également détaillées les particularités techniques de la réparation des lésions du membre inférieur chez l’enfant. Une prise en charge ambitieuse et rapide peut donner des résultats fonctionnels spectaculaires chez l’enfant, même en cas de lésions étendues et pluri-tissulaires des membres. Summary Lower limb multi-tissular injuries are rare in children but require elaborate surgical care considering the child's growth potential, donor-site morbidity and the psychological consequences for the child and his family. This review outlines the various coverage options, from simple to more complex, developing their principles and their results. Technical features of wound repair of the lower limb in children will be detailed. An efficient and ambitious care can give excellent functional outcomes in children, even when extended, multi-tissue lesions members are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under-reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old-age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only - cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro-poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The loss of evidence poses a major challenge to historical ecology. For example, dendroecological studies aiming at relating tree establishment with past climate should consider the possibility that many plants might not survive to be recorded at the date of the study. A standard approach to deal with this data loss consists in fitting an exponential decay curve to the observed age structure and using the residuals of this fit as a proxy of tree establishment. Here, we show that hierarchical Bayesian analysis (HBA), where tree establishment is modeled as a latent variable, can outperform the standard approach. We illustrate the use of HBA with a simulation study in which the goal is to infer population dynamics from dendrochronological age structures. Both methods are also used to analyze empirical data from expanding Alnus acuminata Kunth forests in northwestern Argentina. The simulation study showed that the standard approach underestimated the association between rainfall and tree establishment. The HBA was unbiased and had narrower uncertainty around estimates. In the empirical study, the HBA detected effects of rainfall on tree establishment, which were deemed not significant by the standard approach. Besides these advantages, the flexibility of the HBA should allow for the analysis of more complex (and realistic) models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)