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Aim: The use of covert means is any information gathering intelligence operation (secret police activity) in which the authorised authorities of the State seek to obtain new knowledge in the course of administrative and criminal proceedings without the knowledge of the holder of the information, by limiting the right of self-determination. 1 In dictatorships, this form of exercise of state power is also dominated by arbitrariness. Constitutional states place the use of secret means on a public law basis. This study aims to demonstrate that it is possible to regulate acts of public authority that are at the heart of secrecy by means of legal instruments whose core is publicity. Methodology: The objective outlined above can only be achieved if the dogmatic and moral characteristics of the legislation are harmonised with the specific characteristics of the secret police. The task is not easy. Legislation is always about the future and is always based on abstract prognosis; covert intelligence aims to discover the past, the present and the future, and the knowledge to be acquired is always unique and concrete. Findings: The abstract nature of the regulation and the uniqueness of the intelligence operation resolve the contradiction between publicity and secrecy. What is public is the rule, what is secret is the application of the rule to a specific situation. However, legislation can become fully formalised when it no longer imposes limits on the operation of state power, but merely authorises it, opening the way to free discretion. In such a case, the guise of legality conceals an untrammelled power. Value: Law that serves humanity is an effective means of preserving social order. Secret data-collection requires a limitation of rights, yet it is indispensable to combat violations (principle of necessity), provided that it does not cause more serious harm than the threat against which it is used (principle of proportionality). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: The use of covert means is any information gathering intelligence operation (secret police activity) in which the authorised authorities of the State seek to obtain new knowledge in the course of administrative and criminal proceedings without the knowledge of the holder of the information, by limiting the right of self-determination. In dictatorships, this form of exercise of state power is also dominated by arbitrariness. Constitutional states place the use of secret means on a public law basis. This study aims to demonstrate that it is possible to regulate acts of public authority that are at the heart of secrecy by means of legal instruments whose core is publicity. Methodology: The objective outlined above can only be achieved if the dogmatic and moral characteristics of the legislation are harmonised with the specific characteristics of the secret police. The task is not easy. Legislation is always about the future and is always based on abstract prognosis; covert intelligence aims to discover the past, the present and the future, and the knowledge to be acquired is always unique and concrete. Finidings: The abstract nature of the regulation and the uniqueness of the intelligence operation resolve the contradiction between publicity and secrecy. What is public is the rule, what is secret is the application of the rule to a specific situation. However, legislation can become fully formalised when it no longer imposes limits on the operation of state power, but merely authorises it, opening the way to free discretion. In such a case, the guise of legality conceals an untrammelled power. Value: Law that serves humanity is an effective means of preserving social order. Secret data-collection requires a limitation of rights, yet it is indispensable to combat violations (principle of necessity), provided that it does not cause more serious harm than the threat against which it is used (principle of proportionality).

The mysterious incidents on diplomatic and intelligence personnel began in 2016. Since then, nearly 200 incidents have been reported. The illnesses and symptoms are called Havana Syndrome, named for the city where cases were first reported. The initial accounts from Havana include hearing of loud high-pitched sounds, localizing the sources as coming from above or behind the head, experiencing a directional sound that ceases if one steps away, the covering of ears not making any difference, some hearing the sound but others in the same room not hearing it, or hearing it in one part of a room but not in other areas. Assuming the reported symptoms and accounts are consistent, the microwave auditory effect provides a scientific explanation for Havana Syndrome.

Subject and Purpose. The paper presents a building concept of a promising meteor-burst communication system with enhanced bandwidth, noise immunity and covert operation of the system. Methods and Methodology. The proposed methods and technical solutions include selection of meteor-burst communication network topologies and employment of code division multiplexing and software-controlled intelligent antennas (SMART antennas) with adaptive techniques in view of varying operating conditions. Results. A meteor-burst communication network has been proposed in several topology variants providing a means of a simultaneous assess of subscriber stations to several base stations of the network, with both subscriber and base stations employing SMART antennas. It has been shown that the software-controlled pointing of these antennas should take into account seasonal changes in the radiant density of the sporadic meteor complex, implying that the radiation pattern maxima should be placed in the most probability areas of the appropriate meteor tracks, with pattern nulls located on the interference source directions. Signals with direct sequence spread spectrum have proved themselves well against interference fading. For these signals, digital processing techniques have been suggested. Conclusion. It has been shown that the proposed concept of enhanced bandwidth, noise immunity and covert operation of the meteor-burst communication system, as well as its subsequent refinement, is expedient to implement through the use of Software Defined Radio, SDR.

Countries have always used secret means to influence situations and events in the world, and eventually these have become one of characteristic features of the government system. Covert actions, i.e. covert operations, resulted from the Cold War, where those under the auspices of the CIA, the chief US secret service, were prevailing. These activities, as a secret aspect of affairs manipulation abroad, became a typical model of post-war international communication in some countries and the practice that contributed a lot to the definition of this secret service's image. Various covert activities have become a way of communication in international politics through military, economic, diplomatic and propaganda means. Even when some important phases in the processes of any of these instruments are clearly transparent, they are often preceded by covert phases. The paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of covert actions as one of the foreign policy instruments. Despite the widespread perception of the public that covert conduct certainly violates international law, countries act covertly for a number of legitimate political, diplomatic and strategic reasons. The paper examines legal and doctrinal definitions of covert actions, some of juristic and ethical bases for covert operation, as defined by law, as well as matters of the politics, which inevitably encompass their use.

Localization via received signal strength (RSS) is often employed in cases where the received signal is fairly weak, either due to distance or due to deliberate covert operation or interference avoidance. However, most research on source localization via RSS implicitly assumes that the background noise is negligible, and that parameters of the transmitter and environment are known. Many commercial chipsets provide per-frame RSS measurements obtained when demodulating the signal, which do not include background noise; however, noise can still cause signal outages. In law enforcement, surveillance, and emergency situations, RSS may be obtained more crudely, such as by energy detection, in which case the RSS will include contributions from the background noise as well. This paper proposes new probabilistic RSS models that account for background noise in both types of RSS measurements. We also derive and evaluate maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for these new models, as well as for differential RSS, which has hitherto not been rigorously analyzed in the literature. Several of these MLEs are extended to estimate the transmit power and/or path loss if they are unknown. The new models are justified by extensive measured data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The globalization which affects the functioning of the market, the economic securities and the living standards of the states, the economic security has become a part of the national security strategy. The first condition of the economic security is the formation of a market mechanism possessing a production, competition and quality means at a global level. The second is the necessity to provide the sustainability of this economic structure which has been reached. And last is to provide the physical and strategic security of the sustainable economic structure. The characteristics of Turkey which are due to its geographical positioning, its presence within the energy corridor, its historical heritage like being a bridge between the western and the eastern cultures, its economic security has a capital importance strategically speaking. In this study, the elements that threaten Turkey's economy such as public and foreign debt, internal security's weakness and terrorism, organized crime and corruption, political stability, hot money, industrial intelligence, insufficiency of the economic intelligence and alike are analyzed and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among investigative tactics, undercover policing is unique in the extent to which it allows the police to shape the events they investigate. Yet this shared feature of undercover investigations produces very different academic controversies in the United States and Europe. European scholars fear the implications of legalizing tactics that had previously been tolerated, if at all, at the margins of legality. By contrast, American commentators seek to unsettle what they view as complacency about a tactic that is used far more widely in the United States than in Europe. In Italy and Germany, a long tradition of scholarship in criminal law treats police infiltration as a problem of government law-breaking. In France, a distinguished sociological tradition views undercover tactics as a privileged terrain of turf warfare between competing government agencies. Because of their interest in the entrapment defense, American academics focus largely on the criminal responsibility of targets, not operatives. More recently, American and European scholars have shifted their interest away from the criminal law, with its emphasis on the individual criminal liability of targets and undercover operatives, toward the exploration of new means for distributing responsibility among complementary institutional actors like police, prosecutors, and judges. Undercover policing has thus increasingly become a problem of criminal procedure, in which undercover tactics have come to be framed as threats to privacy, freedom of association, trial rights, and other civil liberties. As criminal investigations become increasingly transnational, criminal procedure has provided a shared framework of criticism and a familiar repertoire of solutions, facilitating national comparisons and sometimes muting national differences in regulatory norms and approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]