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Crime is a socioeconomic problem that affects the quality of life and economic growth of a country, and it continues to increase. Crime prevention and prediction are systematic approaches used to locate and analyze historical data to identify trends that can be employed in identifying crimes and criminals. The objective of this study is to predict the type of crime that occurred in the city and identify the important features that make this prediction using a machine learning technique. For this experimental investigation, a supervised learning method was used to classify the types of crimes based on the final labelled class that indicates which type of crime is committed. Thus, decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms are utilized along with the Python programming language in the Jupyter notebook environment. A total of 1400 records and nine attributes were used, and the data were split into training and testing sets, with 80% allocated to training and 20% for testing. The decision tree achieved an accuracy score of 84%, followed by the random forest at 86.07% and K-nearest neighbor at 81%. Besides this, the job of the offender, the victim's age, and the offender's age are the important features that cause crime. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of machine learning to analyze historical data and the random forest algorithm to classify crimes yields promising results in predicting the type of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explain the different perceptions of the colonisers and the colonised regarding the history and memory of a Makassar legend, I Tolok Daeng Magassing. The Dutch colonial records paint I Tolok as a criminal leader and a societal nuisance, contrasting sharply with the people’s view of him as a hero, defender, and protector. This portrayal demonstrates that the I Tolok narrative is an integral part of a process involving colonial perspectives and the memories of the Makassar people. The narrative today is not without contradiction. The community’s memory of I Tolok is transmitted through oral literature (sinrilik), a traditional form of storytelling, which has also evolved into drama form and short films disseminated via digital content. These forms of media serve as modern vehicles for the preservation and dissemination of the I Tolok narrative. Previously, the I Tolok narrative was part of the people’s oral tradition confined to the interior of Makassar. It is now articulated in various visual media and accessible to the larger community. All of these are the memory politics of the Makassar people in countering the colonial narrative that places I Tolok as a criminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime data are problematic: Crimes that are never reported undermine its validity and differences in police recording practices affect its reliability. However, the true extent of these problems is not well known, with existing studies suffering from a number of methodological limitations. We examine the quality of police recorded crime data and survey-based crime estimates recorded in England and Wales using a robust latent trait model that effectively represents the competing sources of error. We find that whilst crime rates derived from police data systematically underestimate the true extent of crime, they are substantially more reliable than estimates from survey data. Reliability is lower for violence and criminal damage and is getting worse over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with malicious poisoning (MP) are individuals who are the victims of another person's intent to harm them through poisoning. Limited studies have investigated the clinical features and outcomes of MP. We evaluated the characteristics and outcomes of MP cases presented to emergency departments (EDs). This multicenter retrospective study enrolled MP patients who presented to three EDs in northern Taiwan. Patients with uncertain or unreasonable exposure histories and those who remained asymptomatic throughout the incident were excluded. In total, 14,329 poisoning cases were recorded between 2012 and 2019; of these, 82 (0.57%) were identified as MP cases. The incidence of MP was highest among individuals aged 13-49 years. Friends (37.8%) were the most common perpetrators, followed by family members (15.9%) and colleagues (4.9%). Sedative/hypnotics were the most frequently used substance (36.6%), followed by stimulants (26.8%) and street ketamine (6.1%). Most patients (75.6%) were discharged from the ED after a thorough assessment, while 11 (13.4%) were admitted. Of those admitted, six (7.3%) required admission to an intensive care unit. No mortalities were reported. Preschool victims (aged <6 years) exhibited more severe poisoning, with lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores and higher rates of intubation compared to non-preschool victims. Patients with MP exhibited characteristics that differed significantly from other forms of poisoning. Healthcare providers must remain vigilant for signs of MP in ED patients, particularly preschool children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

General elections in Indonesia are designed to ensure equality and justice for all voters and candidates, regardless of party affiliation. Despite these principles, election violations do occur, including criminal acts, breaches of ethical standards by election organizers, and administrative violations related to election procedures. To protect the integrity of elections, which is crucial for democracy, lawmakers have classified certain electoral frauds as criminal offenses. The Election Law not only outlines the procedures for conducting elections but also prohibits actions that undermine the fairness of the process and imposes penalties on offenders. The type of research in this study is normative legal research, which is a research method that focuses on written legal norms. accompanied by a comparative study of the country of Nigeria The results showed that the small number of reports of election crimes that continued to the level of investigation, prosecution, and examination in court until the issuance of a permanent legal force decision (inkracht van gewisjde) showed that the handling of election crimes in the elections had not been effective. The same is true for Nigeria through INEC. Although INEC has the authority to initiate cases of electoral offenses, it rarely does so due to a lack of supervisory capacity due to understaffing and the inability or unwillingness of the police to collect evidence and conduct investigations.

Woman is the main component of the family, which constitutes the nucleus of society from past to present, and forms the human character that shapes history with her combative spirit and maternal structure. In addition to her sacrificial and emotional structure, her naive and sensitive structure as a body has made her vulnerable to dangers. The issue of violence against women is as old as human history. Women, who are exposed to many crimes such as murder, assault, rape, theft and slander, often cannot find the strength to resist this violence. This study, which examines the incidents of violence against women in Konya, corresponds to a period when the Ottoman Empire was economically, politically and socially weak. In this period when the state authority weakened, public order incidents increased. The city of Konya was naturally affected by this unfavourable situation and the public order incidents were reflected in the court records. The abundance of data on Konya influenced the selection of this city as the subject of the study. These court records constitute the main source of the study. The aim of the study is to analyse all kinds of violence against women in terms of form and content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alauddin Law Development Journal is the property of Alauddin Law Development Journal (ALDEV) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this thesis is 1) to find out and analyze the formulation of criminal control arrangements in an effort to renew criminal law in Indonesia2) to know and analyze criminal surveillance in the perspective of criminal law reform whether it can realize the purpose of punishment. The research method applied is normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results of the study show that criminal supervision serves to protect the perpetrators from the negative effects of criminal deprivation of liberty. Against the perpetrators who have not been subject to criminal prosecution of independence, it is permissible to enjoy their freedom by carrying out normal daily activities in the middle of society while improving themselves. undergoing criminal supervision within a certain period of time is supervised by supervisory officials in order to report on the development of the perpetrator. Regarding the perpetrator, if the behavior is good then the period of supervision can be shortened, but if the punishment can be aggravated. and the interests of the community which are the direction of modern punishment. So criminal supervision as one of the types of criminal contained in the 2017 Criminal Code draft can be immediately ratified by taking into account the urgency of a criminal alternative for deprivation of independence. To avoid the impression that criminal supervision is soft the terms of criminal sanctions are formulated in an editorial imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurist-Diction is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstrak Mencermati berbagai macam tindakan kejahatan maka hukum menempati posisi yang sangat penting untuk mengatasi adanya persoalan kejahatan. Belakangan ini sering ditemukan beberapa kasus kejahatan penipuan dan penggelapan yang dilakukan oleh beberapa oknum Notaris dan/atau Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah. Atas masing-masing perbuatan tersebut menimbulkan penjatuhan hukuman pidana yang berbeda (disparitas) akibat adanya alasan-alasan hukum (Ratio Decidendi) dari hakim. Dengan menggunakan metodologi yuridis normatif penelitian ini menyelaraskan antara putusan hakim dengan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mencari Ratio Decidendi hakim dan faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya disparitas atas penjatuhan hukuman pidana penipuan dan penggelapan yang dilakukan oleh Notaris dan/atau Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah, serta dengan mencari keadilan dalam putusan-putusan ini dapat menimbulkan efek jera bagi oknum Notaris dan/atau Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah yang melakukan penipuan dan penggelapan. Kata Kunci: Ratio Decidendi; Disparitas; Pidana; Notaris; Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Abstract Observing various criminal acts, the law is crucial in addressing criminal issues. Recently, several cases of fraud and embezzlement committed by some Notaries or Land Deed Officials have been frequently encountered. Each of these actions has resulted in different (disparate) criminal sentences due to the judges' legal reasons (Ratio Decidendi). This research uses a normative juridical methodology to align the judges' decisions with the Criminal Code. This study aims to determine the ratio determined by judges and the factors causing the disparity in the imposition of criminal sentences for fraud and embezzlement committed by notaries and/or land deed officials. Additionally, seeking justice in these decisions can create a deterrent effect for Notaries and/or Land Deed Officials who commit fraud and embezzlement. Keywords: Ratio Decidendi; Disparity; Criminal; Notary; Land Deed Official.

Diversion as an alternative to out-of-court settlement faced both theoretical and practical challenges. In the context of traffic offenses committed by minors, the practice of diversion encountered legal uncertainties about whether it could effectively address the core issues. The dilemma arose from the need to enforce the law while also protecting the rights of children as mandated by the Juvenile Justice System Law. This paper reviewed the practice of diversion in resolving traffic offenses by minors in North Maluku, aiming to assess its effectiveness and explore its role as a tool of social engineering. The research employed a doctrinal legal research model with a juridical-normative approach. Findings indicated that diversion practices in North Maluku, particularly for traffic offenses committed by minors, were ineffective due to several factors: regulatory deficiencies, lack of competence among enforcement personnel, and the prevailing legal paradigm within the community. From the perspective of law as a tool of social engineering, diversion alone was insufficient without subsequent measures to address traffic crimes committed by minors, necessitating the reconstruction of the legal culture and enhancement of public awareness to foster traffic order and safety.

Background: Investigations have shown the different impacts that ACEs have on an individual’s adult life, on both physical and mental health, but they have not yet shown the issue of the influence of ACEs on adults and young adults. Objective/Participants and Setting: This systematic review, performed according to the PRISMA norms and guidelines, intended to understand the most frequent outcomes of adverse childhood experiences in the life of young adults and adults. Methods: Studies were identified through multiple literature search databases at EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and PubMed April 2023, and a total of 279 studies, published between 1999 and 2002, were excluded, 256 because of multiple factors: being duplicates, showing statistical analysis with correlations only, being systematic reviews or case studies, comprising individuals under the age of 18, and not meeting the intended theme; ultimately, we selected for the review a total of 23 studies. Results and Conclusions: The impacts of the various articles are subdivided into three main themes: antisocial and criminal behaviour; sexual Behaviour and intimate partner violence; and attachment, quality of life, and therapeutic alliance.

Tort liability means a breach of a previous legal obligation that results in harm to others, and this unlawful act may, in its penal perspective, constitute a crime, then penal responsibility is established. The covid-19 pandemic has prompted jurisprudence to search for the foundations of the responsibility of deliberately transmitting the virus to others. and the Algerian legislator has resorted to strengthening the general rules in tort and penal responsibility with legislative, and organizational amendments to limit the spread of infection, and preserve the health and life of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investigations have shown the different impacts that ACEs have on an individual's adult life, on both physical and mental health, but they have not yet shown the issue of the influence of ACEs on adults and young adults. Objective/Participants and Setting: This systematic review, performed according to the PRISMA norms and guidelines, intended to understand the most frequent outcomes of adverse childhood experiences in the life of young adults and adults. Methods: Studies were identified through multiple literature search databases at EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and PubMed April 2023, and a total of 279 studies, published between 1999 and 2002, were excluded, 256 because of multiple factors: being duplicates, showing statistical analysis with correlations only, being systematic reviews or case studies, comprising individuals under the age of 18, and not meeting the intended theme; ultimately, we selected for the review a total of 23 studies. Results and Conclusions: The impacts of the various articles are subdivided into three main themes: antisocial and criminal behaviour; sexual Behaviour and intimate partner violence; and attachment, quality of life, and therapeutic alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to trace the concept of the political in India and South Asia have looked for equivalent terms in the languages of the subcontinent and have traced textual influences of ideas both globally and within South Asian literary traditions. While not diminishing the importance of textual approaches, this article traces the historical emergence of associations between the concept of the political and the joint actions and collective practices of amplification frequently used to communicate with rulers. It argues that under British rule many of the accepted methods and moral economies condoned for communicating with rulers were explicitly criminalized and came to be recognized as political only in response to this criminalization. By attending to a history of practices and their associations with wider "semantic nets," the article also offers methodological reflections on the relationships between histories of doing, histories of concepts, and the lexicons through which these can be traced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Criminal activity is expanding exponentially in modern society, which leads towards a great concern about security issues. Facial recognition technology (FRT) is a powerful computer-based system that increasingly being used for recognize and match faces to solve crimes and investigations. OBJECTIVES: Due to poor image clarity and noisy pixels, the detection of criminal faces tends to be inaccurate. Hence, image enhancement techniques are required to recognize criminals with better accuracy. In the proposed model, a multistage progressive V-net based image quality enhancing technique is employed to improve accuracy. METHODS: The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for restoring images called MPRV-Net has three stages for a difficult balance between spatial data and highly contextualized information for image restoration tasks while recovering images. RESULTS: For image restoration tasks, including denoising, deblurring, and deraining, MPRV-Net has provided considerable performance benefits on a number of datasets. The suggested network is significant as it eliminates all three types of deviations using a single architecture. The proposed model's performance is tested using performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and specificity, obtaining 94%, 96%, 93%, and 95%. CONCLUSION: Thus, the proposed Multistage Progressive V-Net model for effectively improves the criminal Facial image for detecting criminals in public places with greater accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amidst the full-scale war in Ukraine, an increase in the number of crimes against property involving weapons, characterised by suddenness, brutality, and aggressiveness, has occurred. Such crimes violate not only the inviolability of housing and property rights but also harm the health and lives of victims. In this regard, the study aims to examine the possibilities of using automated information retrieval systems of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the National Police of Ukraine in the investigation of robberies involving the use of weapons. The following methods were used in the course of the study: comparative legal, analytical, systemic, and structural, generalisation, induction, deduction, and synthesis. These methods were used to analyse the world experience of databases of automated information retrieval systems to improve the investigation of robberies involving the use of weapons against citizensʼ homes. Based on this, the most progressive and effective methods of investigating this category of criminal offences are identified, proposals for improving national practice are formulated, and an indicative set of parameters for typical actions during such robberies is developed. The author proposes to improve information and analytical systems by filling in new databases of serious crimes committed with the use of weapons, which will facilitate ease of use and efficiency of their investigation. The development of such a database provides for the possibility of updating and collecting information based on specified requests. The content parameters are determined by the ability to collect information on criminals, the forensic traces that identify them, behavioural traces (use of a type or types of weapons, home invasion tools, nature of bodily harm, features of disguise, etc. The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of considering theoretical recommendations when creating databases that will ensure the completeness, efficiency and convenience of obtaining the necessary information for the effective investigation of robberies involving the use of weapons

The purpose of this research is to find out the importance of Non-Conviction Based (NCB) asset confiscation management in illegal investment cases in Indonesia. NCB is a method of confiscating assets that allows the state to confiscation assets without a court order on past criminal convictions. This article argues that controlling the NCB is important to ensure the effectiveness of asset recovery in illegal investment cases and to prevent law enforcement officials from abusing their powers. This research uses a qualitative approach and examines relevant laws and regulations, court decisions and academic writings along with a brief description of the situation in the European Union. The findings in this study indicate that the existing laws and regulations in Indonesia for implementing NCB are inadequate. Hence, asset expropriation in illegal investment cases cannot be carried out without a court order on past criminal decisions. This study recommends making a law on asset confiscation for illegal investment cases that can provide clear criteria and procedures in civil procedural law for the use of the NCB mechanism similar to those exist in a number of EU Member States.

Experts frequently assess competency in criminal settings where the rate of feigning cognitive deficit is demonstrably elevated. We describe the construction and validation of the Denney Competency Related Test (D-CRT) to assess feigned incompetency of defendants in the criminal adjudicative setting. It was expected the D-CRT would prove effective at identifying feigned incompetence based on its two alternative, forced-choice and performance curve characteristics. Development and validation of the D-CRT occurred in described phases. Items were developed to measure competency based upon expert review. Item analysis and adjustments were completed with 304 young teenage volunteers to obtain a proper spread of item difficulty in preparation for eventual performance curve analysis (PCA). Test-retest reliability was assessed with 44 adult community volunteers. Validation included an analog simulation design with 101 jail detainees using MacArthur Competency Assessment Test-Criminal Adjudication and Word Memory Test as criterion measures. Effects of racial/ethnic demographic differences were examined in a separate study of 208 undergraduate volunteers. D-CRT specificity was identified with 46 elderly clinic referrals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Item development, adjustment, and repeat analysis resulted in item probabilities evenly spread from.28 to 1.0. Test-retest correlation was good (.83). Internal consistency of items was excellent (KR-20 >.91). D-CRT demonstrated convergent validity in regard to measuring competency related information and as well as malingering. The test successfully differentiated between jail inmates asked to perforfm their best and inmates asked to simulate incompetency (AUC =.945). There were no statistically significant differences found in performance across racial/ethnic backgrounds. D-CRT specificity remained excellent among elderly clinic referrals with significant cognitive compromise at the recommended total score cutoff. D-CRT is an effective measure of feigned criminal incompetency in the context of potential cognitive deficiency, and PCA is assistive in the determination. Additional validation using knowns groups designs with various mental health-related conditions are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alauddin Law Development Journal is the property of Alauddin Law Development Journal (ALDEV) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study deals with the participation of the average individual in the preliminary investigation procedures, and the extent of the contribution of this role in the achievement of criminal justice, Where we find that the Palestinian criminal legislator authorized individuals to contribute to carrying out some preliminary investigation procedures, This contribution appears through his participation with the primary investigation authorities in carrying out some procedures in cases of flagrante delicto, such as giving their statements about the incident, not leaving the scene of the crime, physical exposure, assisting judicial officers in arresting the accused, and conducting preventive inspections, This contribution also appears in the judicial inspection procedure, such as empowering and assisting the judicial police officers in conducting the inspection, and when the legislator authorized individuals to play this role, he intended from behind that their contribution to the achievement of criminal justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the problems with Indonesia’s proposed criminal law reform. It is a legal normative research kind. It can be obtained by using a literature study. The implementation of this research is limited to how the development orientation to find issues of child trafficking relates to reform of the criminal law. The orientation of reforming national criminal law cannot be contradicted by another regulation. Crime, criminal responsibility, and sentence are the three main problems in criminal law that represent the concept of balance. The issue of national criminal law reform for child trafficking is based on political, practical, and sociological considerations. The urgency of preventing and eradicating child trafficking needs to be carried out by formulating trafficking in persons in the Law No. 1 of 2023 Concerning Penal Code in an explicit, firm, and well-substantiated manner, as well as by including the meaning, scope, and limitations trafficking in person, including child trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crime of money laundering has a direct or indirect negative effect on the country's economy, as a negative effect on the effective use of resources and finances. TPPU issues are not only related to legal and law enforcement issues, but are also directly related to and affect national financial and economic issues, including national investment issues. The method used in this research is normative legal research which was carried out as an effort to obtain the necessary data regarding the problem. The data used is secondary data consisting of primary legal material, secondary legal material and tertiary legal material. Besides that, primary data is also used as supporting secondary data. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative juridical analysis methods. The research results obtained are that TPPU practices involve a lot of resources and funds that are used for illegal activities and can be detrimental to society, and a lot of funds cannot be used optimally. Proceeds of crime are usually invested in countries where money laundering appears safe, although returns are lower. The proceeds of this crime can be transferred from countries with good economies to countries with poor economies. Because it has a negative impact on financial markets and weakens citizens' trust in the international financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Azhaar Research Journal is the property of Al-azhar Research Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pacha: Revista de Estudios Contemporáneos del Sur Global is the property of PACHA REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORANEOS DEL SUR GLOBAL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. It is hoped that the judge will give a severe criminal verdict against the perpetrators of the crime of murder in order to have a deterrent effect on the perpetrators of the crime. Purpose. Gambling is a prohibited act as stipulated in Article 303 of the Criminal Code, 303 bis of the Criminal Code, and Article 27 paragraph (2) of the Law on information and electronic transactions. In verdict number 233/Pid.B/2022/Pn.Cbd the author found a discrepancy in the application of the article, so the problem in this study is "How is the application of the law of online gambling in verdict number 232/Pid.B/2022/Pn.Cbd?". Method. This research uses normative juridical types contained in laws and court decisions, as well as legal norms that exist in society. Results. The consideration of the judge in the verdict of the murder case with same-sex romance motive considers the criminal elements in the indictment, considers the justification and excuse as the basis for removing criminal liability for the defendant and considers the aggravating and mitigating circumstances by stating that the defendant has been legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing the crime of participating in premeditated murder as charged in the first alternative primair indictment of the Public Prosecutor and imposing a sentence on the Defendant therefore with imprisonment for 17 (seventeen) years. Conclusion. The conclusion of this research is the accountability of the perpetrator of the crime of murder with the motive of same-sex romance is the ability of the defendant to be accountable for his actions through the mechanism of the criminal justice process to decide the criminal penalty for the defendant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the analysis of criminal acts of theft with violence, with a case study of Decision No. 448 K/PID/2016 Pekanbaru District Court. This research refers to the increase in crime cases in Indonesia, especially theft, which can harm individuals and society. This research focuses on cases of criminal acts of violent theft involving the defendant Febriadi Panjaitan Alias Adi and hiscolleagues. This research uses normative juridical methods with specifications for using primary and secondary data as well as the application of the law by judges. Criminal sanctions against perpetrators of violent theft are heavier than ordinary theft. Research findings show that the defendant and his colleagues were proven guilty of committing violent theft which resulted in the death of the victim. The Pekanbaru District Court's decision initially imposed a prison sentence of 7 years, then the Pekanbaru High Court upheld the decision by increasing thesentence to 8 years, and the Supreme Court rejected the appeal.

The act of abortion is one of one of the criminal offenses regulated in various laws and regulations in Indonesia. Indonesia, one of which is Law No. 36 Year 2009 on Health, or Health Law for short. In addition to the Health Law Health Law, the regulation is also found in Law Number 1 Year 2023 on the Criminal Code or known as the National Criminal Code. National Criminal Code. This study aims to determine the differences in regulation related to abortion against rape victims according to the Health Law and the National Criminal Code. National Criminal Code. The type of research used in this research is normative legal research. normative law. The approach used in this writing is a statutory approach and a comparative approach. approach and comparative approach. The results of this research show that there are some similarities and differences regarding the legal regulation of abortion, especially against rape victims. abortion, especially against victims of rape. The act of abortion in the Health Act is regulated in Articles 75, 76, 77 and 194 with a maximum imprisonment of 10 years and a maximum fine of Rp. 1,000,000,000. maximum of Rp. 1,000,000,000,- (one billion rupiah), while abortion in the National Criminal Code is regulated in articles 463, 464 and 465 with the threat of criminal sanction imprisonment of 4 (four) years.

Background and Objectives: Abortion has been accompanied by challenges in various legal systems and religious doctrines, with different countries adopting varying criminal policies regarding it. Regardless of the legal systems’ perspectives on the permissibility of abortion, the issue of criminal and civil liability of medical staff in cases of abortion remains significant. While various provisions have been set forth in the Islamic penal code (IPC) and the law on protection of family and youth in Iran, the concept of negligence has received less attention in this field. The aim of this research was to examine the responsibility of medical staff in cases of neglect that result in abortion. Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method and relied on library sources. Additionally, information was gathered through documentary research involving the study of laws and reputable jurisprudential sources. Results: Based on the research findings, different rulings exist regarding negligence, with possible implications of intentional crime attributed to medical staff in certain cases. Conclusion: According to the investigations conducted, the legal system in Iran, among others, considers medical staff liable for punishment even in instances of mere negligence. Furthermore, upon meeting certain conditions, such as the presence of a duty and a causal relationship, medical staff will be held responsible for negligence resulting in abortion.

Domestic violence in its various forms occured, yet often victims of violence are reluctant to separate from their perpetrators. Reasons such as social, economic, and religious considerations to maintain the household make some victims of domestic violence withdraw their reports and forgive the perpetrators for the sake of household continuity. This research aims to answer what is the perspective of restorarive jastice in Islam and Indonesian national law in domestic violence cases? This research was conducted using a literature research method that explores relevant data in relation to this topic. This research used juridical-normative approach, which then analyzes the data using the concept of restorative justice in Islam and Indonesian national law.The results show that based on the restorative justice system, both in Islam and Indonesian national law, both provide opportunities for perpetrators and victims to restore conflict. The difference is that the concept of restorative justice in Islam emphasizes God's rights and human rights.So that the output can be in the form of victim forgiveness, as well as diyat (fine) sanctions for the perpetrator. Meanwhile, in the restorative justice system of Indonesian state law, it no longer focuses on the concept of imprisonment. Furthermore, this regulation aims for preventive, protective, repressive, and consolidative efforts. This article is limited to an overview of the comparison of restorative justice systems in Islam and Indonesian national law in handling domestic violence cases theoretically. [Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) dalam berbagai bentuknya sering terjadi, namun seringkali korban kekerasan enggan untuk berpisah dengan pelaku. Alasan seperti kebutuhan sosial, ekonomi, dan pertimbangan agama untuk mempertahankan rumah tangga membuat beberapa korban KDRT mencabut laporan mereka dan memaafkan pelaku demi kelangsungan rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab bagaimana perspektif restorarive jastice dalam Islam dan hukum nasional Indonesia dalam kasus kekerasan domestik?. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka yang menggali data relevan sehubungan dengan topik ini. Penelitian ini mengadopsi pendekatan yuridis-normatif secara umum, yang kemudian menganalisis data dengan menggunakan konsep restorative justice dalam Islam dan hukum nasional Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan sistem restorative justice, baik dalam Islam dan hukum nasional Indonesia, sama-sama memberikan kesempatan bagi pelaku dan korban untuk memulihkan konflik. Bedanya, dalam konsep restorative justice Islam lebih menekankan pada hak Tuhan dan Hak manusia. Sehingga outputnya dapat berupa pemaafan korban, maupun sanksi diyat (denda) bagi pelaku. Sedangkan dalam sistem restorative justice hukum negara Indonesia, tidak lagi fokus pada konsep pemenjaraan. Lebih jauh, peraturan ini bertujuan untuk upaya prefentif, protektif, represif, dan konsolidatif. Artikel ini terbatas pada gambaran mengenai perbandingan restorative justice sistem dalam Islam dan hukum nasional Indonesia dalam menangani perkara kekerasan domestik secara teoretis.]

The imperative role of anti-pornography laws in shielding the younger generation from the pervasive influence of explicit content is indisputable. Nevertheless, the critique leveled against the formulation of criminal sanctions within the ambit of anti-pornography legislation necessitates a rigorous examination of the principle of proportionality. To elucidate this issue, juridical normative research is paramount, with a particular focus on comparative analyses involving Law No. 44 of 2008 and corresponding anti-pornography statutes in Sweden, the Philippines, Malaysia, and India. The findings derived from this comparative investigation reveal several key insights. Firstly, a nuanced exploration exposes both commonalities and disparities in the patterns underpinning the formulation of anti-pornography statutes across these jurisdictions. Secondly, while there is alignment between the gravity of the offense and the severity of criminal sanctions, a notable deficiency surfaces in the failure to distinguish between first-time offenders and recidivists, thereby falling short of the fundamental principle of proportionality. Furthermore, a critical observation underscores the absence of rehabilitative measures for adult offenders grappling with pornography addiction, presenting a lacuna in the current legislative framework. Lastly, the relative nature of anti-pornography formulations from diverse nations underscores a compelling correlation between the legal stance on criminality and the prevailing moral ethos of the respective societies. This comprehensive analysis serves as a clarion call for a recalibration of anti-pornography legislation, aligning it more closely with the principle of proportionality and accounting for the nuanced considerations in rehabilitating offenders.

Este ensayo analiza un grupo de textos incautados por las autoridades coloniales de Cuba a hombres negros que se reunían de forma clandestina en La Habana en 1839. Estos documentos muestran la existencia de una esfera comunicacional privada, alternativa a la de los blancos en uno de los momentos más importantes de expansión del capital en la isla. Este artículo muestra como en este momento circulaban de forma oral y escrita, textos literarios y políticos que fueron intervenidos por las autoridades no tanto por las pruebas que podían delatar una sublevación de negros, sino por la capacidad que estos tenían de comunicar símbolos y referencias culturales exógenas a la cultura española. En los documentos que analizamos aquí, estas referencias son de origen africano, árabe y políticas, que competían con el imaginario social institucionalizado del poder. Por eso, además de discutir textos literarios afrodescendientes, incautados en este proceso, el artículo muestra su correspondencia con la literatura producida por dos escritores negros de la época: el poeta esclavo Juan Francisco Manzano y el mulato libre Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, más conocido por el nombre de Plácido. El marco teórico que utiliza está compuesto por las ideas de Bronislaw Baczko en relación con el control del imaginario social, la tesis de Jacques Derrida sobre el “mal de archivo” y el concepto de esfera pública desarrollado por Jürgen Habermas.