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Deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) are legal means, alternative to trial, for the resolution of criminal business cases. Although DPAs are increasingly used in the US and are spreading to other jurisdictions, the ethics of DPAs has hardly been subjected to critical scrutiny. We use a multidisciplinary approach straddling the line between philosophy and law to examine the ethics of DPAs used to resolve cases of multinational enterprises' (MNEs) foreign corruption. Deontologically, we argue that the normativity of DPAs raises critical concerns related to the notion of justice as punishment, with serious cases of international corruption resolved with minimal retribution for offending MNEs. Taking a utilitarian ethical perspective, we also evaluate the effect of DPAs on MNEs' tendency to self-regulate or re-offend. Our conclusion, supported by critical analysis of the juridical literature and case evidence on MNEs' recidivism, is that DPAs do not foster ethical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of sacred fossils, specifically ammonites called "Shaligrams," in criminal acts and norm violations. It challenges conventional theories of criminal motivation via object agency, where nonhuman entities significantly impact crime conceptualization and perpetration. Originating from Nepal, Shaligrams are revered as living manifestations of Hindu gods and possess unique agency that influences human behavior. The relationships that humans form with Shaligrams blur the lines between rational human choice and response to the needs and desires of "agentic" objects. By examining instances where Shaligrams inspire criminal actions or where they themselves violate norms, we broaden the understanding of criminal agency beyond human-centric perspectives. Inclusion of Shaligrams in criminal networks and their impact on decision-making highlights the interplay between humans, natural objects, and cultural beliefs. This anthropological approach to criminology offers new insights into the dynamics of crime, challenging traditional notions of agency and rationality in criminal acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian Muslim community is familiar with restorative justice. The substance of restorative justice is building joint participation between perpetrators and victims through third parties. The objectives of this study are: to describe restorative justice in the traditions of Indonesian Muslim society and to examine the relevance of restorative justice for the settlement of criminal cases in the future. This research uses a philosophical approach, namely legal construction at an ideal level in the future. The results show that the restorative justice approach has strong roots in Indonesian Muslim society, namely deliberation to reach a consensus. Deliberative institutions are held to find solutions that can satisfy all parties. In the future, restoration justice needs to be applied in Indonesia in resolving criminal cases, especially crimes against life. The restorative justice approach offers a different view from the approach applied in the current criminal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article from Media Asia discusses the relationship between the police, media, and politics, as depicted in the film "Kathal - A Jackfruit Mystery." The film humorously portrays corruption, political manipulation, and caste-based prejudice in a small town. It highlights the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies due to political influence and the media's focus on sensationalism over accuracy. The article also touches on the broader issue of political corruption and misuse of power in Asian countries, impacting police investigations and crime rates. [Extracted from the article]

Two experiments were conducted to examine whether individual differences in racial identity attitudes moderated same-race bias among Hispanic mock-jurors. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 263) completed the People of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale (PRIAS) and read a summary of a fictitious criminal case in which either a Hispanic or non-Hispanic White defendant was accused of assaulting a non-Hispanic White victim. As predicted, Hispanic mock-jurors who more closely identified with their own group were significantly less likely to find the same-race defendant guilty compared to those who scored lower on this scale. Experiment 2 (N = 537) used a different summary of a criminal assault case and also varied the victim’s race (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic White). Results replicated Experiment 1, as Hispanic mock-jurors who scored higher in Immersion/Resistance racial identity attitudes were significantly less likely to find the same-race defendant guilty when the victim was not Hispanic. However, when the victim was also Hispanic, racial identity attitudes no longer predicted mock-juror decision-making in either the same- or other-race conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative navigation and lawyers’ use of linguistic persuasion in affidavits and skeleton arguments for appellant relief in criminal cases remains one of the under-researched areas in the field of language and law. This is a phase at which lawyers have the opportunity to influence the judicial decision-making process through their ability to persuade the appellate judge to believe their version of the case to be the true version. The argument chosen by the lawyer and the manner of telling it are inseparable. By utilising data from ten appellate level criminal cases from the High Court of Malawi, this study investigates the narrative structure of lawyers’ affidavits and skeleton arguments using Aristotle’s rhetorical analysis framework. Our findings reveal that the appeal to logos is simply a templatic genre structure that lawyers are meant to follow. However, lawyers’ appeals to ethos and pathos reveal excessive redundancy and low deployment of important linguistic resources that can help them be appropriately persuasive, which can be acceptable to the wider discourse community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural biases and integration in novel socio-geographic contexts are relevant factors for the understanding of dynamics beneath sexual violence, and possibly play a role in modifying responsibility and perpetrators treatment. Here we offer a conceptual analysis of the relevant literature and two case study. Cultural factors influence power dynamics and individual values, impacting the occurrence of sexual violence; the understanding of "coercion" varies across cultures, and cultural legitimization may ensue. The consequences of sexual assault also differ, with shame prevailing in socio-centric societies and guilt in ego-centric societies. Rape and gender-based violence is influenced by masculinity and femininity concepts, the former identified with power. Dominance, rather than sexual gratification, can lead to sexual violence, which could also be a "male backlash" against gender equality. Biological theories link sexual violence to genetic factors; a psychodynamic perspective suggests an unconscious social reproduction of masculine culture and delves into possible explanations for violent behavior. Acculturation strategies and acculturative stress are explored, with a focus on Berry's strategies and on Camilleri's model of identity in intercultural situations. The impact of cultural factors on responsibility is discussed, highlighting variability in criminal laws and attitudes towards cultural offenses in different countries. The analysis of two criminal cases accused of rape, revealed common and diverging elements. Both individuals come from favorable socio-economic backgrounds, and lacked of prior or present psychiatric diagnoses. Integration difficulties, psychosexual attitudes, and the improper application of cultural codes played a crucial role. In conclusion, anthropological and ethnopsychiatric knowledge should be integrate into forensic assessments. Early detection of non-acculturation elements is need to prevent criminal behaviors, and a diagnostic instrument as a validated rating scale should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese state temporarily locked down physical courtrooms and fully relied on online trials based on videoconference technology. This raises the question of how computer-mediated communication affects the realization of justice. This question is particularly significant for criminal cases, where assessing the credibility of evidence, debating between involved actors, and establishing legal identity heavily affect the life-altering sentence. Based on the systemic functional-multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA) of a case recording, this study shows that China's online courts are textually unregulated, with inscribed unbalanced power relations that favor the judge and/or procurator against the defendants. It also finds ineffective ideational meaning-making, the failure to clarify legal jargon and procedures for defendants, and the lack of defense support. These problems illustrate that the current adoption of videoconferencing technology in criminal trials can seriously undermine the court's constitutionality and legitimacy. Although online courts are a welcome alternative that can help protect public health and avoid delays in the disposal of cases, their currently disorganized implementation, affordabilities, and technical problems compromise justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones contain a vast amount of information about their users, which can be used as evidence in criminal cases. However, the sheer volume of data can make it challenging for forensic investigators to identify and use the most relevant information. Neutrosophic logic is a generalization of fuzzy logic that allows for uncertainty and vagueness, making it a more potent tool for dealing with the ambiguity of real-world data. The proposed framework aims to identify and utilize the most relevant information for forensic investigators, making it easier to solve criminal cases using Neutrosophic logic. This novel approach provides a more powerful tool for dealing with the ambiguity of smartphone data, ultimately improving the accuracy and effectiveness of forensic investigations. Our research has utilized Neutrosophic logic to evaluate the degree of truth, falsity, or Indeterminacy of this information. Additionally, this study analyzes conversations between individuals using Excel's fuzzy lookup add-in to determine the percentage of truth and false in each conversation. The results were compiled into a dataset and utilized a Neutrosophic Python code to evaluate the information. The results indicate the percentage of truth, false, and Indeterminacy in each conversation and which can be used to determine its admissibility as evidence and which not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the post mortem interval (PMI) is a crucial and contentious issue in forensic research, particularly in criminal cases. Traditional methods for PMI estimation are limited by constraints and inaccuracies. Circular RNA (circRNA), formed through exon or intron looping to create a complete circular structure without a 5′ end cap and a 3′ poly(A) tail, exhibits exceptional stability, abundance, and tissue-specific characteristics that make it potentially valuable for PMI estimation. However, research on the exploration or application of circRNA in PMI estimation has been limited. This study aims to investigate the correlation between circRNA and PMI. In this study, liver tissue samples were collected from mice at six different time points at 4 °C, 18 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. The reference gene 28S rRNA and the biomarker circRnf169 were successfully screened. Quantitative PCR was employed to examine the correlation between circRnf169 levels and PMI. At 4 °C, the level of circRnf169 decreased with prolonged PMI, whereas at 18 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, the circRnf169 RNA was degraded rapidly, indicating that circRnf169 is suitable for PMI estimation at low temperatures or early PMI. These findings suggest the establishment of mathematical model for early PMI based on circRnf169 using liver tissue, which may serve as a reliable marker. Further research is required in order to develop more markers in mice and/or to validate these mathematical models in human samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence indicates a relationship between depression and violence; however, little is known about the characteristics of criminal offenses and the risk factors of violent offenses for patients with depression. This article analyzed the sociodemographic, criminological, and clinical characteristics of criminal offenses committed by patients with depression and the risk factors for violent offenses. Criminal cases committed by patients with depression between January 2016 and December 2023 were collected in a national database named China Judgements Online and a forensic center. The sociodemographic, criminological and clinical characteristics of the cases and offenders were analyzed. Chi-squared test and independent sample t -test were used to compare the differences between violent and non-violent subgroups. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of violent offenses. A total of 1781 criminal cases were enrolled, among which 1086 (61.0%) cases were violent offenses, and 695 (39.0%) cases were non-violent offenses. Significant differences were found between the violent group and the non-violent group in education level (p < 0.001), employment status (p < 0.001), disease stage (p < 0.001), and treatment history (p < 0.001). Male (OR = 2.336, 95% CI = 1.134–4.484), irritability (OR = 1.861, 95% CI = 1.063–3.596), and diagnosis of bipolar disorder (OR = 3.146, 95% CI = 1.053–9.399) were risk factors for violent offenses, while treatment and medication were protective factors. Early identification, regular treatment, and dynamic risk management were critical for violence prevention in patients with depression, particularly in those exhibiting irritable symptoms. It is essential to educate many people, including family members, about the signs and symptoms of depression and effective communication strategies with patients. • Characteristics of 1781 criminal offenses committed by patients with depression were analyzed based on a nationally sample. • Violent crime accounted for 67.2% of all the crimes, in which family members and acquaintances were the main victims. • Treatment and medication were the protective factors of violent offenses in patients with depression. • Irritability and depressive episodes of bipolar disorder were the risk factors of violence in patients with depression. • The current study could provide field-data for violence prevention and intervention in patients with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal evaluation of criminal responsibility has a long and controversial history that has trended toward greater considerations of defendants' intelligence and other psychological factors. The authors examine a 1928 criminal case that illustrates legal intelligence assessments and expert psychological testimony related to the insanity defense in the United States at that time. James Deacons, a 15-year-old with a cognitive disability, provided multiple coerced and contaminated confessions to homicide and sexual assault. The judge then sought mental health and intelligence assessments of Deacons to evaluate the potential for an insanity defense or other consideration of Deacons' intelligence that could lead to treatment rather than prison. The authors review the biography of the experienced intelligence assessor, Eugene C. Rowe. The authors consider Rowe's preassessment biases, including eugenic biases and other proguilt biases, before examining Rowe's multiple violations of protocol. These violations inflated Deacons' intelligence test score and eliminated legal consideration of Deacons' intelligence; Deacons then pleaded guilty. The authors contrast the evaluation of Deacons with H. H. Goddard's (1914) evaluation of Jean Gianini, including distinct outcomes. The authors connect this case to the larger histories of the insanity defense, expert testimony by psychologists, and perceptions of people with low intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the expressions of Hybristophilia, an intriguing phenomenon characterized by a sexual attraction to criminal offenders. While existing literature has primarily focused on manifestations including letter-writing and courtroom support, scant attention has been given to the online realm, leaving a notable gap in understanding the interplay between Hybristophilia, online identity constructions, and offline duality. Employing an innovative method termed the TikTok Matrix Analysis (TMA), the research team explored Hybristophilia content on the popular social media platform TikTok. This analytical method identified four prominent themes: Sexual Objectification, Trivialisation of Trauma, Romanticisation of Criminals, and Guiltiness. Notably, the content online exhibited a concerted effort to reshape the negative perception of the criminal offender and their actions, simultaneously serving as an outlet for the author's admiration for the chosen offender. The findings highlight the transformative nature of Hybristophilia content online and its potential impact on both users and victims. By diluting the negative perception of criminal actions, these expressions may inadvertently contribute to minimizing the severity of offenses and overlooking the trauma experienced by victims. The study also underscores the importance of considering the ethical implications and limitations inherent in researching such sensitive topics. This research contributes to the broader understanding of Hybristophilia by shedding light on its manifestations within the digital landscape. As society navigates the complex intersection of online and offline identities, the study prompts further exploration into the consequences of these expressions on individuals, communities, and the justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractWhile traditional, teacher-centered teaching has been a staple of college teaching, active learning has gained popularity. This article describes mock trials, a form of active learning. We utilize a quasi-experimental design to assess the effects of student participation in mock trials on their self-perceived learning and their actual learning of class materials. Based on pre- and post-trial surveys of 288 students, we analyze student views about their learning. Our results demonstrate that participation in mock trials not only increases students’ perceptions of learning but also increases their familiarity with the criminal procedural rules used in different countries. While our study is housed within the context of a comparative criminal justice class, our approach can easily be adjusted to other criminal justice classes, including those focused on the court system or criminal procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of study of this work focuses on Legislative Decree 1611 that modified article 341 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which established, among others, the incorporation of new special investigation techniques. This work will address the purpose of special investigation techniques in clarifying criminal acts carried out by criminal organizations, as well as the principles that regulate them and prevent their application from violating fundamental rights of the procedural parties. On the other hand, the application of special investigation techniques will be described, such as: covert, revealed, special and virtual agents; This is due to the publication of Legislative Decree 1611, which modified article 341 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Finally, the importance of the content of said modification in the fight against organized crime will be detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2023, the Criminal Code has been object of multiple modifications. That of article 84 has been one of the most relevant, which established a one-year peremptory period of suspension of the criminal action. Although it has generated a special controversy in the political and academic spheres, the Criminal Chambers of the Supreme Court of Justice agreed on is unquestionable application, as stated in its most recent jurisprudence issued between June and October of this year. However, on November 28th, 2023, the Plenary Agreement N.° 05-2023/CIJ-112 was published, through which the same Tribunals that applied the modified article, raised its unconstitutionality as a legal doctrine. Such an abrupt change in criteria not only promotes legal uncertainty, but also proposes the permanence of an irrational conception of the calculation of the suspension period, which comes incompatible with the reasonable period right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus" by Richard Foltz is a comprehensive exploration of Ossetian history and society, spanning from the Bronze Age to contemporary events. Foltz's narrative covers a wide range of topics, from ancient cultures to modern debates on public attire, providing readers with a general understanding of Ossetian life. The book is written in clear and accessible language, making it an engaging introduction for those new to the subject, while also offering insights into the social and political dynamics of North Ossetia. Foltz's work serves as a valuable resource for those interested in Ossetia, bridging the gap between antiquity and modernity in a professionally crafted narrative. [Extracted from the article]

The article proposes a model called D-LADAN to address confusion in legal judgment prediction (LJP), where similar law articles or charges are often misjudged due to high semantic similarity. Topics discussed include distinguishing confusing law articles through graph-based methods, using prior knowledge for semantic feature extraction, and mitigating data imbalance through a dynamic memory mechanism.

The criminal and electronic evidence are deemed essential in investigation and trial proceedings, serving as means to ascertain the truth. Electronic evidence is characterized by precision and difficulty in tampering with, necessitating adherence to laws and procedures to ensure its legitimacy. It must be reliable and compliant with legal and ethical standards, with the judge relying on digital evidence to make decisions and transparently discussing them in the courtroom to achieve justice and uphold the law accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Müge Anlı ile Tatlı Sert', which investigates unresolved criminal cases with interactive audience support, is one the most popular daytime television shows in contemporary Turkey. The neoliberal restructuring of the welfare system in New Turkey posits that providing protection and security against social risks is the sole responsibility of individuals and families. In line with this approach, the show individualizes social problems ready to be resolved by 'Müge Abla' (Sister Müge) and her audience. Müge Anlı's image, which conforms to the ideal modern and modest Republican woman, allows her to gain authority, trust, respect, and popularity. The show's discourses, structure, and communicative strategies are the product of the New Turkey where 'the sacred family' is the central political unit and the nation is an extended, happy family reproduced through this show. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to counsel for parents in administrative abuse and neglect cases, as well as for the children that are the subject of these matters, is a necessity that may not be obvious. This Article seeks to elucidate the fundamental interests that are at stake and justify why the sacrosanct protections of the landmark Gideon v. Wainwright right to counsel case should be extended to an administrative proceeding involving parents who are facing inclusion on a state child abuse and neglect registry. The Article also reveals an inconvenient truth-that communities of color are disproportionately impacted by the consequence of adverse child welfare actions. Part I expounds on the dilemma, including the current state of administrative proceedings and explaining the inequities resulting from current administrative practices. Part II will detail several narrative case studies to further elucidate the problematic outcomes under the status quo model. Parts III and IV will present a comparative analysis with other areas of the law where a right to counsel has strengthened outcomes for litigants, including the criminal and civil contexts, and draw parallels to justify the extension of the right to counsel to administrative abuse and neglect proceedings. Part V will examine a contemporary state precedent where the right to counsel has been extended to parents in the administrative context in abuse and neglect cases. The Article will conclude with a call to action for states and the federal government to implement a right to counsel and avert an injustice, thus strengthening the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fight against crime is often an arduous task overall when huge amounts of data have to be inspected, as is currently the case when it comes for example in the detection of criminal activity on the dark web. This work presents and describes an artificial intelligence (AI) based system that combines various tools to assist police or law enforcement agencies during their investigations, or at least mitigate the hard process of data collection, processing and analysis. The system is an early warning/early action system for crime investigation that supports law enforcement with different processes to collect and process data as well as having knowledge extraction tools. It helps to extract information during the investigation of a criminal case or even to detect possible criminal hotspots that may lead to further investigation or analysis of a criminal case Abu Al‐Haija et al. (2022, Electronics, 11, 556). The functionality of the proposed system is illustrated through several examples using data collected from the dark web, which includes advertisements offering firearms‐related products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age estimations are relevant for pre-trial detention, sentencing in criminal cases and as part of the evaluation in asylum processes to protect the rights and privileges of minors. No current method can determine an exact chronological age due to individual variations in biological development. This study seeks to develop a validated statistical model for estimating an age relative to key legal thresholds (15, 18, and 21 years) based on a skeletal (CT-clavicle, radiography-hand/wrist or MR-knee) and tooth (radiography-third molar) developmental stages. The whole model is based on 34 scientific studies, divided into examinations of the hand/wrist (15 studies), clavicle (5 studies), distal femur (4 studies), and third molars (10 studies). In total, data from approximately 27,000 individuals have been incorporated and the model has subsequently been validated with data from 5,000 individuals. The core framework of the model is built upon transition analysis and is further developed by a combination of a type of parametric bootstrapping and Bayesian theory. Validation of the model includes testing the models on independent datasets of individuals with known ages and shows a high precision with separate populations aligning closely with the model's predictions. The practical use of the complex statistical model requires a user-friendly tool to provide probabilities together with the margin of error. The assessment based on the model forms the medical component for the overall evaluation of an individual's age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the Bureau of Justice Assistance Sexual Assault Kit Initiative (SAKI) began mandating SAKI funding awardees submit eligible cases to the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP), a database which allows for the identification and analysis of serial violent crimes. Limited research has examined the use of ViCAP by SAKI sites or SAKI site personnels' perceptions of ViCAP. To address this gap, we conducted a survey of SAKI sites (N = 24) to identify trends regarding ViCAP personnel and training, ViCAP case entry and eligibility processes, and barriers/opportunities to increase the use of ViCAP. Findings show most sites are entering cases into ViCAP, but the utility of ViCAP as an investigatory tool is hindered by structural barriers in hiring/retention and training which prevent SAKI sites from fully leveraging ViCAP's resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the evolution of the Bruton rule in relation to testimonial and nontestimonial confessions, highlighting the impact of the Crawford decision on its application. It specifically examines the Samia v. United States case, where the Court ruled that redacted confessions not directly incriminating co-defendants are permissible under Bruton. The article suggests that a clearer understanding of Bruton's original rationale rooted in due process, rather than confrontation, could enhance its effectiveness in safeguarding defendants' rights. [Extracted from the article]

The Sixth Amendment Speedy Trial Clause purportedly protects against undue delays in criminal cases. In order to obtain relief for a speedy trial violation, a defendant must show that a delay has lasted so long as to trigger the four-factor test in Barker v. Wingo (1972). Over time, however, states have codified procedural barriers to this speedy trial analysis. Simultaneously, courts have eroded Barker itself, namely by excusing "neutral" delays and by shifting the burden of proving prejudice resulting from such delays onto defendants. Louisiana is a particularly egregious example of these concerning trends, partly because hurricanes regularly disrupt the state's criminal legal system, generating a large number of speedy trial claims. Especially as climate change increases the frequency and intensity of natural disasters countrywide, Louisiana's treacherous laws and flagrant manipulation of Barker serve as a dire warning: We must restore speedy trial protections nationally. Using Louisiana as a case study, and drawing parallels to Florida and Texas, this Note identifies possible legislative and judicial solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the dynamics of sexual reputation, gender roles, and legal proceedings in New France and Quebec from 1685 to 1830. It delves into cases of sexual impropriety, paternity suits, and the policing of sexual behavior, highlighting the complex interactions between men and women in the context of changing social norms. The text challenges simplistic narratives of sexual liberation by emphasizing the agency of women in shaping public opinion and contesting traditional gender norms. Through a nuanced analysis of legal proceedings, the authors reveal the intricate power dynamics and cultural shifts surrounding sexuality and reputation in colonial Quebec. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses a subject that is very little dealt with in the specialized literature, namely the way in which the legislator understood to complete or modify the matter of special methods of surveillance or research, with exclusive regard to technical surveillance, in order to bring the Code of Criminal Procedure into line with the Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Romania admitting some exceptions of unconstitutionality no. 244/2017, respectively no. 55/2020. The paper aims at the analysis and criticism, where appropriate, of the newly introduced/amended articles, observing both the individuality of each text of the law and the inherent links between them. The starting point was the conclusion of the constitutional judges that, in the matter of technical surveillance measures, which constitute an interference in the private life of the persons subject to these measures, there must be an a posteriori control of the approval and execution of the technical surveillance in order to verify the fulfillment of the conditions provided by the law for its adoption, as well as the modalities of execution of the technical surveillance mandate, regardless of whether this verification is carried out within the criminal process or independently of it. The findings made by this approach reveal, in addition to the objective necessity of such amendments, also some deficiencies in aspects related to defective formulations, mismatches of some texts, but also to the erroneous conception of some legislative solutions. Consequently, it is necessary that future solutions amending the regulations on technical supervision also take into account the aspects criticized by the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North Aceh is a district with diverse geographical conditions, ranging from vast lowland areas in the north stretching from west to east to mountainous regions in the south. The average altitude in North Aceh is 125 meters. The district covers an area of 2,694.66 km² with a population of 614,640 people in 2022. The issue of crime in North Aceh District has caused significant discomfort among the community. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Aceh Province, the number of criminal cases increased from 6,651 in 2022 to 10,137 in 2023. Using the Fuzzy C-Means clustering method, the data was grouped into three clusters: cluster 1 represents safe areas, cluster 2 represents moderately vulnerable areas, and cluster 3 represents susceptible areas. For ranking using the Borda method, the Dewantara Police Sector ranked first for the physical aspect, while the Muara Batu Police Sector ranked first for the item aspect. As for predictions using the LSTM model, almost all subdistricts achieved MAPE values below 20%, indicating that the LSTM model is quite effective in predicting crime-prone areas. For example, Baktiya District recorded a MAPE value of 15.85% for the physical aspect, while Simpang Keramat District achieved the best result for the item aspect with a MAPE value of 0.00%. However, in Syamtalira Bayu District, the item aspect reached a MAPE value of 20.07%. Although the MAPE value for the item aspect in Syamtalira Bayu is relatively high, it is still considered acceptable as it remains below 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Angle Health Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article delves into the issue of bail pending extradition in Malaysia. It adopts a doctrinal legal research methodology, focusing on analysing legislation and court decisions to objectively understand how current laws and practices determine bail applications within the context of Malaysian extradition law. The study reveals that Malaysia's Extradition Act 1992 does not explicitly provide for bail pending extradition, except under limited circumstances. Malaysian courts have utilised section 44 of the Extradition Act 1992 to apply bail provisions from the Criminal Procedure Code. The study finds that Malaysian courts adopt a cautious approach when determining bail applications in extradition cases. However, this judicial approach presents challenges, particularly in extradition cases involving offences governed by specific statutes other than the Criminal Procedure Code. The findings suggest that the reliance on section 44 should be re-evaluated to address these challenges. The article concludes by recommending further research to assess the need for an explicit and comprehensive provision for bail in the Extradition Act 1992 to ensure legal consistency and a uniform application across all types of offences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a difference of opinion among jurists regarding the abolition or non-abolition of Hudud (Ḥaddī) punishments. The majority believe that Ḥaddī punishments cannot be abolished if the crime is proven through evidence (bayyina) or the judge's knowledge (ʿilm al-qāżī) and judges have discretion to either pardon the criminal or execute the punishment in case the criminal confesses. The Iranian legislator has followed the majority opinion in the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 A.S./2013 A.D. The purpose of the present study is to explore the basis upon which the majority of jurists advocate the non-abolition of Ḥaddī punishments, and to assess to what extent their cited reasons (dalā'yil-īstanādī) are scientifically valid. The study also explores whether it is legally possible to speak of the feasibility of abolition of Ḥaddī punishments through repentance after the crime has been proven by evidence and the judge's knowledge. The study employs the descriptive-analytical method and examines each of these theories using the critical approach. It is concluded that the majority opinion lacks necessary scientific legitimacy due to its fundamental flaws, and so is the theory of the judge's discretion (takhyīr ḥākim), due to its thematic departure from the category of repentance. Therefore, the theory of "abolition of punishment through repentance of the criminal after the proof of the crime" should serve as the basis for criminal policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses intersectional perspective in relation to criminal legal justice in Pakistani society - a South Asian country with more than 220 million population. By drawing on insights from the women inmates and a criminal lawyer through qualitative interviews, the study probed the encounters of these women with criminal legal system and society. These women were incarcerated in drug-related offenses, murder, injury, and sex work. The study has found that social status identity (e.g., education and income), religious and gender identity of the women inmates experience the negative stereotyping, inadequate legal support, and discrimination in men's dominated criminal justice system of Pakistan. The religious identity of the women inmates further overlaps in the legal system which can increase their vulnerability for discrimination in the criminal law that specifically deals with drug-related offenses. In relation to gender, women prisoners who are young and mothers with children allegedly incarcerated in murder were more vulnerable to patriarchal biasness and barriers of reintegration into family and community. The study has suggested skill-based education, establishment of free legal and reintegration service and oversight of police officials who register criminal cases against women offenders to prevent their religious and gender-based biasness while registering such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]