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Nearly all theoretical approaches and therapies to criminal thinking and behavior have been reductionist, meaning that they focus on a part or a subsystem of a system or a supra-system. While these reductionist theories and therapies have provided, and continue to provide, valuable information and rehabilitation, they offer a limited view of criminality and rehabilitation as a consequence of reductionism. Using general systems theory (GST), this article presents an integrated and interdisciplinary theoretical approach to criminal thinking and behavior. This article posits that criminality can be better understood, prevented, and treated using GST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, there has been growing interest in the evaluation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autistic traits in prison populations and offenders. Due to misleading headlines and highly publicized criminal cases, the belief that autistic individuals are more prone to commit crimes has spread among the general population, also leading to increasing research on this matter. Aims: In this context, this narrative review aimed to analyze the available scientific literature on the bi-directional link between ASD and criminal behaviors and to assess the key characteristics of eventual ASD offenders, including sociodemographic data, comorbidities, crime-related features, and interactions with the criminal justice system. Results: Our review highlighted that the available studies lack methodological rigor and present controversial results. Overall, the current state of research does not support any definitive correlation between ASD or autistic traits and the predisposition to engage in criminal conduct. Further studies are needed to confirm or reject this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should the goal of criminal justice be to make sure offenders get their 'just deserts'? In the current work, we investigate why some people believe that criminal offenders should be punished. The primary goal is to explore how mindsets about the nature of criminal behavior predict punitive and rehabilitative attitudes. Drawing on the Double-Edged Sword (DES) model of mindsets in stigmatized domains, we predicted that mindsets about the relative changeability (growth mindsets) or stability (fixed mindsets) of criminality will have contradictory indirect effects on these attitudes. Across three preregistered studies (N = 1,089), in addition to finding that growth mindsets overall predicted less punitive attitudes, we found support for the DES model. That is, growth mindsets indirectly predicted less punitive and more rehabilitative attitudes via reduced essentialist thinking but stronger punitive and weaker rehabilitative attitudes via greater blame. Our findings extend the DES model to the domain of criminality, suggest avenues for additional research, and offer applications for fostering growth mindsets that keep the benefits without the costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the synthetic control method to examine whether land-based gambling ban has an effect on crime in a given city. In a sample of four Czech cities where the ban was introduced, we show that these cities had roughly the same crime rate development in the years after the ban as the control cities without the ban, showing that there is no significant impact. As this is, to our knowledge, the first use of the synthetic control method in the context of gambling, the main contribution of this study lies in demonstrating the possibilities in its use. Employing this versatile method may improve the current situation where many gambling impact studies suffer from the absence of a control group or an identification strategy to confirm causal relationship. Last but not least, the results of this study make an important contribution to the debate on blanket measures in gambling regulation; although pathological gambling is linked to crime, banning this activity may not lead to the expected consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of microcredit is to offer small loans to people who are not covered by traditional financial channels. It can facilitate entrepreneurship, boosting local socio-economic development and improving environmental and political factors. Design/methodology/approach: This paper aims to analyse microcredit in Italy, focusing on a project based in Rione Sanità, Naples. Rione Sanità is one of the poorest areas of Southern Italy, displaying high rates of criminality and unemployment, especially among youth, women, migrants and the vulnerable. The district is renowned for its fine and ancient handicrafts, food, trade and historical heritage – potential drivers for boosting tourism in the area. Qualitative methodologies were used to collect primary data through field visits and interviews with project bankers, local businesses, artisans, associations and religious representatives, project volunteers, as well as participation at local meetings. These data were corroborated by budget analysis based on the project's accounting. Findings: The study shows encouraging results for the project and policy prospects. Despite the tiny starting numbers, there emerges a significant potential for microcredit to spread in the district, as in Southern Italy, providing an effective strategy to combat unemployment, usury and criminality, yielding community development and favoring broad societal challenges. Originality/value: With this evidence, the paper attempts to shed some light and verify the potential of microfinance projects as a driver of sustainable development and ethical finance in poor areas of developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the literature, video game addiction in youths is correlated with dysfunctional symptoms of anxiety, emotional disorders, and mood disorders, and the pandemic period of 2020–2022 has favored the aggravation of this behavioral addiction. Therefore, we identified the need to analyze this phenomenon with an emphasis on the risks and correlates related to deviance and maladjustment from a prospective perspective, seeking to understand the impact of the individual variables examined. Aim: To demonstrate whether the condition of "gaming non-pathological abuse" (GNPA) promotes psychopathological features of clinical interest, in the absence of a diagnosis of "gaming disorder" (GD). Materials and methods: A search performed on PubMed and administration of an ad hoc sociological questionnaire were used to investigate individual variables of criminological interest in a representative population sample (531 males/females, 8–18 years old, M: 14.4, SD: 2.5). Results: Statistical analysis showed that after the pandemic period, digital video game addiction was reinforced, feeding psychopathological traits consistent with anxiety, emotional disorders, and mood disorders. Variables correlated with impulsive, aggressive, and violent behavior related to age, gender, socio-environmental and economic background, and the severity of digital video game addiction. Conclusions: In the youth population (8–18 years), "gaming non-pathological abuse" (GNPA) is related to aggressive, impulsive and violent behaviors that foster phenomena of social maladjustment and deviance, especially in individuals living in disadvantaged or otherwise complex socio-economic and family contexts. Looking forward, the study of structural and functional personality profiles is essential in order to anticipate and reduce the future risk of psychopathological and criminal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of public procurement, particularly in the defence sector, has become especially pressing during the period of Russian aggression in Ukraine. The risk of corruption in this area is significant and can have fatal consequences for the state. The purpose of this article was to review the system for countering and preventing violations in the field of public procurement, which was created in response to the challenges of martial law in Ukraine. A comparison of this system with the corresponding mechanisms of the European Union was conducted. The methodological basis of the article was a dialectical approach to analysing the crime prevention system in the field of public procurement in Ukraine and worldwide. The study employed methods of formal logic, as well as systemic-structural, systematisation, generalisation, forecasting, phenomenological, comparative-legal, and comparative analysis. Scientific approaches to preventing offences in the field of public procurement in several foreign countries were examined, as well as the main rules and standards introduced in the European Union in this field. It was substantiated that the system for preventing offences in the field of public procurement under martial law in Ukraine is not optimal, and this also applies to EU countries, despite the collective international and national measures taken. It was argued that public procurement is inextricably linked with politics and is used as a tool for achieving the strategic objectives of a particular state. The issue of preventing corruption offences in the field of public procurement is extremely relevant for researchers, and the results of its thorough study will enable Ukraine to achieve significant progress in combating this phenomenon, in addition to the measures already taken by the state during martial law

Criminality is one of most important global problems. It interferes with social, security, economic, cultural and political spheres of life throughout society is therefore necessary to take all possible measures to prevent its growth. In practice, it’s comfrimed that prevention is essential and most effective. This article presents the preventive actions of the Municipal Police of the city Košice, its history, present and the prospects for its use in the fight against crime and other antisocial activities.

Urban violence refers to any form of violence occurring in cities and suburbs. It may involve delinquent acts such as theft, physical assault, harassment, vandalism, etc. This article aims to provide a scientific explanation for the violent behavior and practices of young people. The observations and analyses conducted in this case study will seek, through an ethnographic approach, to go beyond the collected data in order to identify this new reality currently experienced in cities, especially in overcrowded neighborhoods, and to determine the factors contributing to the spread of this urban violence phenomenon in our towns and villages. Urban violence is a complex phenomenon that can have serious and lasting consequences on the affected individuals, families, and communities, in addition to being influenced by a variety of factors, including social inequalities, economic factors, and peer group dynamics.

Although self-control is frequently comorbid with other antisocial features, some individuals who exhibit psychological risk factors for antisocial conduct nevertheless have relatively high self-control. With this complexity in mind, the current study examined self-control as a potential moderator of antisociality/criminality features and violent attitudes using a community sample of 354 adult participants from Portugal. We found significant evidence that self-control moderates the dark core of personality when predicting antisociality/criminality, but not when predicting violent attitudes. We also found self-control moderates psychopathy when predicting antisocialty/criminality, but self-control had more robust moderation effects for violent attitudes. Specifically, self-control moderated narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism. Self-control did not moderate Machiavellianism in either model. Findings corroborate the notion that self-control plays an important role in moderating some dark traits of personality that are significant predictors for antisocial/criminal behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Evidence indicates that persistent transgressive behaviors often begin early in development and increase around age twelve, and warns that children who exhibit transgressive behaviors in childhood or early adolescence tend to develop criminal behaviors in adulthood which makes childhood a critical unit of analysis for timely intervention. The study examines risk and protective factors in childhood related to illegal behavior, through the perspective of developmental criminology. The observation of risk and protective factors in early stages allows us to design interventions that prevent social adjustment problems in children from becoming more complex by maintaining the transgression of social norms over time. Factors identified by developmental criminology can be organized according to ecological systems theory and discussed in relation to previous criminological studies. Methods: Using a systematic review based on the PRISMA method, the study identifies 24 updated developmental criminology articles that study early protective factors between birth and age twelve. Result: Risk factors at the individual level include biological, socioemotional, behavioral, symptomatic aspects and adverse life experiences. Individual protective factors include cognitive, socioemotional, and personality development aspects. Risk factors at an interpersonal and contextual level are related to family, school, peers, socioeconomic situation and governance. Conclusions: This review highlights the importance of recognizing risk and protective factors in child development, contemplating interventions at multiple levels where an articulation between the various institutions involved in child care is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor self-control is a strong correlate of criminal propensity. It is conceptualized and operationalized differently in criminology than in other scientific traditions. Aims: (1) To verify the dimensionality of the criminological Grasmick selfcontrol items, other self-regulation items and morality ones. (2) To re-interpret the dimensions using a clinical perspective, a taxonomic/diagnostic model and references to possible "biological underpinnings." (3) Validate the dimensions by associations with crime. Method: Population: all persons born 1995 in Malmö and living there at age 12. A random sample (N = 525) filled in a comprehensive self-report questionnaire on themes like personality, crime/abuse and social aspects at age 15, 16 and 18. Age 18 data were analysed: 191 men and 220 women. Results: Self-regulation items were 4-dimensional: ADHD problems (Behavior control and Executive skills) and two Aggression factors. Morality items formed a fifth dimension. Negative Affect and Social interaction factors covered the rest of the variance. The validity of these factors was backed up by correlations with similar items/factors. Self-regulation subscales predicted crimes better than the Grasmick scale; an interaction with morality improved prediction still further. Sex differences were over-all small with three exceptions: Aggression, Morality and Negative affect. Conclusion: We identified four dimensions of the 20-item Grasmick instrument: Cognitive action control (impulsiveness/sensation seeking, response inhibition), Executive skills/future orientation, Affective/aggression reactivity and Aggression control. All should be possible to link to brain functional modules. Much can be gained if we are able to formulate an integrated model of self-regulation including distinct brain functional modules, process-and trait-oriented models, relevant diagnoses and clinical experiences of individual cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Fondo Editorial Fundacion Universitaria Luis Amigo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this cross-sectional retrospective study comprising 124 Turkish homicide offenders with psychotic illness, we aimed to identify subgroups utilizing an age-at-onset framework and comparing these subgroups based on offender and offending characteristics. The sample was categorized into early starters (ES) and late starters (LS), and various variables were examined. Nearly one-third of the sample consisted of ES. According to univariate and multivariate analyses, ES exhibited a higher likelihood of prior offending and a shorter duration of illness until the index homicide compared to LS. Univariate analyses also indicated associations between being in the ES subgroup and lower education, presence of a personality disorder, a younger age at the first offense, and involving co-offenders during the index homicide. Moreover, late first offenders (LFO), constituting 13% of the entire sample, were identified within the LS subgroup and were associated with lower rates of personality disorders. Our results align with existing research, confirming conventional criminogenic needs specific to ES. Novel findings, along with some study results that did not reach statistical significance, may be unique to homicide offenders with psychosis. Further exploration of the applicability of age-at-onset typology in this specific group is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence for substance use‐related problems in individuals with mild intellectual disability is sparse and mainly limited to selected psychiatric populations. We evaluated the risk of substance use‐related problems in individuals with mild intellectual disability compared to the general population. Additionally, we have performed secondary sibling comparison analyses to account for familial confounding. Methods: We conducted a population‐based cohort study of individuals born in Sweden between 1973 and 2003. A total of 18,307 individuals with mild intellectual disability were compared to 915,350 reference individuals from the general population and 18,996 full siblings of individuals with mild intellectual disability. Information on mild intellectual disability and substance use‐related problems was obtained from several Swedish national and regional school and healthcare registers. Substance use‐related problems were measured via corresponding diagnostic and legal codes and included alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, alcohol‐related somatic disease, conviction for a substance‐related crime, and substance‐related death. Results: Individuals with mild intellectual disability had a higher risk of any substance use‐related problem compared to the general population (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.72–1.91), both in males (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.65–1.89) and females (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.74–2.05). The risks of substance use‐related problems were particularly elevated among individuals with mild intellectual disability and psychiatric comorbidities (HR, 2.21–8.24). The associations were attenuated in the sibling comparison models. Conclusions: Individuals with mild intellectual disability, especially those with psychiatric comorbidity, are at an elevated risk of substance use‐related problems. Familial factors shared by full siblings contribute considerably to the association between mild intellectual disability and substance use‐related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Political violence continues to be a key feature of political life in South Africa. This violence seems to occur predominantly in the controversial KwaZulu-Natal province. Political violence that was seen during the early 1990s between the African National Congress (ANC) and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) is seen today between members of the ANC and their opposition, such as Congress of the People (COPE), and apolitical organisations such as Ubunye bamaHoistela (UbH). Aim: To analyse the nexus of political violence, patronage networks and criminality in the administration of Glebelends hostels and their effects on human security. The article relies on human security perspective to tease out the human security effects stemming from political violence, patronage networks and criminality. Methods: The article adopted a qualitative literature assessment. Results: Political violence, patronage networks and criminality in the administration of Glebelands hostels have resulted into human security crisis in Glebelands such as murders, physical attacks unemployment, poverty and post-traumatic disorder. Conclusion: The prevalence of political violence, patronage networks and crime has posed a threat to human (in) security for residents of Glebelands hostels. Contribution: The current government, which is responsible for administering the hostels, should create a safer living space for the residents of Glebelands. These could be attained if the ruling party eradicates corrupt practices from its administration of the hostel, which often impede the provision of decent services to its constituents. The allocation of hostel rooms and jobs opportunities should be done in a holistic manner.

Indonesian democracy, despite being praised as an example of democracy in Muslim majority country, has been marked with the important role of non-state actors in influencing the social, economic, and political conditions of a society that are outside the government structure. One of the actors who play an important role in influencing the condition of society is the presence of thugs and their acts of thuggery. This pattern of politics can be traced back to the ear of New Order. This research attempts to reveal and describe the actions carried out by thugs and their impact on the lives of the people of Yogyakarta during the New Order era. The method used is the oral history method by interviewing the actors of non-state politics in Yogyakarta, primarily prominent young paramilitary or thug groups including Joxzin, Qizruh, Pemuda Pancasila and their relations with major political parties at that time, Golkar, PDIP and PPP. This research reveals that during the New Order era, thugs in Yogyakarta collaborated and cooperated with political forces. Political power utilizes thugs as a force that can suppress political opponents with violence and as a means of gaining votes in elections. Meanwhile, thugs join political forces with the intention of seeking political protection for their criminal acts and as a means of pursuing a career for a better future. Golkar in Yogyakarta used the mass organization Pemuda Pancasila (PP) as an element that could be used to suppress and intimidate political opponents. Meanwhile, PPP and PDI used their party’s laskars (paramilitary wing) in securing and dealing with the violence they faced. The main strength of the laskars in PPP and PDI actually came from the wild youth organizations, namely Joxzin and Qizruh. For the two groups, known for their violent repertoires, this presents an alternative to express themselves and a place to find identity. When the New Order rule ended in 1988, Qizruh leaders joined PP which meant supporting Golkar, and several other leaders chose to support PDI. Meanwhile,Joxzin’s elders had many careers as the main force of the laskars in PPP.

In the present scientific study, the broad spectrum of economic criminality on economic relations is analyzed, where there is an introduction of concrete facts and processes related to this criminality, which actually represents the global phenomenon of our days and has significant devastating effects on the economy, society and not lastly, on trust in the legal system. Thus, we find that economic crime represents, today, a rather serious problem for society, state organs, which has various forms and is increasingly complex, sophisticated in the digital age. The study contains elements about crime in the Republic of Moldova and identifies the factors that have an impact on economic and financial crime. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the researchers' discussion on current economic problems and to highlight responsibility in the management of companies. We believe that the contribution of this study for theory and practice is to highlight the unwanted social phenomenon with not only a national but also an international dimension.

Criminality in the business environment has become a topic that currently generates much academic discussion, especially if the classic formulas for determining authorship and participation are adequate to respond to these new criminal phenomena. Various ideas for solutions have been proposed, but none of them has been free of criticism. In this context, we sought to analyze the formulas provided in the Colombian penal code to determine whether they are prepared to curb this new scourge. Based on a descriptive model of doctrinal and legal review, the results show that they must undergo a process of modernization to adapt to the new scenarios of criminality in the business context.

Objective: to describe and evaluate the contribution of Praskovya Nikolayevna Tarnovskaya to the Russian, European and world criminology based on the analysis of her works and expert opinions.Methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, grouping, modeling, interpretation) and special (historical-legal, content analysis of media publications) scientific methods, which are used in modern criminological science.Results: new literary sources were identified and introduced into the scientific turnover, i.e. Praskovya Nikolayevna Tarnovskaya’s works published in the late 19th – early 20th century in Russian and foreign languages and devoted to the issues of combating female criminality. The significant contribution of P. N. Tarnovskaya to the formation and development of the Russian, European and world criminological science was established.Scientific novelty: for the first time in criminological science, the content of a maximum number of literary sources by P. N. Tarnovskaya, one of the founders of the world criminology, published in Russian, French and Italian languages, was assessed. Based on the reviews, commentaries and other information published in scientific periodicals, the author monitored how P. N. Tarnovskaya’s contemporaries assessed her works. A proposal is made to develop a new branch of Russian criminology – historical criminology.Practical significance: the work can be used to prepare textbooks, manuals and other teaching materials on the course “Criminology” and to fill with new content the section “History of the Russian criminology”. It may also be useful for the theoretical development of a new scientific area of the world, European and Russian criminology – historical criminology.

Background Methods Results Conclusions There is currently insufficient understanding of the health and behavior of children whose parents engage in criminal behavior. We examined associations between parental criminal convictions and wide range of offspring health, behavioral, and social outcomes by age 18 in a large, national sample, aiming to get a comprehensive picture of the risks among children of offending parents.We studied 1,013,385 individuals born in Sweden between 1987 and 1995, and their parents. Using data from several longitudinal nationwide registers, we investigated parental convictions and 85 offspring outcomes until the end of 2013, grouped into birth‐related conditions, psychiatric and somatic disorders, accidents and injuries, mortality, school achievement, violent victimization, and criminality. Cox proportional hazards regression and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations. The role of genetic factors in intergenerational associations was studied in children‐of‐siblings analyses. We also examined the co‐occurrence of multiple outcomes using Poisson regression.A total of 223,319 (22.0%) individuals had one parent convicted and 31,241 (3.1%) had both parents convicted during the first 18 years of their life. The strongest associations were found between parental convictions and offspring behavioral problems, substance use disorders, poor school achievement, violent victimization, and criminality, with an approximately 2 to 2.5‐fold increased risk in children with one convicted parent and 3‐ to 4‐fold increased risk in children with two convicted parents. The risks were particularly elevated among children of incarcerated parents with a history of violent convictions. The associations appeared to be at least partly explained by genetic influences. Parental convictions were also associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing multiple outcomes.Our findings help to calibrate the risks of a wide range of adverse outcomes associated with parental convictions and may be used to guide prevention efforts and identify key areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I analyze the sketches used by police, media, Criminologists, Scientists and Official Authorities for the arrest of El/La Mataviejitas. Just as important as analyzing the details of the sketches is understanding the software called La Cara del Mexicano, used to produce them, since their technological basis contributed to the perception that they were accurate and informative, based on the various “types” that representatively constitute the Mexican faces, determined “objectively” by physical anthropologists and forensic specialists. The analysis of these reveals how the national imaginaries of masculinity and femininity, and their relationship with the perception of class and skin color, have been reinforced through discourses of criminal representation since the 19th century. The portraits that the police and criminologists used to identify El/ La Mataviejitas, as well as the texts that accompanied them tell the story of national imaginaries about who constitutes a criminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Politica y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas is the property of Centro de Investigacao e Estudos de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with food profiteering in the Bohemian Lands after the declaration of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The new state faced a disintegrated society in which various units continued to fight each other for an advantage in the food market. While food shortages persisted, the Czechoslovak authorities had to deal with a situation in which food rationing laws had lost some of their power to distinguish between the legal and the criminal. Moreover, collective ideas about what was right and wrong, about the victims and perpetrators of food profiteering, and of whom to punish and how, varied according to the different social and ethnic affiliations of the population. Political instrumentalization of such ideas jeopardized the postwar consolidation based on the promise of a better future. Thus, the introduction of food profiteering courts with lay judges was an attempt to institutionalize conflicts over food profiteering and to reduce the impacts of the atomization of society until the economic situation improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and hypothesis Childhood adversity (CA) increases the risk for several adult psychiatric conditions. It is unclear why some exposed individuals experience psychotic symptoms and others do not. We investigated whether a syndemic explained a psychotic outcome determined by CA. Study design We used self-reported cross-sectional data from 7461 British men surveyed in different population subgroups. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified categorical psychopathological outcomes. LCs were tested by interaction analysis between syndemic factors derived from confirmatory factor analysis according to CA experiences. Pathway analysis using partial least squares path modeling. Results A 4-class model with excellent fit identified an LC characterized by both psychotic and anxiety symptoms (class 4). A syndemic model of joint effects, adducing a 3-component latent variable of substance misuse (SM), high-risk sexual behavior (SH), violence and criminality (VC) showed synergy between components and explained the psychotic outcome (class 4). We found significant interactions between factor scores on the multiplicative scale, specific only to class 4 (psychosis), including SM × SH, SH × VC, and SM × VC (OR > 1, P  < .05); and on the additive scale SM × SH (relative excess risk due to interaction >0, P  < .05), but only for men who experienced CA. Conclusion Multiplicative synergistic interactions between SM, SH, and VC constituted a mechanism determining a psychotic outcome, but not for anxiety disorder, mixed anxiety disorder/depression, or depressive disorder. This was specific to men who had experienced CA along direct and syndemic pathways. Population interventions should target SM and VC in adulthood but prioritize primary prevention strategies for CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homicide rates in Brazil have increased since the 2000s, and in recent years Amazonas has been in the national spotlight due to its high rate of violence. Thus, this article sought to measure the impacts of socioeconomic variables on crime in Amazonas in the year 2010. Data were obtained from the Homicide Rate - proxy for crime - and data Population; per capita GDP; Poverty; Urbanization Rate; Demographic density; Gini coefficient; Illiteracy Rate and Unemployment Rate for the 62 municipalities in the state. Amazonas state in 2010. To achieve the proposed objective, a multiple linear regression model was used. The results indicated that the main determinants of state crime were: poverty, population, urbanization rate and GDP per capita, and the variables that impact crime in municipalities with higher homicide rates differ from those that impact municipalities with low rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood externalizing problems have been linked with adult criminality. However, little is known about criminal outcomes among children with comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems. We examined the associations between profiles of behavioral problems during childhood (i.e., externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid) and criminality by early adulthood. Participants were N = 3017 children from the population-based Quebec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children followed up from age 6–25. Multitrajectory modeling of teacher-rated externalizing and internalizing problems from age 6–12 years identified four distinct profiles: no/low, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid problems. Juvenile (age 13–17) and adult (age 18–25) criminal convictions were extracted from official records. Compared to children in the no/low profile, those in the externalizing and comorbid profiles were at higher risk of having a criminal conviction, while no association was found for children in the internalizing profile. Children with comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems were most at risk of having a criminal conviction by adulthood, with a significantly higher risk when compared to children with externalizing or internalizing problems only. Similar results were found when violent and non-violent crimes were investigated separately. Specific interventions targeting early comorbid behavioral problems could reduce long-term criminality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a corpus of six texts written and published under the "publishing house" of two criminal organizations in Michoacan, Mexico, including a press release, an autobiography, a code of conduct, a journalist narrative, an advertising text and a motivational text, focused on the search of political legitimacy by criminal organizations. This article argues that, in spite of the heterogeneity in narrative styles, this corpus has a single political message: a discourse of legitimacy linked to a project to build criminal authority. Firstly, the idea of legitimacy and criminal authority is analyzed, then the context of legitimacy crisis and authority experienced in Michoacan and Mexico is addressed; next, each text, its characteristics and purposes are analyzed. Finally, the results are discussed and some ideas are considered as a conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Kawistara is the property of Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ecological restoration requires a holistic view of the interconnectedness between degraded areas, remaining ecosystems, and the repercussions of land use and other socioeconomic costs. In this study, we analyze how biological priorities for restoration change when ecological, social, and economic feasibility are considered. A multi‐criteria approach was used to prioritize restoration areas, using the Mexican side of the transboundary Grijalva‐Usumacinta basin (78,831 km2) as a study model, one of Mexico's most important regions, thanks to its hydrology, biology, and social conditions. Fourteen indicators of biological value and feasibility for restoration were identified. The results showed that when considering only biological factors (B scenario), 9.35% of the basin area had high or very high priority for restoration within or near natural protected areas (NPAs). When including feasibility (B + F scenario), the area with high to very high priority values for restoration increased to 34.3%. This means that many feasible areas had medium or low biological priority for restoration, and consequently, in many cases, there is a tradeoff between the possible biological recovery versus viability derived mainly from socioeconomic factors. Without discerning where restoration can offer the most pronounced ecological and socioeconomic benefits, efforts risk being misdirected or squandered. This approach provides a suitability assessment useful for decision‐makers and stakeholders because it generates a more complete picture of opportunities and threats to make a final selection of priority areas for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the mid-1940s until the early 1960s, youth delinquency was such a frequent motif in Swedish cinema that it was almost regarded as a genre of its own. This article investigates how the theme survived in Swedish television in the 1960s, focusing on three case studies, Trängningen ('The squeeze') (1962), Väcka åtal ('Prosecution') (1970) and Konfrontation ('Confrontation') (1969). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPoor self-control is a strong correlate of criminal propensity. It is conceptualized and operationalized differently in criminology than in other scientific traditions.Aims(1) To verify the dimensionality of the criminological Grasmick self-control items, other self-regulation items and morality ones. (2) To re-interpret the dimensions using a clinical perspective, a taxonomic/diagnostic model and references to possible “biological underpinnings.” (3) Validate the dimensions by associations with crime.MethodPopulation: all persons born 1995 in Malmö and living there at age 12. A random sample (N = 525) filled in a comprehensive self-report questionnaire on themes like personality, crime/abuse and social aspects at age 15, 16 and 18. Age 18 data were analysed: 191 men and 220 women.ResultsSelf-regulation items were 4-dimensional: ADHD problems (Behavior control and Executive skills) and two Aggression factors. Morality items formed a fifth dimension. Negative Affect and Social interaction factors covered the rest of the variance. The validity of these factors was backed up by correlations with similar items/factors. Self-regulation subscales predicted crimes better than the Grasmick scale; an interaction with morality improved prediction still further. Sex differences were over-all small with three exceptions: Aggression, Morality and Negative affect.ConclusionWe identified four dimensions of the 20-item Grasmick instrument: Cognitive action control (impulsiveness/sensation seeking, response inhibition), Executive skills/future orientation, Affective/aggression reactivity and Aggression control. All should be possible to link to brain functional modules. Much can be gained if we are able to formulate an integrated model of self-regulation including distinct brain functional modules, process-and trait-oriented models, relevant diagnoses and clinical experiences of individual cases.

Abstract Background Evidence for substance use‐related problems in individuals with mild intellectual disability is sparse and mainly limited to selected psychiatric populations. We evaluated the risk of substance use‐related problems in individuals with mild intellectual disability compared to the general population. Additionally, we have performed secondary sibling comparison analyses to account for familial confounding. Methods We conducted a population‐based cohort study of individuals born in Sweden between 1973 and 2003. A total of 18,307 individuals with mild intellectual disability were compared to 915,350 reference individuals from the general population and 18,996 full siblings of individuals with mild intellectual disability. Information on mild intellectual disability and substance use‐related problems was obtained from several Swedish national and regional school and healthcare registers. Substance use‐related problems were measured via corresponding diagnostic and legal codes and included alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, alcohol‐related somatic disease, conviction for a substance‐related crime, and substance‐related death. Results Individuals with mild intellectual disability had a higher risk of any substance use‐related problem compared to the general population (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.72–1.91), both in males (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.65–1.89) and females (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.74–2.05). The risks of substance use‐related problems were particularly elevated among individuals with mild intellectual disability and psychiatric comorbidities (HR, 2.21–8.24). The associations were attenuated in the sibling comparison models. Conclusions Individuals with mild intellectual disability, especially those with psychiatric comorbidity, are at an elevated risk of substance use‐related problems. Familial factors shared by full siblings contribute considerably to the association between mild intellectual disability and substance use‐related problems.

Introduction: Owing to legislative changes and regional disparities, knowledge of firearm death profile in Brazil is limited, creating a complex situation that requires data to improve the strategies to reduce the burden of this health problem. The aim of this study was to describe the burden of firearm injuries and regional disparities in Brazil, including the characterization of mortality profiles specifically in the year 2019. Method: The researchers extracted secondary data from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, from Global Burden of Disease study, including information on new cases and deaths caused by firearms. They also examined metrics such as incidence, mortality, years of life lost owing to disability, years of life living with disability, and years of life lost owing to premature death. Descriptive statistics (number of deaths and proportion) were performed. Results: The findings reveal that nearly 50,000 firearm-related deaths occurred in Brazil in 2019, corresponding to a rate of 21.6 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. These deaths collectively contributed to around 3 million years of life lost when adjusted for disability. Notably, there are significant regional disparities, with the Northeast region of Brazil bearing a higher burden of firearm injuries. The study further differentiates mortality profiles on the basis of the type of firearm-related death. Young individuals and young adults experience a higher mortality rate due to homicides. On the other hand, individuals aged ≥70 years are more prone to firearm-related suicides. Conclusions: Firearm injuries in Brazil have distinct mortality profiles. Acknowledging these different profiles is crucial when devising effective public policies to address this issue.

Background: In recent years, there has been growing interest in the evaluation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autistic traits in prison populations and offenders. Due to misleading headlines and highly publicized criminal cases, the belief that autistic individuals are more prone to commit crimes has spread among the general population, also leading to increasing research on this matter. Aims: In this context, this narrative review aimed to analyze the available scientific literature on the bi-directional link between ASD and criminal behaviors and to assess the key characteristics of eventual ASD offenders, including sociodemographic data, comorbidities, crime-related features, and interactions with the criminal justice system. Results: Our review highlighted that the available studies lack methodological rigor and present controversial results. Overall, the current state of research does not support any definitive correlation between ASD or autistic traits and the predisposition to engage in criminal conduct. Further studies are needed to confirm or reject this hypothesis.

Community police is not only a philosophical approach, but also a significant organisational strategy, which strengthens the relationship between the police and the community and aims to solve problems related to crime and public security as a team. This model encourages active collaboration between the policemen and community inhabitants in order to identify, prevent and solve the specific problems of the locality, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life for all local residents. The implementation of the community police concept in the Republic of Moldova would have an essential role in preventing crime and victimization in the rural environment. In the context of preventing victimization in the rural environment, the community police would have the responsibility to collaborate with community members in identifying, analyzing, addressing and removing the risk factors that can determine crime and, implicitly, victimization. The authors propose to elucidate the concept of community police in the light of the argued opinions of various researchers in the field in order to justify and recognize the effectiveness of this mechanism that could essentially contribute to the reduction of crime and victimization in rural areas of the Republic of Moldova. Thus, through this research, it was possible to generalize the most relevant theoretical and practical implications from around the world with reference to the different modes of activity of the community police. The results obtained would help to develop this concept in the activity practices of the national police, which would determine a predominantly pro-active approach in anticipating and solving public security problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special investigative actions are measures necessary to assist prosecutors in effectively detecting serious and complex criminal offenses, not necessarily but most often in cases of organized crime, economic crime, and corruption. It is evident today that there are criminal offenses involving a large number of people in different locations, carried out with the help of new communication technologies, making it difficult to prove them using only traditional evidence methods (such as observation, documents, physical evidence, witnesses, etc.). Furthermore, it is often asserted, and this is supported by numerous cases, that criminals are often better organized than the state and that they incorporate various scientific and technological advancements into their criminal activities, outpacing state repressive bodies in the use of such advancements. To enable the proof of complex criminal offenses, the legislator has expanded the powers of prosecutors and investigative bodies, giving them more effective mechanisms for detecting the perpetrators of such crimes, which are reflected in the application of special investigative actions. Special investigative actions provide a specific contribution in terms of procedural and criminalistics significance, as their application allows for the securing of evidence for the further course of criminal proceedings in complex criminal cases, all while respecting procedural provisions and criminalistics rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research, using data from the Community Criminal Courts where a majority of elderly offenders are tried and sentenced, investigates the socio-economic profile of elderly offenders and the factors influencing their criminal motivation in Singapore. It revisits conceptualizations of offending in older age which until now has received scant attention even in Asian societies where ties to conventional institutions are thought to be "protective." The majority of elderly offenders in this study were "revolving door prisoners" and were never in possession of any efficacious social capital that would have prevented them from committing a crime or enabled their re-entry process, a problem compounded by the study's findings that almost 70% of the sampled offenders had experienced mental health issues. This would have spelled adverse consequences for their desistance and, conversely, their recidivist behavior, a finding that was consistent with many other studies that had examined the association between psychosis and crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work is based on the problems related to the increase in the number of registered complaints of computer crimes, which negatively affects the perception of citizen insecurity and the procedural overload in the justice system, there being a need on the part of the State to address this problem. In response to this, considering that data have been collected that demonstrate that the Immediate Process has obtained effective results in the justice system, the objective of this research work is to expose the viable application of the Immediate Process as an effective tool for the processing of the crimes of Computer Fraud and Proposals to children and adolescents for sexual purposes through technological means regulated by Law No. 30096 -- Computer Crime Law. For this, the crime figures, procedural overload of the justice system, citizen insecurity and the growth of complaints for computer crimes are observed in order to show the problem to be addressed. Then an analysis of the Immediate Process is carried out, in addition, the results obtained in its application in the justice system are observed. Subsequently, an analysis of the crimes of Computer Fraud and Proposals to children and adolescents for sexual purposes through technological means is carried out. Finally, through an analysis of cases related to the aforementioned computer crimes, it is possible to expose the viability of the Immediate Process for the effective prosecution of these computer crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Very few longitudinal psychiatric and psychosocial outcome studies of children with mild intellectual disability (MID) have been performed. Methods: The study group was population based and consisted of 82 individuals, born in 1979–1985 and diagnosed in childhood at ages between 3 and 15 years with MID. In the present study, register data regarding school attendance, employment, economic situation, psychiatric diagnoses and criminal sentences were retrieved for the years 1997–2018, when the individuals were up to 39 years old. Results: At follow‐up, data were obtained for 78 of the 82 individuals (47 male and 31 female). Mean age at follow‐up was 36 years. Of the 78 individuals, 57 (73%) had exclusively received education for pupils with MID, but 21 (27%) had graduated from regular education of some sort (at least 9 years). Forty‐four (56%) had never been employed, and 34 (44%) had been registered as employed for at least a shorter period. Forty‐seven (60%) had received a sick pension at some point in adulthood. Of the 78 individuals, 44 (56%) had any psychiatric disorder recorded and about half of these (n = 21) had had inpatient treatment. A total of 31 of the 44 individuals in psychiatric care (70%) had ID noted as one of their diagnoses. Of the 78 individuals, 48 (62%) had support from the Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments (Swedish LSS law) as adults. Twenty‐one individuals (27%) had had a criminal conviction, of whom five male individuals had been incarcerated. Conclusions: Individuals with MID constitute a heterogeneous group with regard to severity of functional impairment, co‐occurring psychiatric disorders and need of support from society. Primary health care, psychiatry and habilitation services need to work together in order to meet the multiple needs of this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]