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Probiotics are live microorganisms that upon administration in adequate amounts provide various health benefits to the host. Probiotics are "lactic acid-producing bacteria" as they release large amounts of organic acids, particularly lactic acids, in their surrounding environment. Although the acids produced by probiotics are beneficial for gastrointestinal and vaginal health, the acidogenic nature of probiotics has raised concerns among dental professionals, especially concerning their effect on the enamel and dentin. Previous studies have found that probiotics can lower the pH of the saliva and cause essential elements like Calcium and Phosphorus to leach from the enamel. This can alter the surface topography of enamel and increase the risk of enamel defects. Studies have also noted that probiotic bacteria can replace cariogenic bacteria and lower the risk of tooth decay. However, the effect of acid produced by probiotics on the enamel surface remains unclear. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of probiotics on the surface roughness, microhardness, and elemental composition of enamel compared to 0.1 M Lactic acid (demineralizing agent). Twenty enamel sections were randomly divided into groups and subjected to a pH cycling model using a probiotic suspension and 0.1 M lactic acid. The changes in the surface roughness, microhardness, surface morphology, and elemental composition of the enamel with regard to Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Hydrogen, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Fluoride, Chlorine, and Calcium of the enamel were evaluated before and after the emersion in both the groups. The results showed a significant increase in the mean surface roughness in the probiotic group before and after the exposure. The microhardness of the enamel decreased along with altered arrangement of the enamel prisms, increased striations, scratch marks, and pitting after exposure to the probiotic group. A decrease in the atomic/weight% for Calcium, Phosphorous, Fluoride, Aluminium, and Oxygen and an increase in the weight/atomic% for Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sodium were noted compared to the baseline in the probiotic solution. The results in the probiotic group were comparable to the 0.1 M lactic acids. The pH changed from 5.78 to 3.06 at the end of 24 h in the probiotic group. Based on these findings, we conclude that exposure to probiotics can affect microhardness and surface roughness and cause leaching of essential elements like Calcium and Phosphorous from the enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Probiotics are live microorganisms which that provide various health benefits to the host upon administration in adequate amounts. Lactobacilli, Propionibacterium, and Bifidobacterium are common “Lactic Acid-producing bacteria (LAB)” present in various probiotic formulations. These probiotic bacteria release many organic acids, mainly lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid into their surrounding environment. Increased concentration of these inorganic and organic acids reduces the saliva’s critical pH to below 5.5, and initiates demineralization. Thus, the present review aims to critically appraise the existing evidence on this emerging clinical perspective and double edged nature of the probiotic bacteria, and explain as to how probiotic supplements increase the risk of tooth decay. Results: Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium were associated with rampant caries in preschool children and progression of caries. All probiotics were acidogenic as they decreased the pH of the saliva, demineralized and eroded the enamel. Probiotics also release extracellular polysaccharides that help to release essential elements like calcium and phosphorous from the enamel surface. The lactic acid-producing efficiency of probiotics is increased when combined with supragingival plaque. Low pH was attributed to the interaction of Lactobacilli with other microorganisms. Conclusion: Acids release from probiotics bacteria can lower the critical pH of the oral cavity to below five, and play a role in demineralization of the tooth and progression of caries.

To improve crop nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), plants must be supplied with their preferred form of nitrogen (N). However, whether pH affects crop N-form preference remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore how maize (Zea mays L.) preference for NH4+ and NO3− is affected by pH and to determine the critical pH controlling this preference. Maize plants were grown with NH4+ or NO3− in different soils (pH 4.32–8.14) and nutrient solutions (pH 4.00–8.00). After harvest, plant dry weights, N content, N uptake, NRE, soil pH, and exchangeable aluminum (Al) were measured. Compared with the effect of NO3−, NH4+ decreased maize dry weight, N uptake, and NRE by 28–94% at soil pHs of 4.32 and 4.36 and a solution pH of 4.00, whereas it increased these parameters by 10–88% at soil pHs of 6.52–8.02 and solution pHs of 7.00 and 8.00. NO3− increased soil pH and decreased soil exchangeable Al content at soil pHs of 4.32–6.68. Critical soil and solution pHs for changing plant growth and N uptake preference for NH4+ vs. NO3− ranged from 5.08 to 5.40 and from 5.50 to 6.59, respectively. In conclusion, the preference of maize seedling growth and N uptake for NH4+ vs. NO3− mainly depends on the pH of the growth medium, and maize seedlings generally prefer NO3− in strongly acid soils but NH4+ in neutral to alkaline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The critical pH of structure unfolding of 7S and 11S were pH 10.5 and pH 10.3. • The electrostatic, hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction operated in unfolding. • The encapsulation efficiency of protein at critical pH was significantly improved. The pH-shifting process is an effective encapsulation method, and it is typically performed at extreme alkaline pH, which severely limits the application. In this study, we found that there were critical pH for the unfolding proteins during pH-shifting from 7 to 12, and upon the critical pH, physiochemical characteristics of protein greatly changed, leading to a sharp increase of encapsulation of hydrophobic actives. Firstly, the critical pH for β-conglycinin (7S) or Glycinin (11S) unfolding was determined by multispectral technology. The critical pH for 7S and 11S were 10.5 and 10.3, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) obtained by β-conglycinin-curcumin nanocomposite (7S-Cur) (88.80 %) and Glycinin-curcumin nanocomposite (11S-Cur) (88.38 %) at critical pH was significantly higher than that obtained by pH 7 (7S-Cur = 16.66 % and 11S-Cur = 15.78 %), and both values were close to EE obtained by at 12 (7S-Cur = 95.16 % and 11S-Cur = 94.63 %). The large-scale application of hydrophobic functional compounds will be enhanced by the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve crop nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), plants must be supplied with their preferred form of nitrogen (N). However, whether pH affects crop N-form preference remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore how maize (Zea mays L.) preference for NH4+ and NO3− is affected by pH and to determine the critical pH controlling this preference. Maize plants were grown with NH4+ or NO3− in different soils (pH 4.32–8.14) and nutrient solutions (pH 4.00–8.00). After harvest, plant dry weights, N content, N uptake, NRE, soil pH, and exchangeable aluminum (Al) were measured. Compared with the effect of NO3−, NH4+ decreased maize dry weight, N uptake, and NRE by 28–94% at soil pHs of 4.32 and 4.36 and a solution pH of 4.00, whereas it increased these parameters by 10–88% at soil pHs of 6.52–8.02 and solution pHs of 7.00 and 8.00. NO3− increased soil pH and decreased soil exchangeable Al content at soil pHs of 4.32–6.68. Critical soil and solution pHs for changing plant growth and N uptake preference for NH4+ vs. NO3− ranged from 5.08 to 5.40 and from 5.50 to 6.59, respectively. In conclusion, the preference of maize seedling growth and N uptake for NH4+ vs. NO3− mainly depends on the pH of the growth medium, and maize seedlings generally prefer NO3− in strongly acid soils but NH4+ in neutral to alkaline soils.

Abstract Formation damage is a great concern in reservoir management and can potentially occur due to exposure of formation to alkaline fluids. Exceeding pH over a critical pH may result in an in situ release of fine particles and therefore can cause pore plugging. In this study, a series of core-flooding experiments was carried out to determine the critical pH of alkaline fluids flooding through core samples of Fahliyan carbonate formation. Alkaline fluids with different pH were injected into the core samples and the alkaline sensitivity of the carbonate formation was measured in both qualitative and quantitative forms. The applied approach provides an accurate determination of the degree of formation damage at a base pH (pH = 7) following successive changes in the fluid alkalinity. In addition, the pH values corresponding to different degrees of formation damage, determined qualitatively in other works, are calculated precisely in this paper. The flooded cores showed different response when exposed to fluids with different alkalinity while the degree of induced formation damage varied from ‘negligible’ to ‘severe’ which were, in some cases, noticeable and often irreversible. A polynomial relationship between the fluid alkalinity and the corresponding degree of formation damage was proposed for core no.3, which is compared with the conventional methods (Renpu method) underestimating the degree of formation damage (D k) compared to the modified approach introduced in this paper.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether the intake of cheese, paneer, and yogurt may help in reversing the acidogenic challenge after the consumption of chocolate at different time intervals., Materials and Methods: A total of 120 caries-free children between the ages of 4 and 13 years, with no decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), were randomly selected from the school. Baseline pH was obtained, and the subjects were asked to eat chocolate. pH was measured again after 10 minutes. Following chocolate exposure, the subjects were then randomly assigned to three groups-cheese, paneer, and yogurt. Salivary pH was measured at intervals of 15, 30, and 60 minutes using the same procedures for all subjects. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis, which included analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, post hoc tests for multiple comparisons using Tukey's test, and paired t -test., Results: The highest pH value after 15 minutes was seen in cheese (6.43), followed by paneer (6.31) and yogurt (6.30). After 30 minutes, the maximum pH value was seen in the cheese group (6.63), followed by yogurt (6.46) and paneer (6.34). The mean pH value 60 minutes after the consumption of dairy products was highest in paneer (6.53), followed by cheese (6.43) and yogurt (6.37)., Conclusion: All the categories were observed in the zone of remineralization. It should be noted that the maximum pH value overall was seen in the cheese group., Clinical Significance: Dairy products help maintain salivary pH, which aids in improving enamel health. Hence, dietary dairy recommendations can be incorporated into patient education and caries prevention plans., How to Cite This Article: Gautam Y, Srivastava M, Verma P, et al. Anticariogenic Effects of the Dairy Products on Human Saliva: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):456-460., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: NoneConflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).)

Background: The principles of minimally invasive dentistry clearly tells us the need for clinically effective measures to remineralize the early enamel caries lesions. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralisation potential of four different remineralisation agents used quantitatively by surface microhardness and qualitatively by energy dispersive X ray analysis. Materials and Methods: Artificial enamel lesions were created on the buccal surfaces of 60 extracted mandibular second premolar. Specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n=15) according to the remineralisation agents used: Group 1-Nano Hydroxyapatite, Group 2-Fluoride, Group 3-CPP ACP, Group 4-Chitosan 5mg. All products were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions and specimens were stored in daily renewed artificial saliva. Surface microhardness was assessed using Rockwell hardness test and change in mineral content was evaluated using Energy Dispersive X ray analysis. Statistical Analysis: One way analysis of Variance test and post-hoc Tukey test were conducted for multiple group comparison. Results: There was remarkable remineralisation in Hydroxyapatite treated comparatively to the other three groups. Conclusion: All remineralising agents showed improved surface remineralisation. However complete remineralisation did not occur within 7 days. Nanohydroxyapatite showed the highest potential for remineralisation followed by CPP-ACP, Chitosan and Fluoride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The critical pH of the structural unfolding of cod protein was pH 10 during pH-shift. • The electrostatic, hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction operated in unfolding. • The cod protein at critical pH could indeed improve the encapsulation ability. Hydrophobic polyphenols, with a variety of physiological activities, are often practically limited due to their low water solubility and chemical instability, among which curcumin (Cur) is a representative hydrophobic polyphenol. To improve Cur, the cod protein (CP)-Cur composite particles (CP-Cur) were successfully prepared using the pH-shift method, but this pH-shift method (7-12-7) required a higher pH, which limited application and increased cost. The critical pH of CP structure unfolding during pH-shift and its encapsulation effect on Cur were investigated in this paper. During the pH-shift process, the critical pH of the structural unfolding of CP was pH 10, and the degree of protein structure unfolding was higher, which was attributed to the increasing electrostatic repulsion, and the weakened hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction. The encapsulation efficiency of CP-Cur formed after pH 10-shift was higher than that formed after pH 9.8-shift, which increased by 22.17 %. At pH 9.8, the binding sites in CP reached saturation at the molar ratio of 10, while at pH 10 and 10.2, the binding sites in CP both reached saturation at the molar ratio of 14, also indicating that the protein treated with critical pH could bind more Cur. The binding between Cur and CP was mostly hydrophobic interaction, accompanied by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The above results verified the necessity of critical pH in the experiment, indicating that critical pH could indeed improve the encapsulation effect and obtain a higher encapsulation efficiency. This work will help improve the large-scale application of hydrophobic functional substances in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation damage is a great concern in reservoir management and can potentially occur due to exposure of formation to alkaline fluids. Exceeding pH over a critical pH may result in an in situ release of fine particles and therefore can cause pore plugging. In this study, a series of core-flooding experiments was carried out to determine the critical pH of alkaline fluids flooding through core samples of Fahliyan carbonate formation. Alkaline fluids with different pH were injected into the core samples and the alkaline sensitivity of the carbonate formation was measured in both qualitative and quantitative forms. The applied approach provides an accurate determination of the degree of formation damage at a base pH (pH = 7) following successive changes in the fluid alkalinity. In addition, the pH values corresponding to different degrees of formation damage, determined qualitatively in other works, are calculated precisely in this paper. The flooded cores showed different response when exposed to fluids with different alkalinity while the degree of induced formation damage varied from 'negligible' to 'severe' which were, in some cases, noticeable and often irreversible. A polynomial relationship between the fluid alkalinity and the corresponding degree of formation damage was proposed for core no.3, which is compared with the conventional methods (Renpu method) underestimating the degree of formation damage (Dk) compared to the modified approach introduced in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Carbopol® 971 and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) form hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes in aqueous solutions and their complexation is strongly dependent on solution pH. This work investigated the complexation between these polymers in aqueous solutions. The compositions of interpolymer complexes as well as the critical pH values of complexation were determined. The structure of these complexes was studied in solutions using transmission electron microscopy and in solid state using elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Solid compacts were prepared based on interpolymer complexes and physical blends of these polymers and their swelling behaviour was studied in aqueous solutions mimicking the fluids present in the gastrointestinal tract. These materials were used to prepare oral formulations of mesalazine and its release from solid matrices was studied in vitro. It was demonstrated that the complexation between Carbopol® 971 and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) has a profound effect on the drug release from matrix tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the origin of canonical and aberrant DNA mutations and the contribution of protons to genetic stability is an essential topic in molecular biology. Based on the empirical results, we reconsidered canonical and tautomeric mutations under the two-fluid model of quantum physics. We assumed that the pressure exerted by protons (H+) in the DNA environment, through changes in pH, could alter the concentration ratio of canonical and tautomeric base pairs, which were found to be different at and beyond the criticality level, respectively. We anticipate that the deviation of the cellular system from a specific (critical) temperature at which dynamic entropy reaches a minimum and a critical pH occurs could result in tautomerization and point mutations. The participation of protons (Watson and Crick, 1953 ; Löwdin, 1963) in genetic stability (Slocombe et al., 2022 ; Al-Khalili and McFadden, 2014) is an essential topic in molecular biology. Recent experiments investigating the collective dynamics of the microscopic components in human blood (Pietruszka and Olszewska, 2020 ; Pietruszka, 2021a , 2021b , 2023a) and plants (Pietruszka and Olszewska, 2020 ; Pietruszka, 2023b) cells have provided the entropy, spectral signature, and Lyapunov exponent of a dynamic system from a univariate time series near the organism's characteristic (physiological) life temperature. It was observed that an increase/decrease in the inverse temperature above/below the critical value causes the appearance of phase transitions in a system. Here, we show that thermal excitation in a living cell system occurs in this dissipative environment (Del Giudice et al., 1982 , 1985) as a collective molecular response (Froehlich, 1980), dynamic H k ↑ + H − k ↓ + (boson-like) quasi-particle formation (Bardeen et al., 1957). In this work, a non-equilibrium phase transition and a condensate phase were obtained at ∼36 °C, which was interpreted as an H k ↑ + H − k ↓ + quasi-particle decay into two separate H+ (fermion) ions (hydronium, H 3 O+), of the opposite momenta and spins at critical temperature and magnetic field. Based on the empirical results, we reconsidered the canonical and tautomeric mutations within the quantum physics two-fluid model (Landau, 1941 ; Bardeen, 1958). It was found that the concentration ratio between the canonical and tautomeric base pairs differs at and beyond criticality, respectively. The deviation of a cell (ion) system from a specific temperature, at which entropy has a minimum (Pietruszka, 2021a) and critical pH occurs (cf. Matlak and Pietruszka, 2000), could be a source of the point mutations. In addition, preliminary empirical data (electromotive force) of human genomic DNA confirmed previous results (Pietruszka, 2021b) of a strongly correlated (or even coherent) state at a critical temperature of around 36 °C in human blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the acidogenic potential of three commonly used pediatric medicines (benadryl syrup, crocin syrup, and novamox dry syrup) upon plaque pH. Materials and Methods: The protocol used in the study followed the guidelines laid down at Scientific Consensus Conferences on methods for assessment of cariogenic potential of food, San Antonio, Texas. Ten young healthy adult volunteers were selected for the study. Subjects were refrained from brushing their teeth for 48 h and did not eat or drink for at least 2 ΍ h prior to each appointment. pH measurements were taken at baseline to determine resting plaque pH and at time interval of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min following a 1 min rinse with each medication. A pooled sample of plaque was removed from buccal / lingual surfaces, thoroughly mixed with 0.6 ml of double distilled deionized water and plaque pH was determined using a glass combination electrode. Data were compared with plaque pH changes after rinsing with control solution of 10 % sucrose and 10 % sorbitol. Analysis of minimum pH, maximum pH drop, and area under the baseline pH was computed for each medicine and for each case and the test of significance was conducted through the unpaired Student ′t′ test. Results: There was no significant difference between the benadryl syrup, crocin syrup, and sucrose solution as the medicines behaving essentially same as ten percent sucrose solution with respect to their potential to generate acids.

In the cooling water system, excessive use of organic phosphate scale inhibitors is harmful to environment. Reducing the dosage of the organic phosphate scale inhibitor is important. A self-made jacketed crystallizer was used in this experiment. The critical pH values have been determined in cooling water systems with series of Ca2+ concentrations by adding different concentration of the scale inhibitor ATMP (Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid) according to the calcium carbonate Metastable zone theory. A model equation at 45 °C and pH=9 was proposed to estimate the lowest dose of the scale inhibitor ATMP. The measured pH value was approximate to the expected pH value in two cooling water systems through verification test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the acidogenic potential of three commonly used pediatric medicines (benadryl syrup, crocin syrup, and novamox dry syrup) upon plaque pH. Materials and Methods: The protocol used in the study followed the guidelines laid down at Scientific Consensus Conferences on methods for assessment of cariogenic potential of food, San Antonio, Texas. Ten young healthy adult volunteers were selected for the study. Subjects were refrained from brushing their teeth for 48 h and did not eat or drink for at least 2 ½ h prior to each appointment. pH measurements were taken at baseline to determine resting plaque pH and at time interval of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min following a 1 min rinse with each medication. A pooled sample of plaque was removed from buccal / lingual surfaces, thoroughly mixed with 0.6 ml of double distilled deionized water and plaque pH was determined using a glass combination electrode. Data were compared with plaque pH changes after rinsing with control solution of 10 % sucrose and 10 % sorbitol. Analysis of minimum pH, maximumpH drop, and area under the baseline pH was computed for each medicine and for each case and the test of significance was conducted through the unpaired Student‘t’ test. Results: There was no significant difference between the benadryl syrup, crocin syrup, and sucrose solution as the medicines behaving essentially same as ten percent sucrose solution with respect to their potential to generate acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ampholytic polymers comprised of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) and acrylic acid (AA) in varying molar ratios were used to modify egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) liposomes previously encapsulated with pyranine. The modified EYPC liposomes were found to be pH responsive. The critical pH values at which the pyranine release from these liposomes at 37 °C were observed to decrease with increasing DEAEMA content in the polymers. Explanations were given for these phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical calculations have shown that acidic candies may be potentially erosive upon consumption. However, little is known about the protective effect of adding calcium to potentially erosive candies and about the protective effects of saliva that cannot be fully accounted for by theoretical calculations. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (1) determine the erosive potential of acidic candies with and without calcium and (2) to determine differences between theoretically calculated erosive potential and actual erosive potential in saliva. Twenty healthy test persons sucked acidic candy with and without calcium while their whole saliva was collected into a closed system at different times: baseline, candy-stimulated, and post-stimulated. The erosive potential of the candy was evaluated from candy-induced changes in saliva degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite (HAp) and directly by dissolution of HAp crystals in candy-stimulated saliva. The results showed that similar salivary stimulation was obtained with both candies. The modified candy released more than 13 mmol/l of calcium into saliva, resulting in a lower critical pH, and considerably lower erosive potential than the control (p < 0.001). Although a significant correlation was obtained between theoretical calculation of DSHAp and dissolution of HAp crystals (rs = 0.65; p < 0.001), many samples obtained by sucking modified candy showed no signs of HAp dissolution in spite of being undersaturated. We conclude that saturation levels and critical pH may not fully reflect when dental erosion is expected to occur in saliva and that calcium addition reduces the erosive potential of acidic candies. Copyright © 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation of interpolymer complexes (IPC) between the nanogels of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and linear polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) and poly(vinyl ether of ethyleneglycol) (PVEEG) in aqueous solutions has been studied by viscometric, turbidimetric and FTIR spectroscopic methods. It was found that in the course of complex formation the nanogels are characterised by lower amplitude of conformation changes in comparison with linear PAA. The critical pH values of complexation were determined. It was shown that the nanogels have lower complexation ability than linear PAA with respect to non-ionic polymers because of steric reasons caused by intramolecular cross-linked structure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The complex formation reactions of poly(vinyl ether of diethylene glycol) as well as vinyl ether of diethylene glycol–vinyl butyl ether copolymers with poly(acrylic acid) have been studied in aqueous and alcohol solutions. The formation of interpolymer complexes which were stabilized by hydrogen bonds was shown. The effects of molecular weight of poly(acrylic acid) and the nature of the nonionic polymer on the composition and stability of interpolymer complexes were clarified. The critical pH values of complexation were determined for different systems with various molecular weights and hydrophobic–hydrophilic balances. The stability of the interpolymer complexes formed in aqueous and alcohol solutions with respect to dimethylformamide addition was evaluated. The role of hydrophobic interactions and the presence of active groups on stability of the interpolymer complexes is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The principles of minimally invasive dentistry clearly tells us the need for clinically effective measures to remineralize the early enamel caries lesions., Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralisation potential of four different remineralisation agents used quantitatively by surface microhardness and qualitatively by energy dispersive X ray analysis., Materials and Methods: Artificial enamel lesions were created on the buccal surfaces of 60 extracted mandibular second premolar. Specimens were randomly assigned to four groups ( n =15) according to the remineralisation agents used: Group 1-Nano Hydroxyapatite, Group 2-Fluoride, Group 3-CPP ACP, Group 4-Chitosan 5mg. All products were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions and specimens were stored in daily renewed artificial saliva. Surface microhardness was assessed using Rockwell hardness test and change in mineral content was evaluated using Energy Dispersive X ray analysis., Statistical Analysis: One way analysis of Variance test and post-hoc Tukey test were conducted for multiple group comparison., Results: There was remarkable remineralisation in Hydroxyapatite treated comparatively to the other three groups., Conclusion: All remineralising agents showed improved surface remineralisation. However complete remineralisation did not occur within 7 days. Nanohydroxyapatite showed the highest potential for remineralisation followed by CPP-ACP, Chitosan and Fluoride., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Journal of Conservative Dentistry.)

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the erosive potential of twenty beverages (8 carbonated drinks and 12 packaged fruit juices)., Materials and Methods: Twenty-one sound permanent freshly extracted teeth were segmented into small enamel slices and stored in normal saline. The titratable acidity of each experimental drink was measured as the amount of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to raise pH to 5.5 and 7. The enamel specimens were incubated in freshly collected human saliva for 3 hours. One enamel slice was immersed in each beverage and percentage weight loss in the enamel slice was calculated after 6 and 24 hours intervals., Results: The titratable acidity values of the experimental drinks ranged from 0.2 to 5.6. The mean titratable acidity values of the packaged fruit juices were higher than carbonated drinks. A significant difference (p < 0.0 5) was found in the percentage weight loss of enamel specimens after 6 and 24 hours immersion in the carbonated drinks than packaged fruit juices. Apple juice followed by thumps up were found to be the most erosive drinks with the least effects of Miranda and Guava juice., Conclusion: Most of the beverages tested in this study showed erosive potential. The carbonated drinks caused significant dental erosion., Clinical Significance: Individuals at risk for beverages-associated erosion, particularly those with high intakes or decreased salivary flow, should be provided preventive guidance regarding habits of beverages intake. Specific dietary recommendations for the prevention of dental erosion may now be developed based on the patient's history of beverage consumption.