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Fallow land can often be implemented under the pattern of cultivated land protection on quantity, quality, and ecology in the strategy of "Storing Grain in Land" in China. The spatial arrangement of fallow land is closely linked to the fallow land implementation and the nationwide allocation of arable land resources. However, the current macro research has hindered to determine the optimal spatial layout of fallow land nationwide in sustainable agriculture at present. The purpose of this study is to explore the maximum scale and spatial layout of provincial fallow in China under the constraint of food security. The primary research subjects were selected as the provinces of China that were excluded from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. The data was derived from the publicly accessible statistical yearbooks from 2000-2019. Firstly, a numerical model was developed to calculate the fallow land scale under food security guidelines, according to the arable land retention. System dynamics, grey model, time series analysis, and exponential decay model were utilized to scientifically predict the fallow scale in China in the future. Secondly, an evaluation system was established for the urgency of fallowing arable land in Chinese provinces using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, according to the land quality and ecological security. The evaluation index system was comprised of 17 specific indicators. Finally, the fallow scale of each province was allocated to determine the different fallow zones after evaluation. Therefore, a provincial space layout of fallow was established using the "Trinity" protection of quantity, quality, and ecology. The results show that: (1) The maximum fallow scale was expected to be 3 237.31×104, 2 678.97×104, and 2 120.64×104 hectares by 2030 under 90%, 95%, and 100% grain self-sufficiency rates, respectively. At the same time, it was particularly crucial to reasonably and scientifically calculate the fallow land scale. A comprehensive fallow land system was established to promote nationwide; (2) Provincial urgency assessments show that Shanghai and Inner Mongolia were ranked the highest in the urgency for the fallow land, while Sichuan and Guangxi were ranked the lowest. Strategic allocation of fallow land was prioritized for the regions with the higher levels of urgency; (3) The scale and urgency were combined to assess the fallow land. The maximum scale of fallow land was calculated to be 16.10985 million hectares in 2019, while it was projected to be 21.65851 million hectares by 2030. The areas of each province were categorized into five levels of fallow land. There were significant regional differences in the fallow land scale. Inner Mongolia and Gansu shared the larger scales, compared with Beijing and Shanghai with the smaller ones. This finding can provide the theoretical references and technical support to establish the differentiated fallow system. Some ideas can also be offered to fully establish and effectively implement the fallow system in the future, thus integrating quantitative, qualitative, and ecological multiple objectives into the spatial zoning of fallow land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-grain-producing cultivated land (NGPCL) greatly affects sustainable agricultural development and food security, and its consolidation is important. With the Dujiangyan irrigation district as an example, an empirical study of NGPCL consolidation zoning was performed following the idea of "connotation definition and classification—potential identification—consolidation zoning". On the basis of expert evaluation, NGPCL was classified into three levels according to the degree of damage to cultivated land by crop type. NGPCL was common in the study area, accounting for 53.8% of the total area. The spatial pattern of NGPCL was characterized as "continuous in the south and scattered in the north". The assessment of theoretical and realistic NGPCL consolidation potentials suggested that areas with medium consolidation potential exhibited a contiguous distribution in the southern part of the study area, whereas it was dispersed in other regions. The proportion of area suitable for consolidation exceeded 40%. Finally, through a multiobjective optimization algorithm, a potential zoning scheme for NGPCL consolidation was constructed. The final experimental results revealed that the areas with medium or high consolidation potential accounted for 97.54% of the total area. This study is useful for supporting the governance of NGPCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: In the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and based on the historical evolution of cultivated land protection policy, we used the Smith model to address the problem of policy implementation bias and provide recommendations on how to ensure that cultivated land protection policy does not deviate in the implementation process. (2) Methods: The historical evolution process of China's cultivated land protection policy was elucidated using literature analysis and the inductive deduction method; moreover, the issues regarding local evolution were investigated. In addition, utilizing the Smith model, which has an important role in policy implementation, the restoration direction of cultivated land protection in China was summarized. (3) Project: China's cultivated land protection policy has demonstrated success in two stages of its historical development—from the basic stage of pursuing equal quantity and quality to the new stage of the trinity of "quantity–quality–ecology" of cultivated land. However, the trend of cultivated land protection policy development based on the regional division of labor in China still has some problems, i.e., the total quantity of cultivated land is insufficient, the quality is low, and the implementation of the trinity is unclear. These regional divisions depend on solving the balance of China's grain security, and using the Smith model to solve the problem of policy implementation has become an important measure to resolve the issue of grain security and achieve the goal of cultivated land protection. (4) Conclusions: The Smith model is suitable for the implementation of China's cultivated land protection policy. By utilizing the Smith model, the policy target group was found to be conducive to contributing to the maturity of and improvement in China's cultivated land protection policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation tillage is a technology regarding sustainable agricultural development, which features less or no tillage and crop stubble covering and has brought significant economic, environmental, and social benefits to China’s agricultural production. As agricultural production in China develops toward the directions of large scale, high efficiency, and intelligence, promoting the development of conservation tillage becomes conducive to cultivated land protection, grain supply security, and agricultural technology improvement. This study reviews the development process of conservation tillage in China from the aspects of research and development of conservation tillage technologies and equipment, demonstration and ability construction, and utilization of black soil in Northeast China. It also summarizes the development status of conservation tillage technologies and equipment in China, involving representative technical models and key machines for surface straw and stubble treatment, shallow soil tillage, and no- or less-tillage sowing. The major factors that affect the development of conservation tillage in China are analyzed, including suitable model and equipment, support of laws and policies, and drive of large-scale planting households. Furthermore, suggestions are proposed to promote the rapid and stable development of conservation tillage in China. First, a national science and technology innovation platform should be built and high-standard demonstration projects should be implemented by counties. Second, national action plans on conservation tillage should be implemented to strengthen policy guidance. Third, publicity of conservation tillage should be further strengthened.

The whole trusteeship of green agricultural production plays an important role in promoting the protection of black land, and it is particularly crucial to clarify the behavioral characteristics and game relationships of agents involved in the whole trusteeship. This study uses the dynamic evolutionary game method to construct a tripartite evolutionary game model of governments, service organizations and farmers participating in the whole trusteeship of green agricultural production, aiming to come up with effective strategies to promote the widespread application of green agricultural production trusteeship and achieve agricultural green development. The results are as follows: (1) At present, the agricultural production model in Northeast China is dominated by traditional agricultural production and supplemented by green agricultural production. (2) Incentive and punitive measures will encourage agents to adopt positive strategies. (3) In areas with a poor awareness of green agricultural production trusteeship, the government's incentive and punishment measures for farmers and service organizations are imbalanced. (4) The relatively high cost of trusteeship leads to a lack of market competitiveness, which has a negative impact on service organizations promoting green agricultural production trusteeship. This study provides an effective reference for improving the overall implementation effect of black land protection in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to describe the spatial distribution difference of non-grain agricultural production structure in low mountain and hilly areas of southern Jiangxi, the cultivated land protection and scientific control of non-grain should be strictly implemented. Taking Xunwu County as an example, geographical detector factor detection, interaction detection and other methods were used to reveal the spatial differentiation characteristics and causes of non-grain agricultural production in the low mountain and hilly areas of southern Jiangxi to provide a policy formulation reference for effective prevention and control of non-grain production in such areas. The results showed 19.42% non-grain agricultural production in Xunwu County in 2020, and cultivated land was mainly converted into forest and garden land. Spatial differentiation of non-grain production was significantly related to the four dimensions of cultivated land background conditions, natural resource endowment, economic location, and policy environment, while topography, farmland infrastructure, and cultivated land concentration were important driving factors behind the spatial differentiation. The same driving factors have greatly different driving directions for the development of forest and fruit production and facility agriculture on cultivated land. The interactive relationship between factors of non-grain production is a two-factor enhancement or nonlinear enhancement. According to the spatial differentiation characteristics of agricultural non-grain production structure in the hilly area of southern Jiangxi, it provides a reference for the classification monitoring and objective disposal of non-grain, and provides suggestions for optimizing the allocation of agricultural resources and the spatial layout of agricultural production in the hilly area of southern Jiangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses and analyzes the suitability of arable land reserve resources in Shanghai. Unused areas in nine agriculturally related suburban regions of Shanghai were selected for evaluation. Leveraging the nationally mandated indicators for arable land reserve resource investigation and assessment, relevant planning, surveying, land, and ecological data were collected. The study conducted fertility analyses based on different indicators within the system, resulting in a comprehensive evaluation of arable land reserve resources in Shanghai. Various geographic analysis methods were employed to analyze and study the distribution of reserve resources throughout the city. The results indicate that Shanghai’s arable land reserve resources account for only 32% of the surveyed area, with low concentration and fragmented distribution. The resources are mainly concentrated in a few suburban areas such as Pudong, Chongming, Fengxian, and Qingpu. In the context of the development and utilization of arable land reserve resources, the paper puts forward strategic recommendations for enhancing the city’s arable land reserve through comprehensive land consolidation and the reclamation of inefficiently used construction land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated land is one of basic conditions for grain breeding. It is great significant for strictly protecting cultivated land and ensuring national food security to study the spatial-temporal evolution pattern and driving factors of non-agricultural farmland. Based on the land use data of Henan province in the period of 2000-2020, the spatial-temporal evolution and driving factors of non-grain production of cultivated land were analyzed by standard deviation ellipse model, hot spot analysis and geographic detector. The results showed that: (1) During the study period, the area of non-grain production of cultivated land reached 3 007.10 km², accounting for 2.90% of the total area of current cultivated land, and the most in the past 20 years is the period of 2015-2020; The area of non-grain production of cultivated land in Xinyang city reached 754.14 km², accounting for 25.08% of the total non-grain production of cultivated land. (2) The hot spots of non-grain production of cultivated land were concentrated in the western and southern parts of the study area from 2000 to 2020. The gravity center of standard deviation ellipse was mainly distributed in Pingdingshan city, and the gravity centre migrated southward. (3) The non-grain production of cultivated land in Henan province was jointly influenced by agricultural, economic and social factors, and the agricultural factors have a greater influence in the study area, and the interaction between any factor and the others showed two-factor enhancement and non-linear enhancement effects. There was obvious spatial differentiation of non-grain production of cultivated land in Henan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has experienced a boom expansion of non-grain production in recent years. While the non-grain production can increase the economic benefits of farmers, its expansion has significant impacts on the ecological environment and agricultural sustainability. This study attempted to assess the trade-offs between the economic benefits and environmental costs of non-grain production and to provide reference for future land use management. Focusing on the non-grain expansion in Tongxiang City, eastern China, empirical models and field surveys were used to evaluate its environmental impacts and monetary analysis was used to assess the trade-offs between the economic benefits and environmental costs. The results showed that the area of non-grain production increased by 2464.74 ha from 2005 to 2020, and pond fish farming accounted for the largest proportion. The economic benefits and environmental costs of non-grain production increased continuously during 2005–2020, and the net economic–environmental benefits gradually expanded after 2010. Trade-off analysis indicates that the economic benefits of duck rearing did not compensate for the environmental costs, while the other non-grain productions did. Nevertheless, the potential impact of non-grain conversion on the local environment is still underestimated. Some suggestions are proposed to achieve a win–win situation between cultivated land utilization and ecological protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rice production is the core component of the food security strategy in China, but it is also a major source of methane and nitrous oxide. Promoting low-carbon rice farming (LCRF) to increase the carbon sink, decrease carbon emissions, and achieve low-carbon, high-yield production is an inevitable "win-win" choice for achieving "double carbon" targets and guaranteeing national food security. This study contributes to the advancement of research on farmers' adoption decisions and fills gaps in LCRF's technical research on farmers' decision-making behavior. The results also provide a basis for formulating policies to encourage LCRF and protect cultivated land. Methods: This study conducted field research on 2,173 farming households in Jiangxi Province, a traditional agricultural province in China, and examined the effects of personal forces, local forces, and cultural forces on LCRF adoption behavior by introducing the distributed cognition theoretical framework based on a status quo analysis and employing the multivariate ordinal logistic model. Results and discussion: The results of the study showed that: 1) the overall acceptance of LCRF behavior is currently not very high. In the 2173 questionnaires, the mean number of LCRF behavior items accepted by farmers was 3.10 items; 153 farmers did not adopt any LCRF behavior, and only 77 farmers adopted all LCRF behaviors. Most farmers (n = 535) adopted three LCRF behaviors. 2) In distributed cognition affecting LCRF behavior, acceptance was primarily affected by cultural forces, followed by local forces, while the effects of personal forces were limited. Therefore, it is recommended that training and promotion should be increased, policy subsidies should be increased, the land market should be improved, and LCRF demonstrations should be carried out to increase the acceptance of LCRF behavior among rice farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the policy of balancing the occupation and compensation of cultivated land and uneven regional economic development in China, the cultivated land tends to move from developed area to undeveloped area. China's undeveloped regions are mainly located in the west, where the climate is more arid and the soil is more barren, and more agrochemical inputs such as fertilizers and mulch films are needed to ensure grain production. Therefore, the westward shift of cultivated land may bring about even faster westward shift of agricultural chemicals, which poses great danger to the already fragile ecological environment in the western region. However, the current research mainly focuses on the spatio-temporal changes of cultivated land, and the research on the environmental effect brought by the spatial movement of cultivated land is still lacking. Based on the cultivated land data and corresponding agrochemical inputs at the provincial level from 2000 to 2020, spatio-temporal statistical models were used to analyze the evolution of cultivated land distribution patterns and the super-environmental effect. The following results were found: (1) the gravity centers of China's cultivated land area moved to the northwest, with corresponding average annual moving speeds of 1.67 km year−1 during the study period; (2) the gravity centers of agrochemical inputs were also moved westward or north-westward and showed even higher speeds than that of cultivated land area, i.e., mulch film (14.93 km year−1) > fertilizer (6.69 km year−1) > pesticide (5.59 km year−1) > agricultural diesel (3.78 km year−1) > cultivated land area (1.67 km year−1); (3) it was revealed from the spatio-temporal double-difference modeling that the westward shift of cultivated land distribution patterns had increased the relative agrochemical inputs per area in the west, which explained why the westward shift of agrochemical inputs was faster than that of cultivated land. This study has enriched the existing ecological policy evaluation methods theoretically, revealed the super-environmental effect brought by the westward shift of cultivated land patterns under the current policy background, and confirmed that the westward shift of cultivated land will bring the pressure of agricultural non-point source pollution to the western region, which may lead to the destruction of the ecological environment in the western region. In practice, it can provide a decision-making reference for rational agrochemical inputs in the process of grain cultivation and protection of agricultural ecological environment in western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the potential damage of non-grain conversion of cultivated land on soil health, and provide a scientific basis for evaluating the impact of non-grain conversion on land productivity and ecological functions. [Methods] 80 surface soil samples were randomly collected from six types of non-grain conversion land, including facility vegetable field, orchard, poplar forest, grassland, highway landscape forest, and fallow land, and the control farmland in the rural-urban fringe area of Xuzhou City through field survey, sampling analysis, model evaluation, and statistical analysis. A total of 23 indicators of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as heavy metal pollution were measured to construct the cultivated land health assessment model, to explore the impact of non-grain conversion on land productivity and soil health. [Results] The results show that: (1) Non-grain conversion significantly changed soil physio-chemical and biological characteristics. The activities of cellulose disaccharide hydrolase, alkaline phosphatase, and bacterial diversity index in non-grain conversion soil were significantly lower than those in the soil of the control site (P < 0.05). The soil organic matter content (27.92-36.33 g·kg-1), total phosphorus (0.89-1.54 g·kg-1), available phosphorus (186.82-307.01 mg·kg-1), available potassium (199.09-305.03 mg·kg-1), and total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content in facility vegetable plots were the highest, and there were significant differences (P < 0.05) compared to the other five non-grain conversion land use types; (2) Compared to the farmland control site, the six types of non-grain conversion land use have led to some imbalance of different soil functions including productivity, water retention and purification, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity, even resulting in a suboptimal health state; (3) The structural equation model fitting result shows that soil nutrients, enzyme activity, biodiversity, and heavy metal pollution index dominated the soil health differentiation of non-grain conversion sites. [Conclusion] Non-grain conversion had an impact on cultivated land health, while there were considerable differences in health damage among different land uses. The results provide some reference for targeted management of non-grain conversion of farmland and safeguarding food security.

(1) Background: In the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and based on the historical evolution of cultivated land protection policy, we used the Smith model to address the problem of policy implementation bias and provide recommendations on how to ensure that cultivated land protection policy does not deviate in the implementation process. (2) Methods: The historical evolution process of China’s cultivated land protection policy was elucidated using literature analysis and the inductive deduction method; moreover, the issues regarding local evolution were investigated. In addition, utilizing the Smith model, which has an important role in policy implementation, the restoration direction of cultivated land protection in China was summarized. (3) Project: China’s cultivated land protection policy has demonstrated success in two stages of its historical development—from the basic stage of pursuing equal quantity and quality to the new stage of the trinity of “quantity–quality–ecology” of cultivated land. However, the trend of cultivated land protection policy development based on the regional division of labor in China still has some problems, i.e., the total quantity of cultivated land is insufficient, the quality is low, and the implementation of the trinity is unclear. These regional divisions depend on solving the balance of China’s grain security, and using the Smith model to solve the problem of policy implementation has become an important measure to resolve the issue of grain security and achieve the goal of cultivated land protection. (4) Conclusions: The Smith model is suitable for the implementation of China’s cultivated land protection policy. By utilizing the Smith model, the policy target group was found to be conducive to contributing to the maturity of and improvement in China’s cultivated land protection policy.

The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of land use in karst area of southwest Guangxi from 2009 to 2020 were analyzed, focusing on the spatial and temporal evolution of cultivated land,so as to provide reference for local governments to formulate relevant land policies. Using ArcGis,Fragstats 4. 2 and other software,using land use change model,landscape index analysis and other methods,this paper explored the temporal and spatial changes of land use in four counties ( cities) of karst area in southwest Guangxi from 2009 to 2020,and revealed the main problems of land use in the study area. The results show that:①From 2009 to 2020,the reduction of cultivated land in four counties (cities) in karst area of southwest Guangxi exceeded 24,200 hectares,with an average annual reduction rate of 1 %,and the highquality cultivated land decreased greatly;②From 2009 to 2020,the total construction land in the study area increased by 11,400 hectares,with an average annual growth rate of 2. 74 %③ In the past 10 years,the landscape pattern of the study area has changed,the fragmentation of cultivated land has been increasing,the dominance of forest landscape has increased,and the unique topography of karst has led to the complex shape of cultivated land landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is by determining the priority of the use of cultivated land, rationally control the “ Non-grain” production behavior of cultivated land, so as to ensure national food security and effectively increase farmers’ economic benefits. The methods of this research is construct an index system based on natural, economic, social, and ecological factors, use cultivated land as the evaluation unit to determine the priority of cultivated land use, and formulate different cultivated land use zones in combination with basic farmland protection areas, and propose differences for cultivated land within the zone. Based on the evaluation results of the priority of arable land use, the area of the first level grain farming area in Anyang City is 91 789. 03 hm2, accounting for 22. 48% of the total cultivated land area;the area of the second-level grain farming area is 216 329. 50 hm2, accounting for the total area of the cultivated land 52. 97%, the tertiary grain farming area is 100 255. 10 hm2, accounting for 24. 55% of the total arable land. It can be seen that most of the arable land in Anyang City has a high priority for food production and is suitable for use as land for food production;superimposed on the basic farmland protection area. In terms of scope, the use and protection of cultivated land in Anyang City is divided into four types: key protection area, supplementary potential area, quality improvement area and adjustable area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whole trusteeship of green agricultural production plays an important role in promoting the protection of black land, and it is particularly crucial to clarify the behavioral characteristics and game relationships of agents involved in the whole trusteeship. This study uses the dynamic evolutionary game method to construct a tripartite evolutionary game model of governments, service organizations and farmers participating in the whole trusteeship of green agricultural production, aiming to come up with effective strategies to promote the widespread application of green agricultural production trusteeship and achieve agricultural green development. The results are as follows: (1) At present, the agricultural production model in Northeast China is dominated by traditional agricultural production and supplemented by green agricultural production. (2) Incentive and punitive measures will encourage agents to adopt positive strategies. (3) In areas with a poor awareness of green agricultural production trusteeship, the government’s incentive and punishment measures for farmers and service organizations are imbalanced. (4) The relatively high cost of trusteeship leads to a lack of market competitiveness, which has a negative impact on service organizations promoting green agricultural production trusteeship. This study provides an effective reference for improving the overall implementation effect of black land protection in Northeast China.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristics and driving factors of cropland change in Sichuan Province. This study summarizes the current status of coordination among croplands, ecosystem protection, and urban expansion in the region and provides suggestions for the rational use and conservation of arable land resources. The research methods include ArcGis spatial analysis and the PLUS model. The results show that: (1) The cropland area in Sichuan Province has been continuously decreasing over the past 21 years, but arable land protection policies have effectively mitigated this situation. (2) With the exception of Chengdu, the reduction of arable land in each city in Sichuan province has gradually balanced out, safeguarding the development of major and lagging cities. (3) "Dual suitability" refers to the conflict between urban development and planting. Moreover, due to the Matthew effect, urban development further promoted the expansion of construction lands, leaving croplands in a weak position in the competition with construction lands. (4) Sichuan Province showed the characteristics of alternating leadership between urbanization of land and population urbanization during the process of urban development occupying cropland. In conclusion, the decreasing trend of croplands in Sichuan Province has gradually improved, and the coordination between cropland, ecosystem, and urban space has been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational differentiated utilization of cultivated land can effectively coordinate the contradiction between ecological protection, cultivated land utilization, and urban development. Therefore, this article adopts the southern section of the Yellow River Basin as an example, starting with vulnerability and resilience and then formulating an index system for evaluating farmland ecological vulnerability and farmland resilience. Moreover, this article combines Future Land-Use Simulation–Urban Growth Boundaries (FLUS–UGBs) to conduct urban development boundary simulations, which take the urban development boundary as restrictions and comprehensive division and determine the differentiated utilization zoning strategies for cultivated land to achieve coordinated development between ecological protection, cultivated land use, and urban development. The following results are presented: (1) The ecological vulnerability of the research area mainly involves low-to-medium vulnerability; the western and middle sections of the research area demonstrate high and low ecological vulnerability, respectively. (2) Areas with high resilience of cultivated land are mainly located in the mid-eastern part of the research area, and those with low resilience mainly involve the western mountains. (3) The four-quadrant method, the PLUS model, and the FLUS-UGB module are employed to determine differentiated usage zones for cultivated land to achieve rational allocation and effective use of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated land is the foundation of food security, while coal guarantees the security of the energy. The coal-cropland overlapped area accounts for approximate 42.7% of the total cultivated land area in China, making it become a prominent contradiction between the extensive mining and cultivated land protection. How to realize the coordinated development of the coal mining and the cultivated land protection is an urgent problem in coal-cropland overlapped areas. This paper analyzes the research status and existing issues of the coordinated development between mining and cultivated land protection from the following three aspects: the damage mechanism of subsidence land in plain coal-cropland overlapped areas, the damage degree evaluation of subsidence land induced by mining, the control technology for the mining subsidence. Then, considering the characteristics of the cultivated land, such as the extensive protection-needed area and the high deformation tolerance, a new technical approach of controlling regional rock strata and surface deformation in green mining is proposed by combining source control and restoration. The corresponding prediction and control design methods of surface deformation are established. Additionally, the key research directions for the coordination of coal mining and cultivated land protection in the plain coal-cropland overlapped areas are pointed out, including the driving mechanism of cultivated land damage induced by mining in the plain area, protection thresholds for the quality of the cultivated land in subsidence areas, theories and methods of the subsidence coordinated control of the green mining facing the cultivated land protection. The main objective of this paper is to promote the coordinated development of the green mining and the cultivated land protection in the plain coal-cropland overlapped areas.

A goal of land change modelers should be to communicate scenarios of future change that show the variety of possible future landscapes based on the consequences of management decisions. This study employs the Markov-FLUS model to simulate land-use changes in Hubei Province in multiple scenarios that consider social, economic, and ecological policies using 18 driving factors, including point-of-interest data. First, the Markov-FLUS model was developed and validated with historical data from 2000 to 2020. The model was then used to simulate land-use changes from 2020 to 2035 in four scenarios: natural development, economic priority, ecological protection, and cultivated land protection. The results show that the Markov-FLUS model effectively simulates the land-use change pattern in Hubei Province, with an overall accuracy of 0.93 for land use simulation in 2020. The Kappa coefficient and FOM index also achieved 0.86 and 0.139, respectively. In all four scenarios, cultivated land remained the primary land use type in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2035, while construction land showed an increasing trend. However, there were large differences in the simulated land use patterns in different scenarios. Construction land expanded most rapidly in the economic priority scenario, while it expanded more slowly in the cultivated land protection scenario. We designed the protection scenario to restrict the rapid expansion of construction land. In the natural development and economic priority scenarios, construction land expanded and encroached on cultivated land and forests. In contrast, in the ecological protection scenario, forests and water areas were well-preserved, and the decrease in cultivated land and the increase in construction land were effectively suppressed, resulting in a large improvement in land use sustainability. Finally, in the cultivated land protection scenario, the cultivated land showed an increasing trend. The spread and expansion of construction land were effectively curbed. In conclusion, the Markov-FLUS model applied in this study to simulate land use in multiple scenarios has substantial implications for the effective utilization of land resources and the protection of the ecological environment in Hubei Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uniqueness, complexity and sensitivity of the geographical environment in Qinling make it a typical area for the study of resource environmental protection and man-land coordination. Therefore, in order to study the changes of cultivated land resources and environment in Qinling, the annual update evaluation and statistical yearbook data of cultivated land quality at 1:10000 county level from 2005 to 2019 in Shaanxi province were adopted based on dynamic attitude model, location index, center of gravity migration model and geographic detector. The spatial-temporal pattern and driving mechanism of cultivated land quality in 6 prefecture-level cities, 39 counties(county-level cities, districts)and 353 towns in Shaanxi section of Qinling were investigated. The results show that ① in terms of time, during 2005-2010, 2010-2015 and 2015-2019, the quantity of cultivated land resource decreases with an average annual decrease rate of 0.45%, 0.12% and 0.20%, respectively; the change of cultivated land quantity tends to be stable with an average quality of 10.98; it is slightly higher than the average of Shaanxi province (11.34) and lower than the national average (9.96); ② spatially, the Shaanxi section of Qinling shows a distribution pattern of high cultivated land quality in the north line and southwest line near Guanzhong plain, and in the central area, while low cultivated land quality in the east and west from 2005 to 2019; according to the changes of location index, Xi'an and Weinan cities with better natural geographical conditions have higher cultivated land and are the aggregation areas of high-quality cultivated land, while Hanzhong, Ankang and Shangluo cities in the southern Shaanxi have poorer cultivated land quality and a higher aggregation degree of middle- and low-quality cultivated land; according to the center of gravity migration, the center of gravity of the high-quality cultivated land transfers from Zhouzhi county to Huyi district of Xi'an city, that of the middle-quality cultivated land transfers from Ningshan county to Zhen'an county, that of the low-quality cultivated land transfers from Hanbin district of Ankang city to Zhashui county, and then to Zhen'an county; coordinate migrations of cultivated land are low-quality, middle-quality and high-quality in descending order; ③ the main driving factor of spatio-temporal change of cultivated land quality in Shaanxi section of Qinling is human activity; the interaction of each factor enhances the explanatory power, and jointly affects the change of cultivated land quality in Shaanxi section of Qinling. The research results provide scientific basis for further implementation of cultivated land resources, ecological environment protection and rural revitalization in Qinling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the largest developing country, China has permanently attached great importance to cultivated land protection. However, due to the different rules of cultivated land identification in the second and third national land surveys, the cultivated land area in the two surveys has changed greatly. Some agricultural lands in the south, such as plantations, forests, grasslands, aquaculture ponds, etc., belonged to cultivated land during the second survey, but they were identified as non-cultivated land in the third national land survey. This change has led to a sharp reduction in the area of cultivated land in some places. In order to calculate the actual change in the area of cultivated land since the second survey and provide a reasonable basis for the standard of cultivated land protection, this paper takes Gaochun District, a developed area in China, as an example; interprets the images of the second national land survey period with the deep learning network HRNet; and compares the results with the second and third national land survey rules. The results show that the actual reduction of cultivated land in Gaochun District in the past ten years accounts for 35.1% of the reduction of cultivated land in the two land surveys, while the reduction of cultivated land caused by the change of cultivated land identification rules accounts for 64.9% of the reduction of cultivated land in the two land surveys, indicating that the significant reduction in local cultivated land was mainly caused by the changes in the rules, and these cultivated land reduction behaviors existed before the second survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At present, the quality protection and early warning of cultivated land in China are actually based on the increase and decrease of the quantity of cultivated land and the change of its quality. The early warning of cultivated land quality based on this is easy to cause the problem of missing and wrong alarm. Based on the quality and productivity change of regional cultivated land, early warning on the regional cultivated land quality is conducted in this study respectively, and the results of the two early warning are compared. Moreover, a multi-indicator cultivated land quality early warning based on the quality change, productivity change and auxiliary indicators is proposed. The results show that; early warning of cultivated land quality based on quality and productivity change of cultivated land has certain limitations. Based on multi-indicator early warning, the number of counties with heavy, medium and light warnings in Henan Prow nee is 52, 8 and 11 respectively. The multi-indicator early warning result of cultivated land quality is more accurate, which can provide a basis for cultivated land protection and management assessment, and has great application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Cultivated land, responsible for the development of rural industries, social security and ecological conservation, is pivotal to the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy. However, heavy metal contamination of cultivated land seriously affects the continuation of this process. The diversified governance system of heavy metal pollution in cultivated land is an important tool to activate the elemental resources of rural cultivated land, ensure the safety of food production and promote rural revitalization. Carrying out the treatment of heavy metal pollution in cultivated land according to local conditions is an urgent theoretical and practical problem to be solved.【Method】In order to guarantee the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy, the study explored the diversified governance system from the perspective of heavy metal pollution in cultivated land of Dabaoshan mining area, and analyzed the difficulties and problems faced by the diversified governance mode of cultivated land heavy metal pollution in the mining area.【Result】The current situation of heavy metal pollution governance of the cultivated land in Dabaoshan Mountain is still not optimistic, and there are some main problems such as the absence and weakness of the main body of control, especially the failure to manifest main position of farmers, the lack of social funds and the imperfec t system of diversified participation. In response to the problems that exist in the current situation of heavy metal pollution governance, the following strategies are proposed: (1) Realizing self-remediation of cultivated land by farmers through changing inertial thinking. (2) Giving full play to the function of social organizations by improving the diversified governance model of heavy metal pollution in arable land. (3) Introducing more third-party enterprises and institutions to stimulate the vitality of market entities. (4) Strengthening technological researches and forming a comprehensive pollution prevention and control scheme from the source to the end.【Conclusion】The present results can provide important reference values and guidance for the formulation of local cultivated land protection policies in heavy metal contaminated mining areas.

In the 70 years since it has been founded, China’s cultivated land protection work has made remarkable achievements: less than 10% of the world’s cultivated land has fed 22% of the world’s population and 900 million peasants have the foundation on which to survive and develop. However, under the strictest protection system such as “Grow Teeth” (GT), there is still a deviation of “norm-value” and “demand-efficacy” in the Administrative Protection of Cultivated Land (APCL) at this stage. This paper uses normative analysis method, similar case research method as well as value analysis method to find that the legitimacy of the current APCL system is insufficient: on the one hand, under the perspective of functionalist “needs and efficacy”, the existing Cultivated Land Protection Law (Draft) (CLPL) and other normative documents cannot meet the needs of APCL penalties, relief, public welfare, etc.; On the other hand, from the perspective of normative “value legitimacy”, APCL legitimacy value foundation is lacking due to the limitations of overall value fragmentation, insufficient compatibility value and fragile defensive value. Therefore, the value base of APCL should be dismantled under the guidance of “function for use” to disassemble the functions of punishment, relief and public welfare, so as to specifically realize the construction of CLPL subjects, the inheritance of regulations, the transformation of responsibility subdivision, and the Land Administration Law and other regulatory continuations, to carry out protective measures such as clarifying the scope of punishment and giving compulsory force after coordination to cultivated land protection inspection recommendations, so as to give full play to the efficacy of APCL.

This study examines the content of the compensation standard measurement for cultivated land protection to effectively address the imbalance between local economic development and cultivated land protection. The empirical analysis relies on a value-added benefit model. Using the grain supply and demand balance method, 14 prefectures (cities) in Xinjiang were divided into cultivated land deficit/surplus areas, and based on the theory of value-added benefits of converting cultivated land to construction land, a compensation standard measurement system for cultivated land protection was established, and correction coefficients such as potential urban development intensity and government payment capacity were introduced to accurately determine the realistic compensation standard for cultivated land protection in areas that are paid and receive compensation. The results of the study found that the total surplus area of cultivated land in Xinjiang is 271.57 × 104 hm2, which is in surplus overall, while within Xinjiang, four states (cities) are cultivated land deficit areas, which are also the areas that need to pay compensation amounts, and 10 states (cities) are cultivated land surplus areas, which receive compensation payments. The average compensation standard for cultivated land protection in Xinjiang is 24.27 × 104 RMB/hm2, while the compensation standard for cultivated land protection in each state (city) is mainly influenced by the benchmark land price and the comprehensive value of cultivated land, of which the benchmark land price is the core factor affecting the compensation standard. In terms of the total amount of compensation, the total amount of compensation paid for cultivated land protection in Xinjiang is 5,323.93 × 108 RMB, which is paid by the provinces where cultivated land is scarce, and in terms of the provinces, by the four compensation areas to the remaining 10 reimbursement areas, for which we put forward policy suggestions such as adopting diversified forms of compensation, alleviating financial pressure, financing through multiple channels, securing sources of funding, establishing cultivated land protection compensation standards, dynamic measurement platforms, and supervision and management mechanisms to realize long-term compensation mechanisms for cultivated land. The study is conducive to clarifying the rights and responsibilities of cultivated land protection, mobilizing the motivation of the main actors in cultivated land protection, and promoting balance and harmony between regional economic development and cultivated land protection.

The purpose of this study is to develop a new remote sensing method to assess the area of cultivated land illegally converted to nurseries and orchards in the Yangtze River Delta region of China over the past 40 years (1980–2020), and then estimate the increase in grain yield based on this area. Our result showed that 2.23 × 104 km2 of cultivated land was reduced by 11.8% over the past 40 years. About 14,521.40 km2 of cultivated land was converted to nursery and orchard from 1980 to 2020. The conversion area was unevenly distributed among different administrative regions. Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces had higher conversion rate and area than Jiangsu Province and Shanghai Municipalities. After the illegal nurseries and orchards return to cultivated land, if rotation farming mode is adopted, in which each grain crop is planted only once a year, the increased production of rice, wheat, corn, beans and tubers will reach (632.57 ± 13.08) × 104, (0~531.05 ± 33.25) × 104, (0~556.19 ± 30.36) × 104, (0~249.85 ± 13.14) × 104 and (0~489.11 ± 28.14) × 104 tons at most in each year, respectively. Our results provide theoretical guidance for implementing food security policies and alleviating contradiction between grain production and rural labor shortages in the Yangtze River Delta region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting cultivated land is an urgent mitigation measure for China to reconcile the contradiction between food safety and carbon neutrality. In the context of carbon neutrality, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model among local governments, agricultural technology service organizations (ATSOs), and farmers based on China's cultivated black land, and discusses the factors influencing the strategy choice of each stakeholder group and the final form of evolutionary stabilization strategies adopted by each stakeholder from the perspective of agricultural extension. Through numerical simulations, we reveal that two stable situations exist in the current state of protection of cultivated black land in China: full subject participation and government subject participation only. In order to achieve the optimal realization of the dynamic equilibrium of the three parties, we identify the key issues of cultivated land protection (CLP) and put forward reasonable suggestions, which are summarized as follows: (1) prohibit the excessive subsidies to farmers, and keep the appropriate subsidies at 100~140 CNY/mu to help the protection of cultivated land, if more than 140 CNY/mu is not conducive to the participation of local governments in CLP (mu, a Chinese unit of land measurement that equals to 1/15 a hectare); (2) an increase in the farmers' fines has a dampening effect on farmers digging black soil, and the game model achieves the ideal equilibrium when it reaches 10 billion CNY, which can be implemented as a long-term cultivated land protection policy; (3) maintaining the incentive fund at 5 billion CNY provides the greatest incentive for ATSOs to promote low-carbon agricultural technologies (LCAT), while the production trusteeship subsidies has no beneficial impact on ATSOs; (4) reducing production trusteeship costs and not increasing service charges is the most effective way of incentivizing ATSOs to promote LCAT. This means the service fee is maintained at 400 CNY/mu and the service cost is reduced to 308 CNY/mu. This study reveals the inner mechanism of CLP, provides a theoretical basis for the promotion of CLP technology, and proposes effective cultivated land protection suggestions, aiming to improve the overall implementation effect of CLP in China and help carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated land ecological compensation is an important measure to realize its protection. By analyzing the temporal and spatial characteristics and spillover trends of the ecological value of cultivated land and designing differentiated ecological compensation standards and mechanisms for cultivated land, this study aims to shed some light on improving the incentive mechanisms of cultivated land protection, coordinating social and economic development and ecological environmental protection, and promoting the optimization of land space pattern and regional balanced development. The study calculated the ecological value of cultivated land and its spillover amount in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The full value perspective of cultivated land ecological protection and the perspective of food security were introduced into the measurement model. Based on a comprehensive consideration of internal and external factors such as cultivated land ecological value spillover, regional differences, cultivated land protection rights, economic development financial rights, and ecological compensation spatial scale, this article constructed a differentiated cultivated land ecological compensation calculation model. The results showed that the ecological value and spillover of cultivated land in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased by 702.813 billion yuan and 486.258 billion yuan, respectively, from 2000 to 2019. The ecological value of cultivated land in the Yangtze River Economic Belt was unevenly distributed, and the center of gravity had a tendency to shift to the upper reaches. From 2000 to 2019, the amount of ecological compensation for cultivated land in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased by 17.61 times, and the compensation standards changed from 362.02 yuan/hm2 to 4 629.59 yuan/hm2. The ecological compensation standard for cultivated land in each province was between 1 789.04 yuan/hm2 and 118 474.84 yuan/hm2 and the difference was huge. The ecological value and spillover of cultivated land in the Yangtze River Economic Belt showed obvious fluctuations in growth, spatial difference, and scale-dependent characteristics. Based on the analysis, this study puts forward the following suggestions: The design of ecological compensation standards for cultivated land must take into account internal and external factors such as cultivated land ecological value spillover, regional differences, scale dependence, and power matching to improve the compensation accuracy. Differentiated cultivated land ecological compensation mechanisms require cooperation between the government and the market, the combination of vertical fiscal transfer and horizontal fiscal transfer, and the matching of cultivated land development financial rights and protection rights. Differentiated cultivated land ecological compensation mechanisms can be designed systematically through measures such as ecological function recognition, compensation area division, compensation standard design, compensation method combination, compensation fund management, and compensation policy guarantee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological compensation of cultivated land could also be called paying for the ecological service of cultivated land. It means that based on comprehensive consideration of the cost of the protection of the cultivated land and the value of the ecological service, the benefited area would implement the ecological compensation to the damaged area to motivate the actors of the protection behavior to protect the cultivated land better. A fair and reasonable cultivated land ecological compensation mechanism is critical in motivating cultivated land protection subjects' active participation in cultivated land protection. However, most of the currently measured cultivated land ecological compensation standards are only determined from the perspective of a single interest, ignoring the participation and negotiation of cultivated land protection stakeholders, resulting in insufficient pertinence, low compensation standards, and low compensation efficiency. Therefore, by introducing a market mechanism, this study constructs a non-cooperative bargaining model and solves three stages of the game equilibrium solution under the condition of comprehensive consideration of interests of farmland ecosystem service providers and consumers. In this study, the Yangtze River Economic Belt is taken as the research area to provide empirical analysis of a cultivated land ecological game compensation standard between the subject and object of cultivated land ecological compensation in the area. The study found that, under the ecological compensation standard for cultivated land determined by the bargaining game, the cultivated land ecological compensation subject and object in the area meets the "KaldorHicks" resource allocation criterion, and the standard can take into account the interests of both parties. Meanwhile, the river basin horizontal ecological compensation quota determined by the game standard will neither cause a financial dilemma in the payment area due to the excessive compensation quota, nor financial "windfall gain" in the compensated area due to ecological finance transfer of cultivated land. The cultivated land ecological compensation standard based on the game between the two parties is reasonable and accurate for the cultivated land ecological compensation object, which not only functions as an economic incentive, but maintains long-term effectiveness of policy. Therefore, it is necessary to actively promote the determination of ecological compensation standards based on negotiation means, and to establish a sustainable ecological protection compensation mechanism involving government predomination, social engagement, and market-oriented operations, to drive marketization of cultivated land ecological compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational differentiated utilization of cultivated land can effectively coordinate the contradiction between ecological protection, cultivated land utilization, and urban development. Therefore, this article adopts the southern section of the Yellow River Basin as an example, starting with vulnerability and resilience and then formulating an index system for evaluating farmland ecological vulnerability and farmland resilience. Moreover, this article combines Future Land-Use Simulation–Urban Growth Boundaries (FLUS–UGBs) to conduct urban development boundary simulations, which take the urban development boundary as restrictions and comprehensive division and determine the differentiated utilization zoning strategies for cultivated land to achieve coordinated development between ecological protection, cultivated land use, and urban development. The following results are presented: (1) The ecological vulnerability of the research area mainly involves low-to-medium vulnerability; the western and middle sections of the research area demonstrate high and low ecological vulnerability, respectively. (2) Areas with high resilience of cultivated land are mainly located in the mid-eastern part of the research area, and those with low resilience mainly involve the western mountains. (3) The four-quadrant method, the PLUS model, and the FLUS-UGB module are employed to determine differentiated usage zones for cultivated land to achieve rational allocation and effective use of resources.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristics and driving factors of cropland change in Sichuan Province. This study summarizes the current status of coordination among croplands, ecosystem protection, and urban expansion in the region and provides suggestions for the rational use and conservation of arable land resources. The research methods include ArcGis spatial analysis and the PLUS model. The results show that: (1) The cropland area in Sichuan Province has been continuously decreasing over the past 21 years, but arable land protection policies have effectively mitigated this situation. (2) With the exception of Chengdu, the reduction of arable land in each city in Sichuan province has gradually balanced out, safeguarding the development of major and lagging cities. (3) “Dual suitability” refers to the conflict between urban development and planting. Moreover, due to the Matthew effect, urban development further promoted the expansion of construction lands, leaving croplands in a weak position in the competition with construction lands. (4) Sichuan Province showed the characteristics of alternating leadership between urbanization of land and population urbanization during the process of urban development occupying cropland. In conclusion, the decreasing trend of croplands in Sichuan Province has gradually improved, and the coordination between cropland, ecosystem, and urban space has been achieved.

Affected by topographical conditions, the distribution of cultivated land in karst areas is relatively fragmented. More effective cultivated land protection measures can be taken in a targeted manner by grasping the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of regional cultivated land. In this study, with the cultivated land of four county-level administrative regions (Debao County, Jingxi City, Daxin County, and Tiancheng County) in typical karst landform areas in southwestern Guangxi as the research object, combining with the spatial analysis function of the G1S software platform, the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal and spatial changes of cultivated land in the study area were investigated from 2009 to 2020 using the quantitative analysis method of landscape pattern indices, revealing the main problems of cultivated land utilization, and the multi-dimensional management ideas of cultivated land protection in karst areas under the background of rural revitalization strategy were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inefficient utilization puts the productivity of cultivated land in a low development state. The key challenge for the efficient utilization of cultivated land is to clarify how various factors affect the spatial differentiation pattern of cultivated land productivity (CLP), to improve food production. However, evaluating the impact of the intensity and direction of CLP on a large‐scale is a difficulty and there is a gap in knowledge. In this study, we used net primary productivity (NPP) to calculate the productivity of cultivated land and reveal its spatial differentiation. Also, this study examined the spatio‐temporal heterogeneity of CLP and determined the effect intensity and the direction of effect of various factors on productivity, using the Songhua River basin (SRB) in China as a research case. We used genetic algorithms to modify and improve a neural network model of factor dimensionality reduction, combined with path analysis, cluster analysis, and regression analysis, to identify the main factors impacting CLP, synergies between these factors, and effect intensity and direction. The results showed that: (1) the area of cultivated land in SRB decreased, but the NPP of cultivated land area increased, during 2000–2020; (2) spatially, NPP was relatively low in the middle of the basin and gradually increased towards the periphery; (3) The main positive factors were the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), slope, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and total nitrogen, while the main negative factors were temperature, ratio vegetation index, and total phosphorus. Individual principal factors and the synergy between these factors gave CLP different temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Collaborative management of the threshold range of various influencing factors would improve the CLP. This novel information on spatial–temporal differentiation and factors influencing CLP can be important in formulating science‐based and feasible policies for land protection and for improving CLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental solution to the ecological problems of resources and environment, the Green Transition of Cultivated Land-use (GTCL) has become an inherent requirement for promoting ecological progress and implementing the food security strategy in the new era. This paper proposed a theoretical framework of GTCL and constructed a GTCL development index system based on four aspects: water, land, food and carbon; then, by applying a comprehensive evaluation model, a coupling coordination model and exploratory spatial data analysis, the development level of GTCL in China's 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 was evaluated and the spatial and temporal rates of change of "water, land, food and carbon" (WLFC) and their coupling coordination were finally analyzed to reveal the "water, land, food and carbon" effect of GTCL. Results showed that the systemic changes of WLFC and its coupling coordination degree of GTCL presented a spatial and temporal coincidence with a high degree of consistency; from 2000 to 2020, the overall GTCL rate in all Chinese provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions showed a "W"-shaped fluctuation uptrend. In the past five years, the development level of GTCL was higher in Northeast China, followed by Central China and North China, while South China was at a low level. In addition, WLFC showed a more obvious "W"-shaped fluctuation, with higher coupling coordination in Northeast China in good coordination and lower coordination in East China and Southwest China. Therefore, according to the results of the study, areas were divided into: benefit leading area, quality improvement area, connotation tapping potential area, ductile development area and ecological reserve area for the regulation of GTCL in all Chinese provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated land area and fragmentation are two crucial elements that influence food production in China. However, few studies have analyzed the fine-grained changes in both the area and the fragmentation of cultivated land from a national perspective. Using a 30 m annual land-cover dataset with the help of cultivated land area (CA) and a newly constructed coupling landscape fragmentation index (CLFI), this research identified the spatial distribution characteristics of both the area and the landscape fragmentation of cultivated land in Chinese counties and simultaneously analyzed the changes in the above two elements since the beginning of the 21st century. The results showed that the distribution pattern of CA in China's counties was large in the north and small in the south. During the first two decades of the 21st century, the total CA of China decreased, but the decrease rate decreased from 2.91% in 2000–2010 to 0.41% in 2010–2020; in contrast, the CLFI of China showed an increasing trend, but the increase rate also decreased, from 4.06% in 2000–2010 to 0.51% in 2010–2020. Spatially, from 2000 to 2010, there was an obvious reverse distribution pattern between counties with large CA changes and those with large CLFI changes; however, this pattern became less obvious from 2010 to 2020. Urban expansion, sloping land conversion programs and other ecological protection programs, and land development and consolidation programs were major causes of changes in the CA and CLFI across China. The findings of this research provide a data basis and scientific support for the protection and large-scale utilization of cultivated land, where this information is necessary to ensure food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-compensation can be a tradeoff between the intensity of cultivated land protection and economic profits among regions, as the center of gravity of cultivated land area moves northward, like "large cultivated land county, small economic county" and "large grain county, poor financial county". The concept of "Payments for Environmental Services" was introduced in China, providing a new perspective on cultivated land protection. However, a complete system has not been established, in terms of the subject and object determination, compensation standard, procedure, funding source and supervision measures of cultivated land eco-compensation. It is very necessary to demarcate the payment/compensation zones, and then quantify the compensation standards in the cultivated land eco-compensation system, in order to better balance the relationship between the spatial transfer of cultivated land ecological carrying capacity (CLECC) and ecological equity. In this study, a differential zoning of "four quadrants" was constructed, according to the surplus and deficit of CLECC with the target of cultivated land retention in the provinces. Then, the opportunity cost was applied to evaluate the payment/compensation standard and optimal amount in total for the decision-making. The results show that: 1) According to the shadow number of cultivated land by the province in 2019, 17 and 14 provinces were characterized by the deficit and surplus zone of CLECC, respectively, indicating a spatial difference of "surplus in north and deficit in the south". About 23.21% of the ecosystem services of cultivated land were transferred from the surplus to the deficit zone. 2) The payment/compensation zone presented a spatial pattern of "strip-interspersed" from the northeast to the southwest. The full-compensation zone was mainly distributed in the provinces of cultivated land areas (8 provincial administrative regions). The reduced-compensation zone was mainly located in the central and Eastern Plains (6 provincial administrative regions). The full-payment zone was mostly located in the eastern coastal developed regions (5 provincial administrative regions). The reduced-payment zone was mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (12 provincial administrative regions). 3) The average payment/compensation standard decreased gradually from the full-payment to the full-compensation zone, indicating the optimal values of 6.13×104 yuan/hm² in total. 4) Specifically, Heilongjiang Province received compensation of about 168.3 billion yuan at most, and Jiangxi Province received about 1.45 billion yuan at less. Zhejiang Province was paid for 215.1 billion yuan at most, and Gansu Province paid for 3.08 billion yuan at less. Lorenz Curve was selected to verify that the fiscal revenue gap between provinces was reduced by 0.06 under the cultivated land eco-compensation. The innovative system can be widely expected to stimulate the behavior of environmental protection for the sustainable development of cultivated land in the form of monetary quantity. To sum up, the cultivated land eco-compensation can be connected with the ecological compensation and cultivated land protection policies, particularly for the better interactive relationship between cultivated land eco-protectors benefiting and beneficiaries paying. The finding can provide a strong reference to improve the local cultivated land protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated land protection is an important way to mitigate land pollution and realize the sustainable development of agriculture. To reveal the key factors influencing farmers’ behavior of adopting cultivated land protection techniques (FBACT) from the perspective of land fragmentation and farmland transfer and to analyze the differences, a multivariate probit model is adopted to quantitatively analyze the impacts on FBACT based on field research and questionnaire surveys conducted in Jiangsu Province, China. The results show that farmland transfer promotes FBACT and that large areas of transfer-in land encourage it. Transfer-in land from outside villages reduces FBACT. The willingness of farmers to adopt protection techniques is affected by their age, their education level, family labor and the agricultural labor price, and it is hindered by land fragmentation. Encouraging farmers to transfer-in land from local villages and increasing their expectations of benefits from cultivated land protection will inspire them to adopt protection techniques. To increase the farmland transfer rate and to alleviate land fragmentation, the government should enhance the management of farmland transfer contracts and strengthen the stability of farmland use rights in farmland transfer. Promoting the transfer and integration of adjacent plots and appropriately expanding plot size will help improve FBACT.

Studying farmers' behavior affected by economic incentive is necessary to promote positive behavior among farmers toward protecting the quantity, quality, and ecological environment of cultivated land. In this study, we investigated the current situation regarding economic incentive policies for cultivated land protection, which has attracted the attention of Chinese government. Then, we focused on the earliest pilot scheme (i.e., Cultivated Land Protection Fund, CLPF) implemented in the west of China since 2008 to empirically analyze farmers' behavior. Statistical analysis and path analysis methods were applied, with data collected from 296 questionnaires. Our results showed that positive actions, including the enhancement of initiatives to protect cultivated land, the improvement of ecological environment of cultivated land, and the investment in agricultural infrastructure, have been adopted by farmers since the implementation of the CLPF. Furthermore, gender, education level, labor force size, cultivated land area, migration out of traditional farming areas, average annual household income, and farmers' knowledge of the policy impacted significantly on farmers' behavior. On the premise of comprehensive consideration of the diversity of farmers' livelihoods, new communication technologies and sufficient funds, we suggested that a long-term and sustainable project should be established at the national level to effectively compensate farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the largest developing country, China has permanently attached great importance to cultivated land protection. However, due to the different rules of cultivated land identification in the second and third national land surveys, the cultivated land area in the two surveys has changed greatly. Some agricultural lands in the south, such as plantations, forests, grasslands, aquaculture ponds, etc., belonged to cultivated land during the second survey, but they were identified as non-cultivated land in the third national land survey. This change has led to a sharp reduction in the area of cultivated land in some places. In order to calculate the actual change in the area of cultivated land since the second survey and provide a reasonable basis for the standard of cultivated land protection, this paper takes Gaochun District, a developed area in China, as an example; interprets the images of the second national land survey period with the deep learning network HRNet; and compares the results with the second and third national land survey rules. The results show that the actual reduction of cultivated land in Gaochun District in the past ten years accounts for 35.1% of the reduction of cultivated land in the two land surveys, while the reduction of cultivated land caused by the change of cultivated land identification rules accounts for 64.9% of the reduction of cultivated land in the two land surveys, indicating that the significant reduction in local cultivated land was mainly caused by the changes in the rules, and these cultivated land reduction behaviors existed before the second survey.

This study aims to identify the priority areas of fallow under the resources and environmental background of cultivated land in China. The spatial pattern and differentiation characteristics of ecological stress factors were systematically determined using the Nemerow integrated pollution index, the variation of groundwater level, the service function of the ecosystem, and the sensitivity of the ecological environment. Four dimensions were also considered, including ecological protection red line, soil pollution, over-exploited groundwater, and arable land quality. Subsequently, a multi-criteria and multi-objective optimization of fallow was constructed to identify the scale of fallow, and the spatial distribution of priority areas. Three scenarios were also selected, including the priority to food safety (PFS), the minimum production capacity loss (MCL), and the priority to ecological security (PES). Especially, each scenario was set as the low, medium, and high level for better prioritizing fallow units. A spatial weighing of all factors was also carried out to delineate the fallow priority areas of cultivated land under resources and environmental constraints. As such, an optimal matching was achieved for the correlation between ecological security, food production, and quality. The results showed that: 1) There were much larger areas of arable land within the delineation of ecological protection red line in northern China than those in the south. Specifically, the area of arable land within the first- and the second-class ecological protection red line delineation accounted for 3.57%, and 10.95%, respectively. 2) The area ratios of farmland with slight, moderate, and severe pollution were 18.56%, 2.31%, and 1.23%, respectively. The overall pollution in the south was higher than that in the north. There was a partially scattered distribution of pollution in the south, whereas, the north showed a pattern of spot-like agglomeration. 3) The areas of over-exploited groundwater were mainly concentrated in the provinces of Hebei, Henan, Jilin, and Jiangsu, where the severe over-exploited areas accounted for only 0.68% of the whole of China. The severe over-exploited areas with the large-scale contiguous patterns were 4670km2 and 3950km2 in Hebei and Henan, respectively. 4) The total proportions of arable land quality accounted for 3.69% and 14.0%, respectively, for the grade of the inferior and poor grade in northern China, particularly with the widely dispersed pattern, compared with the south. The priority fallow areas accounted for 23.70% of the total study area, according to the comprehensive evaluation of cultivated land and multi-criteria fallow. Specifically, the proportions of the prohibited-planting-fallow area (I), restricted-planting-fallow area (II), key-rotation area (III), and general-rotation area (IV) were 1.95%, 4.71%, 6.18%, and 10.86%, respectively. Furthermore, the priority fallow areas were 8.40%, 4.18%, and 3.12% higher than those of the PFS, MCL, and PES, respectively. Consequently, this finding can provide strong technical support to effectively implement the fallow planning, thereby protecting the cultivated land from soil pollution in modern agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated land is the oldest and most extensive human-land system formed by human civilization through the transformation of the earth′s surface for thousands of years. The ability of cultivated land system to maintain stable production and healthy environment is reflected in the quality characteristics of cultivated land, under certain technical and economic conditions within a certain period of time, and the development and utilization value is expressed as the resource attribute of cultivated land. This paper clarifies the cultivated land system, the quality of cultivated land and cultivated land resources, on the basis of cognitive connotation and evolution process. The "nature - humanity" constituent elements and their coupling relationship of cultivated land resources are analyzed, characteristics and formation mechanism of "horizontal-vertical" structure, "production-ecology-living" function synergy and transformation relationship. The exchange process and response mechanism of "matter-energy-information", and the service value and evolution law of "economy-ecologysociety", the cognitive system of cultivated land resources is constructed, which is "two-dimensional factor-triple function-multiple value". A new way of systematically recognizing cultivated land resources is proposed, deconstructing the internal mechanism and external value of cultivated land resources, service farmland protection and quality improvement and natural resource assets "two unified" management, to support the construction of a new pattern of resource utilization and cultivated land protection under high-quality crossdomain development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the goals and tasks of quantity, quality and ecological protection in different scales, this paper constructs a "trinity" framework of cultivated land protection system, and puts forward the key points of cultivated land protection in different scales. Finally, a preliminary evaluation is made on the quantity, quality and ecological protection of cultivated land on a macro scale in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and rapid conflict identification of potential land use can effectively coordinate the conflicting land types to deal with the ever-increasingly severe land use in recent years. Taking the main urban area of Anshan as the research object, a multi-objective suitability evaluation was carried out to protect the cultivated land near the main urban areas using ArcGIS software. A mapping function and coupling coordination degree model were also selected to identify the conflict zones. Auxiliary decision-making support was provided to integrate with the third line in the land and space planning, particularly to implement differentiated use and protection of surrounding cultivated land. The research results show that the height suitable for cultivated land was 2459.00 hm² ore than 90% of the surrounding areas of the main urban area. The cultivated land presented strong farming suitability. The areas of highly suitable construction and moderately suitable construction were 1736.63 hm² and 7666.78 hm² respectively, accounting for 5.43% and 77.09%, respectively. Most cultivated land around the city presented strong construction suitability, indicating a greater risk of potential cultivated land-use conflicts. Cultivated land around the main urban area was divided into 9 types of areas, including 3 types of potential land use conflict zones, accounting for 22.20% of the total area. These lands were mainly distributed around the main urban area and along the main roads, indicating superior natural resource conditions and significant geographical advantages. Geographical location factors, 3 types of farming advantages were non-conflict areas, accounting for 67.33% of the total area. The area presented complete irrigation and drainage facilities, as well as high organic matter content, but it was far away from the main road with low construction suitability, particularly suitable for agricultural purposes. 3 types of construction advantages were conflict-free areas, accounting for 10.47% of the total area. The effective soil thickness of cultivated land in this area was thin, mainly clay soil and lack of irrigation and drainage facilities, but the distance from the central city and roads was relatively short. Recently, good location and high construction suitability were a candidate area for newly-added construction land. Taking into account the natural, geographical and socio-economic conditions of cultivated land around the city, the high-quality contiguous cultivated land in the high and medium potential conflict areas and the farming advantaged areas were designated as permanent basic farmland, particularly benefits to the higher level of mechanization and large-scale agricultural production. There was construct scattered cultivated land in advantageous areas as land for flexible development of urban development boundaries. The land greatly contributed to the vitality of inventory, the degree of land saving, and intensive use in the main urban area, but to reduce the occupation of cultivated land around the city. The cultivated land in the low potential conflict area within the ecological red line was designated as Ecological land to ensure the stability of the ecological security pattern around the city. The finding can provide strong references for the conflict discrimination of suitable types of cultivated land use, while the protection of cultivated land around cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting and improving cultivated land quality is a key way to the realization of agricultural modernization. The Chinese government advocates agricultural producers to implement cultivated land protection and quality improvement behavior (CLPQIB). However, the cultivated land management rights of family farms are not so stable. In order to study how stability of land management rights (SLMR) affects family farms’ CLQPIB, promoting family farms in adopting technologies to protect cultivated land, this study investigated 117 family farms in Anhui and Hubei provinces by stratified sampling and analyzed data through the logistic regression model and marginal effects model. The results showed that transferred land ratio, contract types, and contract duration affected family farms’ CLPQIB significantly. The probability of family farms applying organic fertilizer decreased by 0.9% for every 1% increase of the transferred land ratio. Family farms’ rented land through formal contracts have a 21.4% higher probability of adopting planting–breeding technology than family farms’ rented land through informal contracts. For every additional year of the rental contract duration, the possibility for family farms to replace chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer, pesticides reduction, and integrated planting-breeding increase by 2.1%, 2.2%, and 1.3%, respectively. The results of this study can guide policy makers with further regulating land transfer behavior, guide family farms with signing formal lease contracts, and extending the duration of lease contracts, improving the cultivated land protection behavior of family farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to develop a new remote sensing method to assess the area of cultivated land illegally converted to nurseries and orchards in the Yangtze River Delta region of China over the past 40 years (1980–2020), and then estimate the increase in grain yield based on this area. Our result showed that 2.23 × 104 km2 of cultivated land was reduced by 11.8% over the past 40 years. About 14,521.40 km2 of cultivated land was converted to nursery and orchard from 1980 to 2020. The conversion area was unevenly distributed among different administrative regions. Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces had higher conversion rate and area than Jiangsu Province and Shanghai Municipalities. After the illegal nurseries and orchards return to cultivated land, if rotation farming mode is adopted, in which each grain crop is planted only once a year, the increased production of rice, wheat, corn, beans and tubers will reach (632.57 ± 13.08) × 104, (0~531.05 ± 33.25) × 104, (0~556.19 ± 30.36) × 104, (0~249.85 ± 13.14) × 104 and (0~489.11 ± 28.14) × 104 tons at most in each year, respectively. Our results provide theoretical guidance for implementing food security policies and alleviating contradiction between grain production and rural labor shortages in the Yangtze River Delta region.

Protecting cultivated land is an urgent mitigation measure for China to reconcile the contradiction between food safety and carbon neutrality. In the context of carbon neutrality, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model among local governments, agricultural technology service organizations (ATSOs), and farmers based on China’s cultivated black land, and discusses the factors influencing the strategy choice of each stakeholder group and the final form of evolutionary stabilization strategies adopted by each stakeholder from the perspective of agricultural extension. Through numerical simulations, we reveal that two stable situations exist in the current state of protection of cultivated black land in China: full subject participation and government subject participation only. In order to achieve the optimal realization of the dynamic equilibrium of the three parties, we identify the key issues of cultivated land protection (CLP) and put forward reasonable suggestions, which are summarized as follows: (1) prohibit the excessive subsidies to farmers, and keep the appropriate subsidies at 100~140 CNY/mu to help the protection of cultivated land, if more than 140 CNY/mu is not conducive to the participation of local governments in CLP (mu, a Chinese unit of land measurement that equals to 1/15 a hectare); (2) an increase in the farmers’ fines has a dampening effect on farmers digging black soil, and the game model achieves the ideal equilibrium when it reaches 10 billion CNY, which can be implemented as a long-term cultivated land protection policy; (3) maintaining the incentive fund at 5 billion CNY provides the greatest incentive for ATSOs to promote low-carbon agricultural technologies (LCAT), while the production trusteeship subsidies has no beneficial impact on ATSOs; (4) reducing production trusteeship costs and not increasing service charges is the most effective way of incentivizing ATSOs to promote LCAT. This means the service fee is maintained at 400 CNY/mu and the service cost is reduced to 308 CNY/mu. This study reveals the inner mechanism of CLP, provides a theoretical basis for the promotion of CLP technology, and proposes effective cultivated land protection suggestions, aiming to improve the overall implementation effect of CLP in China and help carbon neutrality.