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Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Salt efflorescence is one of the critical problems for the preservation of immovable silicate relics. Salt efflorescence mainly comes from continuous cycles of crystallization/dissolution or hydration/dehydration of salts in confined pores in silicate relics. Many protocols have been developed in attempts to alleviate possible salt damages with minor success because of endless water and salt feed from underground. In this study, we propose and design a novel technique for salt damage prevention and protection of immovable relics. Materials with higher water-absorbing ability than matrix are applied to control the water and salt migration direction in simulated sand samples. The distribution of moisture content on the surface of sand is followed by hyperspectral imaging. It appears that water and salt molecules will preferentially transport towards positions containing higher water-absorbing material. Both organic and inorganic high water-absorbing materials show effective in controlling the water and salt migration direction, which provides a new approach for the prevention and protection of salt efflorescence in silicate cultural relics.

Salt efflorescence is one of the critical problems for the preservation of immovable silicate relics. Salt efflorescence mainly comes from continuous cycles of crystallization/dissolution or hydration/dehydration of salts in confined pores in silicate relics. Many protocols have been developed in attempts to alleviate possible salt damages with minor success because of endless water and salt feed from underground. In this study, we propose and design a novel technique for salt damage prevention and protection of immovable relics. Materials with higher water-absorbing ability than matrix are applied to control the water and salt migration direction in simulated sand samples. The distribution of moisture content on the surface of sand is followed by hyperspectral imaging. It appears that water and salt molecules will preferentially transport towards positions containing higher water-absorbing material. Both organic and inorganic high water-absorbing materials show effective in controlling the water and salt migration direction, which provides a new approach for the prevention and protection of salt efflorescence in silicate cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ancient ivories unearthed from the Sanxingdui Ruins site are valuable cultural relics, however, the microbial biodeterioration on ivories during temporary cold storage poses a great threat to their later long-term preservation. Methods: Here, the combination of high-throughput sequencing and biochemical assays was applied for the in-depth investigation of the key deteriorative microorganisms colonizing on the ivories and the tracing of their origin, as well as the assessment of the ethanol disinfection impact on the microbial communities on ivories. Results: It was observed that the surfaces of ivories were scattered by the fungal patches of white, dark grey, and hedge green colors during cold storage. The high-throughput sequencing results showed that the genera Mortierella (38.51%), Ilyonectria (14.43%), Penicillium (1.15%), and Aspergillus (1.09%) were the dominant fungi, while Pseudomonas (22.63%), Sphingopyxis (3.06%), and Perlucidibaca (2.92%) were the dominant bacteria on ivories. The isolated Aspergillus A-2 resulted in the highest amount of calcium releasing from the degradation of hydroxyapatite (HAP), the main component of ivory, by the organic acids produced, including oxalic acid and citric acid. The fast expectationmaximization for microbial source tracking (FEAST) analysis revealed that the majority of the fungi (57.45%) and bacteria (71.84%) colonizing on the ivories were derived from the soils surrounding ivories in the sacrifice pits, indicating soils as the primary source for the spoilage microbes growing on ivories. The dominant strains could degrade cellulose, the key components of wet cotton towels commonly applied on ivories for moisture maintenance, aiding the spoilage microbes colonizing on ivories. Notably, the ivory disinfection with 75% ethanol during the cleansing significantly decreased the relative abundance of the dominant genera of Ilyonectria, Aspergillus, and Pseudomonas, with Mortierella becoming the dominant one on ivories. Discussion: Together, the fungi, particularly Aspergillus and Penicillium, played a significant role in the microbial biodeterioration of unearthed ancient ivories by producing the organic acids. These results may improve the control of the microbial biodeterioration and develop more efficient strategies for the longtime conservation of unearthed ancient ivories and other cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the acquisition process of 3D cultural relics, it is common to encounter noise. To facilitate the generation of high-quality 3D models, we propose an approach based on graph signal processing that combines color and geometric features to denoise the point cloud. We divide the 3D point cloud into patches based on self-similarity theory and create an appropriate underlying graph with a Markov property. The features of the vertices in the graph are represented using 3D coordinates, normal vectors, and color. We formulate the point cloud denoising problem as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation problem and use a graph Laplacian regularization (GLR) prior to identifying the most probable noise-free point cloud. In the denoising process, we moderately simplify the 3D point to reduce the running time of the denoising algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach outperforms five competing methods in both subjective and objective assessments. It requires fewer iterations and exhibits strong robustness, effectively removing noise from the surface of cultural relic point clouds while preserving fine-scale 3D features such as texture and ornamentation. This results in more realistic 3D representations of cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As language is one of the most important cultural relics of human societies of the past, historians should regard it as a valuable and many-sided source of information on the past. This is also true of place-names, perhaps more so. It is therefore natural that there should be points of contact and co-operation between toponymy and regional history. There are, however, practical risks in this cooperation if it is not based on sound scholarship. South African regional historians have not even begun to exploit toponymy, largely because they are ignorant of place-names as a source of information, and, secondly, because of their incompetence in retrieving the information they contain. Since place-names are very resistant to change, they sometimes survive for many centuries, carrying with them information on various matters, e.g. on the original settlers and those who moved in at a later stage, their race, language, and social traditions; on the original landscape, including fauna and flora; on historical events and personalities, and on cultural activities. In some instances place-names can be deceptive and lead the historian astray. He should therefore be wary of names that have no direct bearing on either the location or its inhabitants and of unsound interpretations of place-names.

Cultural relics line graphic serves as a crucial form of traditional artifact information documentation, which is a simple and intuitive product with low cost of displaying compared with 3D models. Dimensionality reduction is undoubtedly necessary for line drawings. However, most existing methods for artifact drawing rely on the principles of orthographic projection that always cannot avoid angle occlusion and data overlapping while the surface of cultural relics is complex. Therefore, conformal mapping was introduced as a dimensionality reduction way to compensate for the limitation of orthographic projection. Based on the given criteria for assessing surface complexity, this paper proposed a three-dimensional feature guideline extraction method for complex cultural relic surfaces. A 2D and 3D combined factor that measured the importance of points on describing surface features, vertex weight, was designed. Then the selection threshold for feature guideline extraction was determined based on the differences between vertex weight and shape index distributions. The feasibility and stability were verified through experiments conducted on real cultural relic surface data. Results demonstrated the ability of the method to address the challenges associated with the automatic generation of line drawings for complex surfaces. The extraction method and the obtained results will be useful for line graphic drawing, displaying and propaganda of cultural relics.

The contents of 9 anions and 6 cations in the crystalloid salt on ancient pottery, such as CH3COO, HCOO, F, C1, SO：, N03, Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, were studied and determined by dual channel ion chromatography. Using Metrosep A Supp7 anion chromatographic column as the analytical column, 3 mmol/L NaCO3 as the eluent, the flow rate was 0・ 7 mL/min, using Metrosep C4 cations chromatographic column as the analytical column, 0・ 8 mmol/L C7H5NO4-1・ 6 mmol/L HNO3 as the eluent, the flow rate was 0・ 7 mL/min. Under this method, the purified filtrate is measured by conductivity detector. Each ion formes a good, moderate separation. The detection lini让 was between 0.005 〜 0. 05 mg/L・ The correlation coefficient(5) of the various ions in samples was greater than 0. 999, it has a good linear relationship, the recovery was 96% 〜106%, and the relative standard deviation was 0. 1% 〜 4% (n 二 5). The result showed that the crystal salt on the tile surface mainly contains: Ca2+, Na+, CH3COO, Cl, SO：, NO3 ・ The method is fast and accurate, sensitive and reliable and can be used for the separation and determanation of common organic acid ions and inorganic ions in crystal salts on the surface of cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural relics line graphic serves as a crucial form of traditional artifact information documentation, which is a simple and intuitive product with low cost of displaying compared with 3D models. Dimensionality reduction is undoubtedly necessary for line drawings. However, most existing methods for artifact drawing rely on the principles of orthographic projection that always cannot avoid angle occlusion and data overlapping while the surface of cultural relics is complex. Therefore, conformal mapping was introduced as a dimensionality reduction way to compensate for the limitation of orthographic projection. Based on the given criteria for assessing surface complexity, this paper proposed a three-dimensional feature guideline extraction method for complex cultural relic surfaces. A 2D and 3D combined factor that measured the importance of points on describing surface features, vertex weight, was designed. Then the selection threshold for feature guideline extraction was determined based on the differences between vertex weight and shape index distributions. The feasibility and stability were verified through experiments conducted on real cultural relic surface data. Results demonstrated the ability of the method to address the challenges associated with the automatic generation of line drawings for complex surfaces. The extraction method and the obtained results will be useful for line graphic drawing, displaying and propaganda of cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Etnolingwistyka is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to determine the sources of indoor particulate matter at the Potala Palace Museum in Tibet, China, and evaluate the potential hazards of these pollutants for cultural relics. Long-term monitoring of indoor and outdoor suspended particulate matter concentrations was conducted, and sediment particle samples were collected. The chemical composition of the deposited particles was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). The outdoor suspended particulate concentration was much lower than that indoors; the indoor PM1-10 concentration was much higher than that outdoors and was less affected by outdoor sources. The sources of indoor deposited particles in the high-plateau museum can be classified into four categories: soil dust brought in by tourists from the outdoors, incense ash, pollution from human activities, and ores. Based on data analysis and discussion, proper ventilation can dilute indoor suspended particulate matter, and the installation of air conditioning systems can control temperature and humidity at 20 °C and about 45–60%, respectively, and reduce the fluctuation value, so as to promote particle deposition and better protect the museum's cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water has a significant impact on the properties of building materials. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer can be used to detect water in materials and measure its distribution nondestructively, rapidly, and accurately. In this paper, a novel method is introduced for using single-sided NMR to measure the water content (WC) of building materials, including brick, sandstone, mortar, and concrete. The NMR signal intensity and water content of these building materials were measured using a single-sided NMR-MOUSE PM25 and a high-precision electronic scale, respectively. A total of 80 groups of NMR signal intensity and water content data were obtained in two different measurement environments. The NMR signal intensity and water content data for each of the four building materials were fitted by the least squares method. The similarity of the coefficients of the determined correlations demonstrated that these relations are universal for building materials and independent of the NMR signal intensity and water content measurement environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study was conducted in a seven-meter-deep pool wherein the waterlogged ship wood from the "Nanhai I" shipwreck was extracted. • The use of veratraldehyde in underwater archaeology has the potential to revolutionize the field by providing a new method and material for temporary solidification. • The proposed extraction method can safely extract the fragile ship woods underwater. • A set of scientific techniques were proposed for successful in-situ solidifying and extraction of underwater fragile wooden artifacts. In-situ solidifying extraction of large-volume and severely damaged underwater fragile artifacts is still one of the major issues in underwater archaeology. Recent evidence suggests that veratraldehyde can be used to temporarily solidify artifacts underwater; however, it is still challenging to use it in actual archaeological sites. This prospective study was conducted in a seven-meter-deep pool wherein veratraldehyde was used to solidify and extract waterlogged ship wood from the "Nanhai I" shipwreck. The entire underwater extraction process was recorded using a camera. The change in the wood surface color before and after extraction was relatively minor. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the wood microstructure was not significantly damaged, while nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed no residues of veratraldehyde and its oxidation products. Overall, the proposed method utilizes a set of scientific techniques for successful in-situ solidifying extraction of underwater fragile wooden artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural relics are man-made objects left from ancient times, with historical, artistic, and scientific values. Multi-interdisciplinary research of cultural relics would enable people to obtain a variety of information associated with them, from which the restoration of ancient civilization was possible. Due to natural weathering, many cultural relics are in a fragile state, and conservation treatments that can prolong their lifetime are important, which may involve the use of conservation materials. In this paper, we define the new term "Herit-Materials" as two types of materials, including ancient cultural relics themselves and novel functional materials for conservation purposes. For the first type of Herit-Materials-cultural relics themselves, as one type of ancient materials, the concept of the relationship between the structure, composition, performance, and technology of them was introduced. The research paradigm for ancient cultural relics is also proposed. Following such a paradigm, the way how analysis and research were performed on ancient cultural relics are illustrated in detail with examples of ancient ceramics and textile dyes. Meanwhile, as the second type of Herit-Materials, three categories of conservation materials, such as emergent conservation materials on archaeological sites, consolidation materials, and cleaning materials were reviewed in detail, including basic concepts, criteria for choosing appropriate materials for conservation purposes, evaluation of the conservation effects after application, along with the application methods of those conservation materials. Finally, as Herit-Materials' studies have attracted more and more researchers and have also created new inter-disciplinary research fields, the following research directions are recommended for scholars who have an interest, including the development of the advanced and comprehensive analytical technique of Herit-Materials, non-destructive and in-situ characterization & testing of Herit-Materials, the database of composition-structure-performance for Herit-Materials and their real-time environmental conditions, the green Herit-Materials for conservation purposes and their application methods, as well as the type and pattern analysis research of Herit-Materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of soil moisture content on the strength and deformation properties of the foundation soils of cultural relics. Our goal is to inform the formulation and implementation of the repair scheme for cultural relics above the foundation soils and help protect cultural relics. Soil samples with five different moisture contents were prepared and used in unconfined compression, triaxial, and consolidation tests. Several mechanical parameters were determined under different soil moisture contents: failure morphology, compressive strength, compressive modulus, and compressibility coefficient. Based on the test results, the soil cohesion and angle of internal friction were obtained using Mohr’s circle. Regions where the mechanical parameters were particularly sensitive to moisture content were located during the consolidation test. These were also the regions where the soil’s compressive modulus declined rapidly, which was detrimental to the overall stability and safety of overlying structures. The internal structure and particle size distribution of the foundation soils supporting cultural relics were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Constitutive parameters of soils were determined by the triaxial test and consolidation test. It was also found that when the soil moisture content exceeded the optimal level, the foundation soils were very likely to pose a risk to the safety of the overlying cultural relics. The moisture content of foundation soils supporting cultural relics deserves special attention in engineering practice.

From the perspective of cultural relics of tea sets in the Ming Dynasty, the paintings of the Ming Dynasty with tea drinking scenes and the cultural relics of tea sets in the Ming Dynasty are mutually compared and confirmed, which provides powerful physical evidence for the study of the "Yue drinking style" in the Ming Dynasty. The aesthetics of tea sets in the Ming Dynasty highlights the taste and interest of Chinese traditional culture and reflects the aesthetic orientation and the significance at that time, having profound impacts on later generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural relics conservation and prevention from bacterial deterioration are critical for our historical heritage. Thus far, the variations of the ecophysiological features of deteriorating bacterial communities along gradients of temperature and moisture remain unclear. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to investigate the changing pattern of bacterial communities on bricks at different positions along two such gradients in the Two Mausoleums of the Southern Tang Dynasty, which have more than 1000 years of history. We found that the tombs were inhabited by a phylogenetically and functionally diverse bacterial microbiomes. Herein, Proteobacteria (34.5%), Cyanobacteria (31.3%), Bacteroidetes (7.8%) and Actinobacteria (7.4%), as well as 'Amino Acid Metabolism (11.2%)' and 'Carbohydrate Metabolism (10.5%)' accounted for the majorities of their compositional and functional profiles related to biodeterioration. Non-metric scaling in combination with PERMANOVA tests indicated that shifts in bacterial community compositions were governed by temperature, followed by moisture. In addition, we found that tourism-related anthropogenic activities could have played non-negligible roles in community assembly, especially in the areas that account as attractions (i.e., back room of the Qinling Mausoleum). Collectively, this study advances the knowledge regarding the deteriorating microbiomes of cultural monuments, which is essential for the conservation of historical cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the sources of indoor particulate matter at the Potala Palace Museum in Tibet, China, and evaluate the potential hazards of these pollutants for cultural relics. Long-term monitoring of indoor and outdoor suspended particulate matter concentrations was conducted, and sediment particle samples were collected. The chemical composition of the deposited particles was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). The outdoor suspended particulate concentration was much lower than that indoors; the indoor PM1-10 concentration was much higher than that outdoors and was less affected by outdoor sources. The sources of indoor deposited particles in the high-plateau museum can be classified into four categories: soil dust brought in by tourists from the outdoors, incense ash, pollution from human activities, and ores. Based on data analysis and discussion, proper ventilation can dilute indoor suspended particulate matter, and the installation of air conditioning systems can control temperature and humidity at 20 °C and about 45–60%, respectively, and reduce the fluctuation value, so as to promote particle deposition and better protect the museum’s cultural relics.

In the challenges of data collection of cultural relics with exquisite textures and complicated appearances, as well as the difficulty of imaging depth of field, a frame-type 2D image acquisition method that incorporates progressive transition images, multi-view images and texture detail photos is proposed. This method can be used to build a 3D model of a lantern in last century. Then, Geomagic Qualify software is combined to analyze the accuracy of point cloud data of irregular cultural relics. The results show that the acquired 3D model of alien lantern cultural relics has high accuracy and realistic texture. The accuracy meets the accuracy requirements of cultural relic modeling. This 3D construction method can efficiently and quickly reconstruct a high-precision 3D model of alien cultural relics. And this technique can be variously applied in the protection of specialshaped cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient ivory serves as an important witness of time and historical events, offering highly significant insights into the fields of paleontology, mineralogy, materials science, and geochemistry. However, ancient ivory has undergone groundwater corrosion and has a loose porous structure and reduced mechanical strength due to being buried for a long time. Therefore, the temporary reinforcement and preservation of ancient ivory artifacts are a well-known challenge. A methodology was presented in this article for the synthesis of calcium-based mineralized hydrogels (Ca-gel), which possess controllable adhesive strength, beneficial compatibility, environmentally friendly and noninvasive protection, as well as efficient and rapid adhesion for ancient ivory cultural relics. By manipulating the various components of Ca-gel, it was possible to achieve a controllable gel time and gel state. Additionally, the hydrogel possessing a substantial water content has the potential to establish a humid environment suitable for the preservation of ancient ivory, thereby overcoming the challenges associated with water loss and weathering that may arise during excavation processes. It is noteworthy that Ca-gel possessed universality and temporary adhesive properties that could be employed in the temporary reinforcement of cultural relics from different materials. A method has been proposed in this study to facilitate the temporary reinforcement process while ensuring the protection of authenticity, integrity, and continuity for cultural relics.

Copyright of Engineering Mechanics / Gongcheng Lixue is the property of Engineering Mechanics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Online museums and online cultural relic information provide abundant data for relation extraction research. However, in the relation extraction task of modelling space information, spatially insensitive methods of convolutional neural networks and long short term memory network in most current works still remain challenging in rich text structures, which makes models difficult to encode effectively and lacks the ability of text expression. To address this issue, we propose a framework named WAtt-Capsnet (the capsule network with word-attention dynamic routing), which is based on capsule networks with word-attention dynamic routing for the relation extraction task of online cultural relic data for capturing richer instantiation features. We further present combination embedding for capturing the characteristic information of Chinese sentences by considering the contribution of word embedding, parts of speech, character embedding and the position of words to capture rich internal structure information of sentences. More importantly, to reduce the decay of useful information in long sentences, we propose a routing algorithm based on a word-attention mechanism to focus on informative words. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves significant performance for the relation extraction task of online cultural relic data.

The aim of this paper is to examine whether the Republic of Poland guarantees cultural property appropriate protection against theft under the criminal law. The author begins by analysing the 1972 Paris Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage and presenting the relevant regulations. In the next part of the paper, she analyses the legal grounds for classifying cultural property theft as a felony or a misdemeanour. Moreover, the author explains the term “cultural property” and its relationship with the term “cultural relic”. She also provides an exhaustive analysis of two particular elements of this category of theft: “property of considerable value” and “property of significant cultural value”. She concludes by assessing the current state of the Polish criminal law from the perspective of the protection of cultural property against theft.

Several well-preserved polychrome lacquered coffins were found in Zhang Dong family's tombs in Shaanxi, China, rare in the history of archaeological excavation. In the lacquered coffins, a large amount of dark solid of suspected natural resin was unearthed with mysterious compositions and uses, exerting a tremendous fascination on archaeologists. In this work, a new method was explored for the identification of the suspected natural resin, mainly based on thermogravimetry (TG), elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The results suggested that the sample was mainly composed of organics with a content of 81.66% and little inorganics with a content of 2.21% by water excluded. Rosin with the main component of abietic acid (molecular formula C20H30O2) was identified as the principal component of the sample. Dehydrogenated abietic acid (DHA) and other oxides were also tested out. FT-IR confirmed the identification results. SEM revealed the rough surfaces evenly covered with holes of similar sizes. The use of this method directly obtained integral quasi-molecular ion fragments and molecular components of the sample. As a result, intricate multi-stage mass spectrometry is avoidable, which dramatically simplifies the analysis procedure. This approach is simple and effective for the identification of precious relic samples, requires no references, and has potential for the analysis of these kinds of unknown samples. Especially, for the first time, EA is used to identify natural resins from archaeological sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Transmission step-heating thermography was applied to measure the thickness of ancient cast iron Buddha head. • Accuracy of the step-heating thickness measurement method was assessed analytically and experimentally. • Effects of temperature rise time on thickness measurement accuracy were evaluated. • These data are useful for relic preservation and study of ancient iron casting. The authors report on the development of a step-heating infrared thermography method for nondestructive evaluation of a cast-iron Buddha head made in the Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) in China. In particular, this method measures the wall-thickness distribution, which can be used as an indicator for the condition of the object. Unlike other areas of analysis, inspection of cultural relics requires special attention to safety. To avoid the heat shock associated with traditional flash thermography, a step-heating method with a mild heating process is considered to be more acceptable for evaluating cultural relics made from various materials. Before application to inspection of the Buddha head, a numerical analysis and experimental tests were performed to verify the accuracy of this step-heating thickness measurement method. Finally, thickness images of the Buddha head were acquired and analyzed. The step-heating thickness measurement method has a high accuracy and can be safely used for inspecting cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge graph completion can make knowledge graphs more complete, which is a meaningful research topic. However, the existing methods do not make full use of entity semantic information. Another challenge is that a deep model requires large-scale manually labelled data, which greatly increases manual labour. In order to alleviate the scarcity of labelled data in the field of cultural relics and capture the rich semantic information of entities, this paper proposes a model based on the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) with entity-type information for the knowledge graph completion of the Chinese texts of cultural relics. In this work, the knowledge graph completion task is treated as a classification task, while the entities, relations and entity-type information are integrated as a textual sequence, and the Chinese characters are used as a token unit in which input representation is constructed by summing token, segment and position embeddings. A small number of labelled data are used to pre-train the model, and then, a large number of unlabelled data are used to fine-tune the pre-training model. The experiment results show that the BERT-KGC model with entity-type information can enrich the semantics information of the entities to reduce the degree of ambiguity of the entities and relations to some degree and achieve more effective performance than the baselines in triple classification, link prediction and relation prediction tasks using 35% of the labelled data of cultural relics.

In this study, UV-curable waterborne fluorinated polyurethane-acrylate (UV-WFPUA) coatings were investigated to evaluate their potential application for protecting iron cultural relics. A series of UV-WFPUA materials were synthesized with different contents of hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBMA) and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. When the content of HFBMA was 10%, the UV-WFPUA-3 material exhibited good mechanical properties and excellent hydrophobicity. The iron sheet was selected to simulate an iron artifact sample in this study. The obtained results indicated that the prepared UV-WFPUA material could provide excellent protective properties for simulated iron artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, popular online museums have significantly changed the way people acquire cultural knowledge. These online museums have been generating abundant amounts of cultural relics data. In recent years, researchers have used deep learning models that can automatically extract complex features and have rich representation capabilities to implement named-entity recognition (NER). However, the lack of labeled data in the field of cultural relics makes it difficult for deep learning models that rely on labeled data to achieve excellent performance. To address this problem, this paper proposes a semi-supervised deep learning model named SCRNER (Semi-supervised model for Cultural Relics’ Named Entity Recognition) that utilizes the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and conditional random fields (CRF) model trained by seldom labeled data and abundant unlabeled data to attain an effective performance. To satisfy the semi-supervised sample selection, we propose a repeat-labeled (relabeled) strategy to select samples of high confidence to enlarge the training set iteratively. In addition, we use embeddings from language model (ELMo) representations to dynamically acquire word representations as the input of the model to solve the problem of the blurred boundaries of cultural objects and Chinese characteristics of texts in the field of cultural relics. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model, trained on limited labeled data, achieves an effective performance in the task of named entity recognition of cultural relics.

In recent years, as the importance of history has increased through various social issues, media, and journalists in Korea, it has led to the value of 'right history' and 'teaching history that is right. History o f a country is also a core asset in a country's cultural contents industry, and historical relics are important to prove its value. A s the interest in the historical and cultural heritage has increased, researches to develop it as cultural contents by restoring it as information and communication technology such as multimedia and virtual reality are active. In this paper, we propose convergence device and contents that can provide rich experience and various learning opportunities in artifact experience through restoration of artifacts using augmented reality. The study on the application effect of educational game contents which can add fun can be continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural relics represent national or even global resources of inestimable value. How to efficiently manage and preserve these cultural relics is a vitally important issue. To achieve this goal, this study proposed, designed, and implemented an RFID and Sensor Web-enabled smart cultural relics management system (SCRMS). In this system, active photovoltaic subtle energy-powered Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is used for long-range contactless identification and lifecycle management of cultural relics during their storage and circulation. In addition, different types of ambient sensors are integrated with the RFID tags and deployed around cultural relics to monitor their environmental parameters, helping to ensure that they remain in good condition. An Android-based smart mobile application, as middleware, is used in collaboration with RFID readers to collect information and provide convenient management for the circulation of cultural relics. Moreover, multiple sensing techniques are taken advantage of simultaneously for preservation of cultural relics. The proposed system was successfully applied to a museum in the Yongding District, Fujian Province, China, demonstrating its feasibility and advantages for smart and efficient management and preservation of cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Piezoelectrics & Acoustooptics is the property of Piezoelectric & Acoustooptic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article looks for some cultural elements from the collection of exquisite cultural relics to inherit and carry forward the spirit and culture expressed in the historical society. The cultural creative products designed in this paper are divided into stone carving series, tile series, bronze series and others. Each cultural and creative product has a text introduction, according to the existing modeling characteristics of cultural relics, the paper try to use the scene in the life practice. These measures are not only a form of development, but also inherit the history behind the collection of cultural relics.

Aiming at the big scene 3D reconstruction of archaeological excavation site, in the paper, a method which based on photogrammetry and computer vision is put forward with Qinshihuang's acrobatics figurines pits archaeological excavate as example. Getting multi-strip sequence images used non-metric digital camera, based on the control points laying the bottom of the excavation site, the exterior orientation elements of the image is measured accurately and the feature matching tie points of the images and epipolar image can be acquired by aerial triangulation. On the basis, the SGM (semi-global matching) algorithm with the additional control point constraint is used for stereo dense image matching. The per-pixel dense matching results are calculated by space intersection.at the same time,the dense color three-dimensional point cloud which reflects the cultural relics archaeological excavation site location information is obtained,and to achieve the 3D reconstruction of cultural form in archaeological excavation process. Experimental results show: the method given by this paper can achieve rapid measurement of 3D reconstruction for the big scene of archaeological excavation site, and the orthophoto map which reflects the distribution of cultural relic site is obtained at the same time, The proposed method can provide the accurate distribution of dig site cultural relic and scientific basis in archaeological excavation, survey, site protection planning and so on for related fields studying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new hydrogel designed for water-sensitive artifacts especially for China Dunhuang mural was synthesized to remove the ineffective conservation materials on mural surface. The reversible rate of each conservation material was measured based on hydrogel cleaning. It was found that the gel filled with cleaning agents showed excellent performance over the empty gel. Besides, it was more environment-friendly without mechanical damage to the sensitive surface and easier to control the cleaning process compared with pure organic solvent cleaning. 3D microscopic system confirmed the cleaning effects both visually and quantitatively. The best “conservation material-cleaning agent” pairs and their reversible rates were obtained, which were “ParaloidB72---P-xylene + ethyl acetate---80%”, “polyvinyl acetate---P-xylene + ethyl acetate---40%”, “acrylic---P-xylene---44%”, “silicone---P-xylene + 1-Pentanol---55%”. It was also found that the reversible rates of the conservation materials declined after aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an endeavor to write a history of traditional Chinese architecture during the 1930s-1940s, Liang Sicheng (1901-1972) employed photography as the primary method of visual documentation because of its alleged ability to represent reality objectively. This article reexamines Liang's survey photographs in light of the different interests in China's cultural past taken by the state and foreign powers. In particular, by comparing photographs taken by Japanese architectural historians, whose research in China informed and justified Japan's intention to construct a Japan-centered Pan-Asianism, I argue that Liang's images of ancient buildings not only helped define China's cultural heritage, but also evoked a nostalgic view of the past-a vision, to Liang, to be the only means of preserving China's architectural tradition during the most tumultuous years in modern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodeterioration is a well-received concept outside China based on research conducted on culture heritage in the West, especially West Europe. It is only recently that scientists and conservators in China start to take on this attribute into the comprehensive understanding of deterioration of culture heritage and management. The First International Symposium on Biodeterioration and Protection of Cultural Heritage held on August 20–22, 2014 in Dunhuang, Gansu Province of People's Republic of China, marks a milestone event in the history of cultural heritage conservation and research in China. This event was also held at a very special time when Dunhuang Academy was celebrating its 70 years of founding since 1944 under the Republic of China of the time to reflect the rich history and achievements as well as new innovation and direction for the future. This event brought together more than 50 speakers and attendees from around the world and within the country to share and exchange current knowledge and information on a wide range of topics. This conference as a platform serves as an important basis for further exchange of information and promotion of more vigorous scientific research exchange with a goal on understanding key issues in protection of cultural heritage not only in China but also around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the life and career of Hungarian-born British archaeologist Aurel Stein, who discovered numerous cultural relics on scientific expeditions throughout Central Asia during the early 20th century. Here, the focus is on Stein's "discovery" of thousands of valuable Buddhist texts and drawings at Dunhuang, in Gansu Province, China, in 1907. The texts and drawings, made between the 5th and 10th centuries, were in fact discovered by a Taoist monk, Wang Yuanlu, who sold more than nine thousand scrolls and more than five hundred drawings to Stein, who then shipped them to the British Museum and other British archival institutions. The article traces the many archaeological finds made by Stein in China, and the often severe conditions under which he and his staff worked, noting also that Stein was responsible for the removal of a substantial amount of Chinese national treasures. [ABSTRACT FROM CONTRIBUTOR]