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Correction to : Complex invasion history of the Asian long-horned beetle: fifteen years after first detection in Europe (vol 92, pg 173, 2019) (WOS:000463146700047); The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB), a Cerambycidae, is an urban tree pest native to East Asia accidentally introduced to other continents via solid wood packing material. It was first detected in Europe in 2001, and since then infestations have been found in ten European countries. Using a 485-bp-long fragment of the mitochondrial barcode gene (COI), we studied the genetic diversity and structure of ALB populations in both native and invaded ranges, with a specific focus on Europe. Three main haplotypes were found across the native and invaded distribution of ALB. The native area in Asia was the most diverse with 23 haplotypes, but a low genetic structure was observed. Our results revealed up to nine distinct haplotypes that was diverged by no more than six mutational steps in European populations collected from 2001 to 2016. Nevertheless, the genetic structure was characterized by one widespread dominant haplotype in Europe. The overall complex genetic structure observed in Europe suggested a convoluted invasion scenario. Indeed, invasion history may include several introduction events as well as secondary dispersal.

International audience; The Alps are a hotspot of biodiversity in Europe with many Lepidoptera species still to be discovered. Here we describe a new gracillariid genus and species, Mercantouria neli gen. n. and sp. n. The morphology of the male genitalia is highly differentiated with unique features. DNA barcodes show that its nearest neighbor is the North American species ‘Caloptilia’ scutellariella (Braun, 1923). M. neli is known from four adults (two males and two females) collected at two localities in the French Alps. Its host plant and life cycle remain unknown.

Europe has one of the best-known Lepidopteran faunas in the world, yet many species are still being discovered, especially in groups of small moths. Here we describe a new gracillariid species from the south-eastern Alps, Callisto basistrigella Huemer, Deutsch & Triberti, sp. n. It shows differences from its sister species Callisto coffeella in morphology, the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene and the nuclear gene histone H3. Both Callisto basistrigella and Callisto coffeella can co-occur in sympatry without evidence of admixture. Two Callisto basistrigella specimens show evidence of introgression. We highlight the importance of an integrative approach to delimit species, combining morphological and ecological data with mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Furthermore, in connection with this study, Ornix blandella Müller-Rutz, 1920, syn. n. is synonymized with Callisto coffeella (Zetterstedt, 1839).

International audience; Saproxylic beetles – associated with dead wood or with other insects, fungi and microorganisms that decompose it – play a major role in forest nutrient cycling. They are important ecosystem service providers and are used as key bio-indicators of old-growth forests. In France alone, where the present study took place, there are about 2500 species distributed within 71 families. This high diversity represents a major challenge for specimen sorting and identification. The PASSIFOR project aims at developing a DNA metabarcoding approach to facilitate and enhance the monitoring of saproxylic beetles as indicators in ecological studies. As a first step toward that goal we assembled a library of DNA barcodes using the standard genetic marker for animals, i.e. a portion of the COI mitochondrial gene. In the present contribution, we release a library including 656 records representing 410 species in 40 different families. Species were identified by expert taxonomists, and each record is linked to a voucher specimen to enable future morphological examination. We also highlight and briefly discuss cases of low interspecific divergences, as well as cases of high intraspecific divergences that might represent cases of overlooked or cryptic diversity.

We studied the interaction between energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenesis in C2C12 myoblasts. Metabolic rate was nearly constant throughout differentiation, although there was a shift in the relative importance of glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, accompanied by increases in pyruvate dehydrogenase activation state and total activity. These changes in mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters observed during differentiation occurred in the absence of a hypermetabolic stress. A chronic (3 day) energetic stress was imposed on differentiated myotubes using sodium azide to inhibit oxidative metabolism. When used at low concentrations, azide inhibited more than 70% of cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity without changes in bioenergetics (either lactate production or creatine phosphorylation) or mRNA for mitochondrial enzymes. Higher azide concentrations resulted in changes in bioenergetic parameters and increases in steady state COX II mRNA levels. Azide did not affect mtDNA copy number or mRNA levels for other mitochondrial transcripts, suggesting azide affects stability, rather than synthesis, of COX II mRNA. These results indicate that changes in bioenergetics can alter mitochondrial genetic regulation, but that mitochondrial biogenesis accompanying differentiation occurs in the absence of hypermetabolic challenge.

compounds in the environment to which human is exposed mainly through ingestion of contaminated food. PAHs are known since the 1990s as being neurotoxic both in humans and in animals. PAH transfer between mother and fetus through the placenta, and the presence of these compounds in breast milk have been shown, thus raising the question of risk exposure occurring during early stages of development of the individual. Because this risk was only partially studied, the thesis presented in this manuscript was designed to assess the short-term and long-term toxicity for the developing nervous system, of a mixture of 16 PAHs ingested by the pregnant and / or breastfeeding rat. PAHs were administered via a contaminated food at two doses, 2 and 200 µg/kg /day dose. The lowest one corresponds to the levels of environmental contamination via the mother's diet during gestation and/or lactation. The results show that perinatal exposure to the mixture of PAHs did not induce short-term effects on neuromotor and sensory development on pups. In contrast, a long-term increase in activity and anxiety levels was observed in the exposed animals. In addition, changes in cerebral energy metabolism, as assessed by the enzymatic activity of cytochrome oxidase on brain sections taken at different ages were observed, particularly in the limbic system. Measures of the concentrations of PAHs in the pup brain compartment showed the presence of all the parent compounds, including control animals, suggesting the existence of an environmental noise significant. Finally, several factors modulate PAH toxicity, including the exposure period, and the administration of a mixture instead of a single molecule. In conclusion, this work has highlighted, in rats, delayed neurotoxicity due to early exposure to a mixture of 16 PAHs, which raises the question of risk to humans, and in particular for the individual developing exposure to such compounds, Classés parmi les Polluants Organiques Persistants, les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) sont des composés ubiquitaires dans l'environnement, auxquels l'Homme est exposé principalement via l'ingestion d'aliments contaminés. Les HAP sont connus depuis les années 1990 comme pouvant être neurotoxiques tant chez l'Homme que chez l'animal. Le transfert des HAP entre la mère et le foetus via le placenta ainsi que la présence de ces composés dans le lait maternel ont été montrés à plusieurs reprises, posant ainsi la question du risque lié à une exposition survenant lors de phases précoces du développement de l'individu. Parce que ce risque n'a été que partiellement étudié, le travail de thèse présenté dans ce manuscrit a eu pour objectif d'évaluer la toxicité à court et à long terme pour le système nerveux en développement, d'un mélange de 16 HAP ingéré par la rate gestante et/ou allaitante. Les HAP ont été administrés via un aliment contaminé à deux doses, 2 et 200 µg/kg/jour La dose la plus faible correspond aux niveaux de contamination environnementale via l'alimentation de la mère pendant les périodes de gestation et/ou d'allaitement. Les résultats montrent que l'exposition périnatale au mélange de HAP n'a pas induit d'effets à court terme sur le développement neuromoteur et sensoriel des jeunes rats. En revanche, une augmentation à long terme des niveaux d'activité et d'anxiété a été relevée chez les animaux exposés. Par ailleurs, des modifications du métabolisme énergétique cérébral, évalué par l'activité enzymatique de la cytochrome oxydase sur des coupes de cerveaux prélevés à différents âges ont été observées, notamment au niveau du système limbique. La mesure des concentrations de HAP dans le compartiment cérébral des ratons a montré la présence de l'ensemble des molécules mères, y compris chez les animaux témoins, ce qui laisse supposer l'existence d'un bruit de fond environnemental non négligeable dans ce type d'étude. Finalement, plusieurs facteurs modulent la toxicité induite, parmi lesquelles la période d'exposition, et l'administration d'un mélange et non d'une molécule seule. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence, chez le rat, une neurotoxicité retardée suite à une exposition précoce à un mélange de 16 HAP tant sur le plan comportemental que métabolique, ce qui pose la question du risque pour l'Homme, et en particulier pour l'individu en développement, d'une exposition à ce type de composés

During the last decade, many barcode projects were launched for species identification by DNA sequencing in order to improve taxonomic knowledge of biodiversity and to try to assign sample individuals to species. In the case of Arthropods the most often used region is a part of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxydase I, which is often insufficient to reliably delineate and name the species. To confirm the identification of specimens it is necessary to use another DNA sequence. This sequence is very often the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). The data presented here show the preliminary results of ITS2 sequencing on 40 arthropods species belonging todifferent orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera).The results presented show the difficulty of defining universal primers for this target ITS2 and the large variability of obtained sequences (presence of deletion, repeats, etc.). An example of sequences obtained for the genus Dendroctonus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) is also supplied.

Le DNA Barcoding est un outil de la biologie moléculaire destiné à l'identification des espèces. Il a été proposé comme très prometteur pour caractériser la biodiversité présente au sein de faunes encore très peu connues telles que les faunes tropicales. Les bibliothèques de barcodes ADN peuvent aider à caractériser les espèces pour établir ainsi la richesse spécifique des milieux et mettre en évidence un turnover spatial et phénologique de cette biodiversité. Cette étude s'inscrit dans un projet dont l'objectif principal fut de barcoder toutes les espèces de lépidoptères de la station de recherche des Nouragues en Guyane Française, avec un intérêt tout particulier pour les microlépidoptères. La Réserve Naturelle des Nouragues fut visitée au cours de trois expéditions réalisées à deux saisons différentes (Janvier/Février et Septembre, 2010-2011). Faisant face à une faune très diversifiée et largement inexplorée, nous avons identifié les spécimens collectés via les données de référence présentes en ligne (BOLD Systems). Nous avons aussi bénéficié de l'aide de plusieurs experts taxonomistes. Pour l'ensemble de ces expéditions, 7610 lépidoptères ont pu être collectés, 7279 ont pu être barcodé et 3020 ont pu être identifiés jusqu'à l'espèce. Nous également avons utilisé un outil de la taxonomie moléculaire (Barcode Index Number, BIN) pour caractériser les espèces n'ayant pas pu être identifiées et réaliser ensuite nos analyses. Nous nous sommes basés sur deux familles (Sphingidae et Saturniidae) très bien connues d'un point de vue taxonomique pour montrer que les clusters génétiques caractérisés par le BIN concordaient très bien avec les espèces déterminées via la taxonomie traditionnelle. Nous avons alors utilisé le BIN pour déterminer le nombre de clusters présents au sein des familles les moins connues et nous avons pu ainsi mettre en évidence une diversité remarquable notamment chez les Arctiidae (550 à 575 BINs) et les Gracillariidae (117 à 240 Bins). Nos données sont particulièrement riches en microlépidoptères, notamment la famille des Oecophoridae avec 9.25% du nombre total de BINs, les Gelechiidae (4.16%) et les Gracillariidae (3.27%) pour lesquelles la grande majorité des espèces n'a pas encore été décrite. Au total, parmi les 7279 barcodes, 3146 BINs ont pu être caractérisés (30.75% singletons). L'estimation à 5937 (Chao1, 1.95% cls) du nombre total d'espèces présente sur le site présentes sur le site d’étude révèle une richesse considérable représentant près du double de la faune de Lépidoptères du Royaume Uni. Cette étude représente une des premières démarches dans l'estimation de la biodiversité totale des lépidoptères en région tropicale., DNA barcoding has great potential for carrying out rapid biodiversity assessments of relatively unknown tropical faunas. DNA barcode libraries can be used to examine species richness/identities, and thus spatial and phenological turnover between surveys. The Nouragues nature reserve (French Guiana) has been the focus of three expeditions in two different seasons (January/February and September, 2010-2011). The aim of this project was to barcode all Lepidoptera species with a particular focus on microlepidoptera. Facing an extremely diverse, largely unexplored biota, we identified the specimens by querying the DNA barcode reference library. We were also helped by several expert taxonomists. Overall, 7610 individuals were collected, of which 7279 were successfully barcoded, and xx were identified to species level. We employed a barcode clustering system (Barcode Index number, BIN) to provide uniquely numbered units for faunal analysis. We used two families, Sphingidae and Saturniidae that are well known taxonomically to show that BIN clusters are a good match to the species delimitations based on traditional taxonomy. We then used BINs as a proxy to species for measuring the number of clusters in families with many undentified species. Our findings reveal an outstanding level of diversity with 550 to 575 BINs for Arctiidae and 117 to 240 for Gracillariidae. Our data set is particularly rich in Microlepidoptera, especially Oecophoridae with 9.25 % of all BINs, Gelechiidae (4.16 %) and Gracillariidae (3.27 %) for which most of the species are likely to be undescribed. In total, the 7279 sequences obtained represent 3146 BINs (30.75% singletons). Our estimates of total species richness on the study site is as high as 5937 species (Chao 1, 95% cls), thus representing nearly twice the number of species of Lepidoptera in the United Kingdom alone. This study represents one of the first attempts to quantify the complete diversity of Lepidoptera of a Neotropical rainforest.

Phosphorylation of respiratory chain components has emerged as a mode of regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, but its mechanisms are still largely unexplored. A recently discovered intramitochondrial signalling pathway links CO(2) generated by the Krebs cycle with the respiratory chain, through the action of a mitochondrial soluble adenylyl cyclase (mt-sAC). Cytochrome oxidase (COX), whose deficiency causes a number of fatal metabolic disorders, is a key mitochondrial enzyme activated by mt-sAC. We have now discovered that the mt-sAC pathway modulates mitochondrial biogenesis in a reactive oxygen species dependent manner, in cultured cells and in animals with COX deficiency. We show that upregulation of mt-sAC normalizes reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby restoring mitochondrial function. This is the first example of manipulation of a mitochondrial signalling pathway to achieve a direct positive modulation of COX, with clear implications for the development of novel approaches to treat mitochondrial diseases.

The molecular phylogeny of nine Palaearctic species of cicadas (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea) was inferred using two mitochondrial DNA genes, Cytochrome Oxidase I and II. The two main groups detected, namely species within Tettigetta and Tympanistalna, as well as the two species investigated in the genus Cicada, are robustly supported across the analytical methods. The structure of the song syllables, generated during single tymbal cycles of males of the analysed group of species is remarkably consistent in these two phyletic lines. This reflects the morphology and the mechanics of the tymbal. However the higher level song patterns, which depend on the activity of the central nervous system and have evolved to advertise receptive mates, do not seem to be consistent with either the inferred molecular topology or the basic tymbal cycle. The observed similarities between the molecular phylogeny and the basic tymbal cycles seem to reflect the basic conservative nature of the tymbal structure, while the discrepancy between the former and the calling song pattern is probably related to the high plasticity of the pattern generator in the central nervous system and dependent on species-specific selection.

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major economic pest throughout the Western Hemisphere. Studies of populations in the southern United States and the Caribbean demonstrated the existence of two morphologically identical but genetically distinct host strains. These races can be distinguished by using polymorphisms in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene that define two distinct maternal lineages that correlate with strain-specific behaviors in Florida populations. Although there is evidence of different biotypes in Brazil, it has not been demonstrated that these biotypes are equivalent to the U.S. strains. Sampling from Brazil indicates that its fall armyworm populations consist of the two strain-specific haplotypes found in Florida and also display the expected biases in plant host distribution. The same genetic markers also were present in samples from Texas, a major source of migrating fall armyworm in North America. These results indicate that the biology and behaviors of Brazilian fall armyworm populations are similar to those found in North America.