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The aim of this work is to fabricate a low‐cost ceramic microfiltration (MF) membrane made from a new geomaterial named peridotite. The membrane was prepared by uniaxial pressing and followed by sintering. The effect of sintering temperature, in the range of 1100–1225°C, on the permeability, porosity, mechanical strength, and pore size was investigated. The optimized MF membrane sintered at 1200°C exhibits 1198.9 L h−1 m−2 bar−1 of permeability, 36.41% of porosity, 12.9 MPa of mechanical strength, and 1.56 µm of pore size. The prepared membrane was used for the MF treatment of dairy wastewater. It was found that the membrane is able to remove 88.56% and 69.54% of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand, respectively. Furthermore, the cost of the peridotite membrane was estimated to be $10.3 m−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNovelty statementCoal mine drainage (CMD) is an environmental threat due to its high volume, low pH, presence of toxic metals, and absence of biodegradable organics. The present study aims to treat CMD in a horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland (CW) using dairy wastewater as an organic source. CW was planted with Typha angustifolia. Characteristics of synthetic CMD were (except pH, all unit mg/L) pH 1.9; Fe: 100, SO42−: 1,000, Mn: 6, Zn: 5, Co: 1, Ni: 1, and Cr: 1. CMD was mixed with synthetic dairy wastewater (pH: 5.05, COD: 2,700 mg/L, BOD: 1,600 mg/L) in the ratio of 3:1. Alkalinity of 120–190 mg/L CaCO3 was generated and effluent pH improved from 2.2 to 6.6. Metals precipitated as metal sulfide or hydroxide. Sulfate removal was hindered due to the synergistic toxicity of several metals. Except for Mn, all other effluent parameters were within the discharge limit for disposal in inland surface water.There is limited information available on the advantages of using organic rich wastewater as a substrate for treatment of low carbon coal mine drainage (CMD). Coal mine drainage was mixed with dairy wastewater and treated in horizontal flow constructed wetland. Organic removal, metal removal, sulfate removal, and pH improvement of mixed wastewater are investigated in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although two-stage anaerobic digestion (TSAD) is not a novel process, information of the process stability, microbial community and effective operating conditions is limited and often contradictory. In this work, the influence of different carrier materials (polyurethane foam, carbon felt, Raschig rings and a combination of carbon felt and Raschig rings) on the performance of the thermophilic TSAD of dairy wastewater was studied. The organic loading rate (OLR) in the acidogenic reactor (RH) was gradually increased from 13.74 to 32.56 g COD/(L d), and from 0.64 to 11.46 g COD/(L d) in the methanogenic reactors by correspondingly reducing the hydraulic retention time (HRT). The highest hydrogen production rate of 1280.3 mL/(L·d) and hydrogen yield of 93.2 mL/g COD were achieved at OLR of 13.74 g COD/(L·d), but hydrogen production stopped at higher OLR. The main soluble metabolites in RH were butyrate and lactate, and the microbial community was dominated by Streptococcus , Thermoanaerobacterium , Veillonellales-Selenomonadales and Pseudomonas. The highest methane production rate (2674 mL/(L·d) at HRT of 0.5 days) was observed in the reactor with polyurethane foam, while the highest methane yield (305.5 mL/g COD at HRT of 1.5 days) was obtained in a reactor containing carbon felt. Spirochaetaceae , Desulfomicrobium , Anaerolineaceae , Candidatus Caldatribacterium and Cloacimonadaceae W5 were linked to these materials and explained the highest methanogenic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study explores a novel enzymatic pretreatment approach in anaerobic reactors for dairy wastewater, using lipase AY Amano to enhance methane production and modify microbial and archaeal community composition. Batch and semi-batch reactors with a total volume of 2000 mL were used to treat dairy wastewater with initial COD of 2000 and 15,000 mg L−1, respectively. In a new novel approach, the semi-batch reactors underwent a three-phase operation: 30 days of acclimation, 30 days of rest, and 30 days of active operation. Adding lipase (0.05% wv−1) as a pretreatment significantly increased methane yield over the 90 days by 135–138% compared with the control (without enzyme addition). The organic loading rate reached 0.22 g COD day−1 L−1. Furthermore, 30 days after the end of the semi-batch reactor approach (120 days from the start), reusing sludge in batch reactors increased methane yield by 114–122% compared to the control. This increase was linked to the emergence and shift of new methanogenic communities within the sludge. Integrating hydrolytic enzymes into the anaerobic treatment enhances performance and sustainability by fostering methanogen-enriched microbial communities. This is crucial for maximizing methane production but may increase costs, requiring further economic feasibility research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk-based products are essential to the human diet, with India contributing 23% of global milk production. Dairy industries generate large amounts of waste, including solid and liquid waste, which are treated using wetland, biological, and physico-chemical methods. In India, dairy sludge is effectively managed by converting it into fertilizers. If industrial solid and liquid dairy waste is not managed correctly, it will increase pollution and harm biodiversity. If the sludge is properly managed, there is potential to transform it into various value-added products, including biofuels, biomass, biofertilizers, bricks, struvite, fertilizer, etc. Consequently, this technical review's focal topic includes information on dairy operations' wastewater treatment methods, the viability of microalgal cultures in wastewater, dairy sludge management, the range of biological product recovery, and its impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry generates substantial wastewater, which is commonly treated using integrated anaerobic hydrolysis and aerated biofilm reactors. However, the bacterial composition and functional differences within the generated floccules remain unclear. In this study, we employed 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing to compare bacterial communities and enzyme gene profiles between suspended floccules from the hydrolysis ponds and the aeration ponds. Results revealed that the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominated the wastewater treatment system and the relative abundance of these bacterial phyla varied in each pond. Additionally, the aeration ponds exhibited higher bacterial operational taxonomic units and enzyme gene abundance. Network analysis demonstrated a more complex bacterial network structure in the hydrolysis ponds compared to the aeration ponds. Furthermore, enzyme gene abundance revealed higher metabolic enzyme genes in the hydrolysis ponds, while signal transduction enzyme genes were more abundant in the aeration ponds. Notably, the top 10 bacterial genera, primarily Hydromonas in the hydrolysis ponds and Ferruginibacter in the aeration ponds, exhibited distinct contributions to signal transduction enzyme genes. Hydromonas dominated the metabolic enzyme genes in both ponds. These findings provide crucial insights for optimizing dairy wastewater treatment technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the combined two‐stage biological‐treatment‐process using consortium of bacteria and microalgae for removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4+‐N), nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3−‐N), phosphorus (PO43−‐P) from dairy wastewater in suspended‐growth batch‐reactor (SGBR). The study also investigated the removal of SCOD, NH4+‐N, NO3−‐N, PO43−‐P under different process parameters, like initial SCOD, NH4+‐N,NO3−‐N, PO43−‐P, MLSS, pH and react time using response surface methodology (RSM) with a five‐factor‐three‐level Central Composite Design(CCD). The experimental results were analyzed by ANOVA and second‐order polynomial mathematical‐models were developed with high correlation efficiency for SCOD, NH4+‐N removal, NO3−‐N, PO43−‐P removal using bacterial and microalgal‐consortia respectively in SGBR. Individual and combined effects of process variables on responses were studied using three‐dimensional response surface plots. Under the optimum conditions (initial SCOD, NH4+‐N, pH, MLSS of 720 mg L−1, 55 mg L−1 as N, 7 and 1500 mg L−1, respectively and react time of 24 h) highest removal efficiencies of SCOD (98.61%) and NH4+‐N (97.42%) were obtained using bacterial consortium and in second‐phase using micro‐algal consortium under optimum conditions highest removal efficiencies of nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus 98.64% and 90.53%, respectively. Optimization of process‐parameters by RSM study is supposed to be helpful for the treatment of real life dairy wastewater in effluent treatment plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy wastewater (DW) contains a high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted to develop more efficient techniques for the treatment of DW. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have gained significant attention among the various treatment approaches. EAOPs rely on electrochemical generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) which are considered highly potent oxidizing compounds for the degradation of pollutants in DW. In this paper, we provide an overview of the treatment of DW using various EAOPs, including anodic oxidation (AO), electro-Fenton (EF), photo electro-Fenton (PEF), and solar photo electro-Fenton (SPEF) processes, both individually and in combination with other techniques. Additionally, we discuss the reactor design and operating parameters employed in EAOPs. The variation in degradation efficiency is due to different oxidizing agents produced in specific approaches and their pollutant degradation abilities. In AO process, •OH radicals generated on electrode surfaces are influenced by electrode material and current density, while EF procedures use Fe2+ to create oxidizing agents both on electrodes and in the DW solution, with degradation mechanisms being affected by Fe2+, pH, and current density; additionally, PEF and SPEF approaches enhance oxidizing component production and pollutant degradation using ultraviolet (UV) light. Integration of EAOPs with other biological processes can enhance the pollutant removal efficiency of the treatment system. There is a scope of further research to exhibit the effectiveness of EAOPs for DW treatment in large scale implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous increase in dairy production, large amounts of wastewater containing organic matter and nutrients are generated. Finding effective methods for treating dairy wastewater (DWW) is vital for protecting the environment and water resources. In this context, microalgae cultivation emerges as a promising technology for treating DWW and producing biofuel at the same time. This bibliometric study aims to analyze the published research on the use of microalgae in treating DWW. The primary research trends and specific challenges and opportunities in this field will be explored. A bibliometric analysis of 126 articles and review articles in this field from the Scopus database was conducted. The analysis also shows that slightly over 69 % of the publications were published in the last five years, implying growing concern about the cultivation of microalgae to treat DWW. As per the findings of the conducted research, the three most important journals in this field include Bioresource Technology, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, and Algal Research. Significant contributors to the research were India, China, the US, Iran, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, and Greece with Tunghai University and National Cheng Kung University. The primary research direction in this field is properly indicated by the frequently used keywords related to microalgae cultivation in DWW that were identified, including ''Microalgae,'' ''Dairy Wastewater,'' ''Wastewater Treatment,'' ''Nutrient Removal,'' ''Biomass,'' and ''Biodiesel.'' Chlorella vulgaris, Cyanobacteria, and Scenedesmus obliquus are common species of microalgae used to treat DWW.

Globally produced whey volume is estimated at more than 10 billion tons per year, and only 50 % of the total amount is processed and turned into products that are safe for the environment. In addition, whey entering wastewater treatment plants leads to disruption of the facilities' operation and further pollution of the environment, particularly water resources. In contrast, whey is the main source of whey protein and contains other valuable components for the human organism. Therefore, our target was to review recent studies to analyse whey as a component of wastewater from cheese factories and its impact on the treatment processes and as a valuable resource for further processing. Review results indicated the need for individual treatment processes for highly concentrated streams containing whey and alternative processing methods. The importance of avoiding whey entering treatment plants with the main wastewater stream and redirecting it for further processing was identified. Nevertheless, results showed that whey has a high nutritional value by all indicators: energy value (low-calorie product), biological value (a wide range of irreplaceable substances), physiological value (provides comprehensive support of most body systems and anti-infective action), and physiological activity (rich content of lactic acid bacteria). Further research on the possibilities of fractional extraction of whey's valuable components and the development of technologies that would allow for the complex processing of dairy raw materials is considered reasonable and prospective from the current needs and trends point of view.

The expanding urbanization and industrialization lead to a large amount of wastewater discharge that is toxic and harmful to the environment. In particular, the discharge from dairy industries has chemical oxygen demand (COD) up to 95,000 mg/L and other pollutants that exceed the standard limit and are hazardous. Wastewater can be treated efficiently using microalgae which reduces the pollutants and also yields higher biomass that is further processed to produce various value-added products. This study investigated the effect of Chlorella vulgaris in treating wastewater collected from the dairy industry. Three different growth mediums, such as modified CHU-10, Bold Basal, and BG-11 (Blue Green-11), were tested for algal growth. Since the turbidity of wastewater was high, the dairy wastewater was diluted with distilled water at various concentrations of 100% (pure), 75%, 50%, and 25%. Chlorella vulgaris showed a promising result when grown in dairy wastewater, with a maximum biomass concentration of 2.43 g/L and maximum biomass productivity of 225 g/L/day. Overall, the bioremediation results revealed that the maximum removal efficiency was 81.48% (COD), 87.70% (total nitrogen-TN), and 93.5% (total phosphorus-TP). The lipid composition consists largely of c16:0 (hexadecanoic acid), c18:2 (linoleic acid), and c18:3 (linolenic acid), which shows the obtained FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) has suitable properties for biodiesel production. The Michaelis–Menten model was used for the batch kinetic studies, the kinetic coefficients of total nitrogen, and total phosphorus removal were determined for total nitrogen kinetic coefficients (km) = 198.77 mg/L, saturation constant (k) = 0.025 mg TN/mg biomass day, and R2 = 0.9547 and for total phosphorus removal as km = 668.09 mg/L, k = 0.17 mg TP/mg biomass day, and R2 = 0.9947. These results showed that the C. vulgaris is a suitable microalga that can grow in high turbidity DWW resulting in pollutant removal, higher biomass, and reducing the environmental impact caused by wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous rise in consumer demand for dairy products has led to significant advancements in food and dairy technology, resulting in a substantial increase in dairy production. However, the expansion of the dairy industry has placed a strain on the environment due to the generation of waste products containing elevated levels of constituents such as casein, lactose, fat, inorganic salts, as well as detergents and sanitizers. These contribute to elevated Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) values. While dairy facilities have implemented their own treatment plants to address these environmental challenges, there is an ongoing need to assess the efficiency of these wastewater treatment systems. In this study, a two-stage model was developed, comprising a primary tank involving microbial treatment and a secondary tank with a layer of activated charcoal powder at the bottom and sawdust above it. The treated dairy effluent from these filtration units underwent analysis for various physicochemical parameters and was compared with samples obtained directly from the dairy industry. A total of eight indigenous bacterial isolates were derived from the processing of dairy wastewater through the model. Isolates R2 and R3 were obtained from raw wastewater, S1, S2, S3 isolates from secondary treated effluent, and T1, T2, T3 isolates from tertiary treated effluent. These isolates were further characterized biochemically as Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., etc. Among all isolates, S3 demonstrated the highest reduction efficiency in water parameters, namely Electrical Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand, with reductions of 59.26%, 70.19%, and 74%, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to use response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to model and predict chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity elimination from a synthetic dairy wastewater treated by the Fenton process. The experimental design was realized using RSM and, in particular, a face-centered composite (CCF) design. The responses were fitted by a second-order model in the form of quadratic polynomial equation, and the experimental data were analyzed by ANOVA (analysis of variance). The obtained results showed acceptable coefficients of determination (R2) for COD (0.836) and turbidity (0.870), indicating that the predicted values fit well with the real data when using quadratic models. Moreover, it was noticed from the iso-surface plots that the processing parameters have a great influence on COD. Among these factors, the most important one was the pH. However, they had a little effect on turbidity. The COD removal percentage was increased with pH decreasing and increasing reaction time, and iron sulfate concentration. In parallel, the same data generated from RSM were utilized to create the ANN model. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the predictions of the models, the R2, the mean square error (MSE), and the mean absolute error (MAE) were used, and the actual and predicted responses were compared. The results confirmed that the created ANN model has sufficient reliability in predicting the outputs for a different set of input values, with R2 of 0.980 for COD removal and 0.952 for turbidity removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewery (BW) and dairy (DW) wastewater are two types of agro-industrial wastewater that are generated in large amounts and, therefore, should be treated effectively and in an environmentally beneficial manner. Both these wastewater types are characterized by a high COD, BOD5, and nutrient content, and conventional wastewater treatment methods such as an activated sludge process may prove to be inefficient due to the possibility of foaming, large biomass production, low activity at low temperatures, and risk of overloading the reactor with a load of organic pollutants. In the context of the described difficulties, anaerobic processes seem to be the best alternative. An interesting research area is the co-digestion of these wastewaters. However, this research direction, so far, has not been frequently reported. Given the gap in the current knowledge, this literature review aims to assess the possibility of BW and DW digestion in anaerobic reactors and provide up-to-date data on the post-treatment methods of effluent generated after the anaerobic digestion process. Despite numerous advantages, anaerobic treatment often requires post-effluent treatment to complete the treatment cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) waste, a byproduct with high lipid content separated from dairy wastewater, is disposed of by land spreading and causing environmental pollution. To develop a sustainable treatment for DAF waste, this study investigated the effects of food to inoculum (F/I) ratio and ultrasound pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestion of DAF waste. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of tested DAF waste ranged from 436–566 mL CH 4 /g VS fed. Increasing the F/I ratio (>1.0) inhibited methane production due to long chain fatty acids (LCFA) accumulation, which high concentrations of oleate inhibited methanogenesis and delayed palmitate degradation. Ultrasound pre-treatment with 30 min pulse (10 s on/ 10 s off) and 15 min continuous operations increased soluble chemical oxygen demand in DAF waste by 82% and 52%, respectively. Moreover, continuous sonication removed 38% of LCFA due to the implosion of cavitation bubbles. The BMP of DAF waste increased by 36% after sonication with F/I ratio 3.0. However, the lag time of methane production was prolonged after sonication due to the fast release of LCFA to the bulk solution. By implementing ultrasound pre-treatment and optimizing the F/I ratio, the energy potential of DAF waste can be harnessed, leading to more sustainable practices in dairy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil and grease are one of the most important pollutants in dairy industry wastewater. Flotation is a well-known and reliable method used in dairy industry wastewater to remove oil-grease, and it can remove oil & grease as well as suspended solids and organic materials. Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), is a flotation technique and is classified as (traditional) Classical DAF (CP-DAF) and new generation - microbubble pump DAF (MB-DAF) systems considering the air bubble generation method. The major difference between the two systems is the microbubble size. Generally, the bubble size of 50-120 microns in KP-DAF systems decreases to 20-50 microns in MB-DAF systems. Besides that, the classical DAF system has a more complex structure than the new generation DAF systems. It consists of more equipment, thus maintenance requirement is high and causes troubles more often. This situation requires constant effort and attention during the operation. In this study, oil & grease and suspended solid (SS) removal efficiency was evaluated by using pilot scale experimental DAF system. The impact of inflow rate, pump type, and the pressure was investigated. Pilot-plant was employed in the dairy factory and operated by real wastewater. The results shown that CP-DAF System has yielded lower oil & grease and suspended solid removal efficiency than MB-DAF systems. It has been determined that the optimum working pressure is 4 bar in both systems, and the highest performance was obtained at 1 m³/h. For CP-DAF system, oil & grease and SS removals were obtained as 61% and 54%, respectively. However, 70% and 63% removals for oil & grease and SS were performed for MB-DAF system. Accordingly, it has been obtained that the MB-DAF System operating at 1 m³/h and 4 bar, has approximately 10% higher performance in oil-grease and SS removal than the CP-DAF System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water wastage is a major constraint in India, which ranks first in the world regarding milk output and population. Dairy effluent has a significant organic content, making it inappropriate to use the Electro-Fenton method exclusively. This study investigates the influence of hydrogen peroxide dosage on Fe electrode-based dairy wastewater treatment. The preliminary studies have been conducted in batch setup and the incorporation of continuous studies with the effect of hydrogen peroxide dosage in a hybrid electrocoagulation reactor (HECR). Results show that increasing H2O2 dosage makes the observed turbidity removal faster. It is validated with zeta potential range as the value approaches zero, allowing better coagulation at the end of 48 h of reaction. The HECR was used for continuous operation, with a discharge pH of 5.11 and a turbidity reduction range of 70–72.02% at a reaction time of 48 h. The research also explores leftover electrocoagulation sludge for pigment production with TiO2 fillers. The maximum weight loss at 1000 °C in Fe pigments with TiO2 fillers was only 2.916%, suggesting its coating suitability in high-temperature applications. Generating wealth from waste is the motto of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate wastewater treatment from the dairy industry before disposal is still lacking in the Philippines, particularly in small‐scale sectors. This limitation is due to the high cost and expertise required from conventional wastewater treatment systems. One option is using constructed wetlands, a nature‐based solution with low cost, less specialized expertise and maintenance requirements and high wastewater treatment efficiency. To further evaluate the application of constructed wetlands in the Philippines, this paper studied the wastewater from the manufacturing processes of the Dairy Training Research Institute, University of the Philippines Los Baños (DTRI‐UPLB). It is a small dairy farm inside the University with economic constraints in using a conventional wastewater treatment system. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of using vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCW) planted with Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) in sand and gravel media to treat the DTRI‐UPLB effluent, using very low retention times (4 and 8 h), with daily and alternate days of wastewater feeding into the VSSFCW. The average removal efficiencies for total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand for (BOD5), total phosphorus (TP), and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) are 88.34%, 93.56%, 78.42%, and 94.63%, respectively. Moreover, alternate wastewater feeding provided a statistically significant increase in the performance of VSSFCW, while there is no statistical difference between the two retention times evaluated. Finally, it was observed that plant age significantly affects the performance of VSSFCW setup but should be explored further with longer operation times and additional nutrient uptake analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry is becoming one of the biggest sectors within the global food industry, and these industries use almost 34% of the water. The amount of water used is governed by the production process and the technologies employed in the plants. Consequently, the dairy industries generate almost 0.2–10 L of wastewater per liter of processed milk, which must be treated before being discharged into water bodies. The cultivation of microalgae in a mixotrophic regime using dairy wastewater enhances biomass growth, productivity, and the accumulation of value-added product. The generated biomass can be converted into biofuels, thus limiting the dependence on petroleum-based crude oil. To fulfill the algal biorefinery model, it is important to utilize every waste stream in a cascade loop. Additionally, the harvested water generated from algal biomass production can be recycled for further microalgal growth. Economic and sustainable wastewater management, along with proper reclamation of nutrients from dairy wastewater, is a promising approach to mitigate the problem of water scarcity. A bibliometric study revealing limited work on dairy wastewater treatment using microalgae for biofuel production. And, limited work is reported on the pretreatment of dairy wastewater via physicochemical methods before microalgal-based treatment. There are still significant gaps remains in large-scale cultivation processes. It is also crucial to discover robust strains that are highly compatible with the specific concentration of contaminants, as this will lead to increased yields and productivity for the targeted bio-product. Finally, research on reutilization of culture media in photobioreactor is necessary to augument the productivity of the entire process. Therefore, the incorporation of the microalgal biorefinery with the wastewater treatment concept has great potential for promoting ecological sustainability.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of combining electrocoagulation with adsorption on natural zeolite (ECA) for the treatment of industrial dairy wastewater. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to analyze the process. Several operating parameters were investigated, including the initial pH (5–9), electrolysis time (15–45 min), current density (12–48 A/m2), and the zeolite dosage (0.083–0.15 g/ml). The experimental design consisted of 30 runs, which were determined using the Central Composite Design (CCD). The key parameters measured were the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and energy consumption. The obtained data were analyzed using Minitab 21.2 software, and regression models were constructed. The models demonstrated a strong coefficient of determination (R2), indicating a strong correlation between the experimental and predicted values. The optimal conditions for achieving 92 % COD removal and 97 % turbidity removal were found to be pH 7, a current density of 38 A/m2, an electrolysis time of 20 min, and a zeolite dosage of 0.183 g/ml. To evaluate the impact of natural zeolite on the treatment process, the results obtained from this experimental design were compared with those from a second design involving electrocoagulation (EC) alone (based on 20 runs). The comparison revealed that the addition of natural zeolite did not enhance the treatment efficiency in terms of COD and turbidity removal in dairy wastewater.

This study conducts a multi-stage approach to enhance the treatment of dairy wastewater, focusing on efficiently removing of total organic carbon (TOC). The investigation comprises three sequential treatment processes: chemical coagulation (CC), solar-powered electrocoagulation (EC), and adsorption. In the initial stage, a range of organic and inorganic coagulants were evaluated under varying conditions, including dosage, pH, and dilution. Ferrous sulfate exhibited superior performance, achieving a TOC removal efficiency of 68 % at pH 5.6 for a concentration of 1 g/L. The subsequent EC process investigated the impact of electrode type, number, arrangement, current density, and dilution on TOC removal during the electrocoagulation process. Both Al and Fe electrodes displayed similar performance with a maximum 47.1 %. The EC removal efficiency was maximum when using six electrodes with MP-S arrangement. In the final phase, the effectiveness of various inorganic adsorbents (zeolite, sea sand, shale oil ash, commercial activated carbon) was assessed, considering factors such as adsorbent type, dosage, temperature, and pH. Shale oil ash and sea sand exhibited the highest capacities with removal efficiencies of 75 and 69 %, respectively compared to 80 % for activated carbon when using a TOCo of 100 mg/L and an adsorbent dose of 1.25 g. These results indicate that this research integrates three processes with an overall removing of efficiency of 98.6 %. This combined treatment system represents a promising approach for effectively treating dairy wastewater, and addresses environmental concerns associated with dairy industry effluents.

Due to the natural energy sources used in constructed wetlands, minimal energy and chemicals are required for wastewater treatment. For the successful wastewater treatment via constructed wetlands, adequate pretreatment and a sufficient amount of oxygen are crucial. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat industrial wastewater, such as wastewater from the dairy industry, with prior degreasing. This study was conducted on a horizontal flow pilot constructed wetland located on a plot of land used by the Biotechnical Faculty in Bihać. The constructed wetland consisted of two fields planted with rushes (Typha latifolia) and reeds (Phragmites australis). The substrate and plants were not changed during the experimental period. We monitored the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment (wastewater from the dairy industry) by season, varying the flow rate as well as the hydraulic retention time of the water in the device. The quality of the influent and effluent was monitored by determining analytical parameters. The constructed wetland showed the highest efficiency in the summer period, with a hydraulic retention time of 6 days, with removal efficiencies of 98.03% for ammonia, 98.19% for total nitrogen, 95.27% for total phosphorous, 94.50% for COD and 97.73% for BOD5. The organic substance removal efficiency across all four seasons was 94.68%.

Abstract Biopesticides offer a sustainable and efficient alternative to synthetic pesticides, providing a safer and more eco-friendly solution to pest management. The present work proposes an innovative approach that integrates crop protection and wastewater treatment using thermophilic microalgal strain Chlorella thermophila (CT) cultivated in nutrient-rich dairy wastewater as a growth medium. The microalgae was cultivated mixotrophically and was able to reduce both organic carbon as well as nutrient load of the dairy wastewater efficiently. The integrated circular biorefinery approach combines biomass cultivation, extraction of biopesticide compounds, and conversion to biocrude. The antimicrobial activity of the biopesticidal extracts against Xanthomonas oryzae and Pantoea agglomerans, the causative agent of bacterial rice blight, is assessed through in vitro studies. The biomass extract obtained is able to inhibit the growth of both the above-mentioned plant pathogens successfully. Mass spectroscopy analysis indicates the presence of Neophytadiene that has previously been reported for the inhibition of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Several other value-added products such as linoleic acid and nervonic acids were also been detected in the microalgal biomass which have extremely high nutraceutical and medicinal values. Furthermore, the study investigates the potential for co-production of biocrude from the biorefinery process via hydrothermal liquefaction. Overall, the findings of this present work represent an innovative and sustainable approach that combines wastewater treatment and crop protection using microalgal biomass.

The goal of the study was to utilize Chlorella sp. to recycle nutrients from a dairy wastewater lagoon producing microalgae biomass for dairy cattle. Chlorella sp. was cultured in mixotrophic conditions with various ratios of raw dairy wastewater with a lab-scale (1.25 L) environment and a pilot-scale (70 L) environment. The influence of extra CO2, pH, temperature, solar radiation, and photosynthetic active radiation were tested for cell growth, biomass productivity and nutrient (ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate) removal from wastewater. The objective of this study was to determine the alternative ratios (control, 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, or 1:40) of dairy wastewater, where Chlorella sp. biomass could be produced to remove nutrients. Additionally, the study evaluated the addition of CO2 into the cultivation system to increase biomass yield. During the first experiment, the lab-scale and pilot-scale experiments showed similar biomass growth after seven days of growth. The control had the highest biomass, followed by 1:10. For the pilot-scale experiment, the treatments (control, controlN, 1:10, 1:10 N, 1:30, and 1:30 N) were different from each other for nutrient removal rates and biomass production. The bioreactors designed for this study may be used on farms to recycle dairy wastewater and produce enriched biomass for use to feed livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several treatment strategies have been proposed to minimize the environmental impact of dairy wastewaters. However, their complex and variable composition makes it difficult to predict the degradation kinetics of organic compounds. In this study, we used a mathematical approach to describe the kinetics of total organic carbon degradation in real dairy wastewater by photo-Fenton oxidation. The reactions were conducted under different ultraviolet light intensities, pH, temperature and Fenton reagent concentrations, obtaining a maximum TOC removal of 90.84%. The kinetic model was developed based on well-established photo-Fenton reactions. The present approach considers that account that small and large molecules of unknown contaminants are present in the effluent, and the smaller molecules are consumed first. The specific degradation rate (kd) was considered as an exponential function of total organic carbon conversion, comprising this effect of molecular size distribution on the treatment process. Fitting of experimental data to model predictions provided mean R2 values of 0.843–0.953. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy processing industries have emerged as the most swiftly evolving sectors with excessive wastewater generation containing proteins, fat, oils, greases (FOGs), etc. As there is rising strain on energy usage and dependence on water resources, sustainable research focuses on reduction in wastewater generation and developing value‐added goods. An effective and widely explored sustainable technique for treating wastewater is phytoremediation, a plant‐based process. This review aims to analyze phytoremediation as a sustainable alternative for dairy wastewater treatment. It initially briefs about dairy wastewater characteristics and treatment alternatives and discusses constructed wetlands and hydroponic system in detail with mechanism insights and influenced process parameters. Interconnected technologies with phytoremediation and their impact on contaminant transformations, nutrient reuse, and detoxification of pollutants are encompassed. Also, resource recovery and biomass utilization, feedstock enrichment along with the future prospects of integrated hydroponic systems for achieving sustainability with efficient resource recovery are featured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The costs associated with microalgal biomass production can be reduced by leveraging alternative and cheap growth media. Digestate from fermentation reactors is a particularly interesting candidate for use in cultivating mixotrophic species. The aim of the present study was to assess whether pre-digested milk-industry effluent can be harnessed to grow Tetraselmis subcordiformis and produce hydrogen. The experimental series with 25% and 50% effluent in the growth medium performed the best, producing more than 2000 mgVS biomass/dm3. The biogas produced in these variants contained over 60% hydrogen. Increasing the effluent in the medium to 75% led to significant deterioration of performance, both in terms of T. subcordiformis biomass growth and biohydrogen production. The highest efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal, respectively 98.1 ± 1.9% and 97.1 ± 1.4%, was observed in the system to which 25% of sewage was introduced. Increasing the share of fermented wastewater directly reduced the efficiency of removing biogenic compounds. A very strong negative correlation was found between initial N-NH4 in the growth medium and T. subcordiformis biomass production rates (R2 = 0.9177). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of synthetic and real dairy wastewater was the focus of the study for parametric estimation of kinetic models with examining biochemical methane potential (BMP), treatment efficiency, and energy effectiveness of the process. The effect of substrate-to-inoculum ratio (S/I) on batch reactor performance was investigated under mesophilic (35°C±2°C) conditions for 30 days. Based on the volatile solid (VS) content, three different S/I ratios were considered: 1∶1 (Treatment A), 1∶3 (Treatment B), and 1∶6 (Treatment C). Organic matter removal in VS units was as high as 56%. Almost 90% of the biogas was produced during the first 14 days of digestion, with a biogas yield of 337±23 , 305±48 , and 356±37 mL/g VS for Treatments A, B, and C, respectively. Methane content increased with increasing inoculum amounts in the medium. The experimental cumulative methane yield from both synthetic and real dairy wastewater was contoured for parametric estimation in four different kinetic models, namely first-order (FO), modified Gompertz equation (GE), modified logistic (LM), and modified transference (TM) models. The modified TM model was the best fit for overall treatment, with predicted methane production potential of 279.8 and 235.9 mL/g VS compared with the experimental value of 272 and 229 mL/g VS in treatment C for synthetic and real dairy wastewater, respectively. Preliminary studies showed the potential of energy generation, which may supplement 32% of the overall energy use. These results demonstrate the importance of understanding the effect of the S/I ratio involved in AD to treat synthetic and real dairy wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy industry wastewater can be considered as an important source of pollution due to its high amounts and pollutant concentrations. Anaerobic treatment is seen as a suitable alternative over aerobic treatment which requires huge aeration systems. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) testing is a widely applied technique for estimating the performance of anaerobic digesters and still has no clear alternative. In the study, the biochemical methane potential change was investigated by mixing dairy wastewater with different co-substrates (cattle manure, chicken manure and slaughterhouse wastewater) at different rates. The highest biogas potential per gram of chemical oxygen demand added (CODadded) was determined as 574 mLbiogas in a mixture of 74% dairy wastewater + 2% chicken manure + 24% slaughterhouse wastewater inoculated with granular sludge. The highest methane potential was determined as 340 mLCH4 in the same co-substrate mixture inoculated with anaerobic sludge. In recent years, mathematical modeling offers an alternative to BMP tests and many different models are used for this purpose. In the study, six different mathematical models were used to simulate the BMP results, and the highest correlation coefficient in almost all mixtures ranged from 0.900 to 0.997 with the Modified Gompertz equation and Fitzhugh models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry is among the most contaminated of the food industries. Dairy industry wastewater contains a high organic load and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In recent years, due to the development of the dairy industry, the administration of dairy effluents has become the main problem since dairy effluents can be a dangerous and significant threat, especially to the aqueous environment. Therefore, there is an important need to improve the management and remediation of dairy effluents in order to ensure the economic viability of this major agricultural industry and to decrease environmental problems. Several works focused on the remediation of dairy wastewater. In this study, the effect of the electro-Fenton process on COD and turbidity removal from dairy wastewater was studied. The electro-Fenton process was optimized for four independent variables (pH, reaction time, volume of H2O2, and H2O2/Fe2+ (the molar ratio)). Moreover, the response surface methodology was utilized to design experiments and determine optimum operating conditions. Under optimal conditions (pH = 5.95, reaction time = 60 min, volume of H2O2 = 1.5 ml and the molar ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ = 1.8), the removal efficiency of COD was 95.8%. Also under optimal conditions (pH = 6.37, reaction time = 60 min, volume of H2O2 = 1.5 ml and the molar ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ = 2.09), the removal efficiency of turbidity was 97.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopesticides offer a sustainable and efficient alternative to synthetic pesticides, providing a safer and more eco-friendly solution to pest management. The present work proposes an innovative approach that integrates crop protection and wastewater treatment using thermophilic microalgal strain Chlorella thermophila (CT) cultivated in nutrient-rich dairy wastewater as a growth medium. The microalgae was cultivated mixotrophically and was able to reduce both organic carbon as well as nutrient load of the dairy wastewater efficiently. The integrated circular biorefinery approach combines biomass cultivation, extraction of biopesticide compounds, and conversion to biocrude. The antimicrobial activity of the biopesticidal extracts against Xanthomonas oryzae and Pantoea agglomerans, the causative agent of bacterial rice blight, is assessed through in vitro studies. The biomass extract obtained is able to inhibit the growth of both the above-mentioned plant pathogens successfully. Mass spectroscopy analysis indicates the presence of Neophytadiene that has previously been reported for the inhibition of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Several other value-added products such as linoleic acid and nervonic acids were also been detected in the microalgal biomass which have extremely high nutraceutical and medicinal values. Furthermore, the study investigates the potential for co-production of biocrude from the biorefinery process via hydrothermal liquefaction. Overall, the findings of this present work represent an innovative and sustainable approach that combines wastewater treatment and crop protection using microalgal biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the natural energy sources used in constructed wetlands, minimal energy and chemicals are required for wastewater treatment. For the successful wastewater treatment via constructed wetlands, adequate pretreatment and a sufficient amount of oxygen are crucial. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat industrial wastewater, such as wastewater from the dairy industry, with prior degreasing. This study was conducted on a horizontal flow pilot constructed wetland located on a plot of land used by the Biotechnical Faculty in Bihać. The constructed wetland consisted of two fields planted with rushes (Typha latifolia) and reeds (Phragmites australis). The substrate and plants were not changed during the experimental period. We monitored the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment (wastewater from the dairy industry) by season, varying the flow rate as well as the hydraulic retention time of the water in the device. The quality of the influent and effluent was monitored by determining analytical parameters. The constructed wetland showed the highest efficiency in the summer period, with a hydraulic retention time of 6 days, with removal efficiencies of 98.03% for ammonia, 98.19% for total nitrogen, 95.27% for total phosphorous, 94.50% for COD and 97.73% for BOD5. The organic substance removal efficiency across all four seasons was 94.68%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae biotechnology is hampered by the high production costs and the massive usage of water during large-volume cultivations. These drawbacks can be softened by the production of high-value compounds and by adopting metabolic engineering strategies to improve their performances and productivity. Today, the most sustainable approach is the exploitation of industrial wastewaters for microalgae cultivation, which couples valuable biomass production with water resource recovery. Among the food processing sectors, the dairy industry generates the largest volume of wastewaters through the manufacturing process. These effluents are typically rich in dissolved organic matter and nutrients, which make it a challenging and expensive waste stream for companies to manage. Nevertheless, these rich wastewaters represent an appealing resource for microalgal biotechnology. In this study, we propose a sustainable approach for high-value compound production from dairy wastewaters through cyanobacteria. This strategy is based on a metabolically engineered strain of the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (already published elsewhere) for 2-phenylethanol (2-PE). 2-PE is a high-value aromatic compound that is widely employed as a fragrance in the food and cosmetics industry thanks to its pleasant floral scent. First, we qualitatively assessed the impact of four dairy effluents on cyanobacterial growth to identify the most promising substrates. Both tank-washing water and the liquid effluent of exhausted sludge resulted as suitable nutrient sources. Thus, we created an ideal buffer system by combining the two wastewaters while simultaneously providing balanced nutrition and completely avoiding the need for fresh water. The combination of 75% liquid effluent of exhausted sludge and 25% tank-washing water with a fine-tuning ammonium supplementation yielded 180 mg L−1 of 2-PE and a biomass concentration of 0.6 gDW L-1 within 10 days. The mixture of 90% exhausted sludge and 10% washing water produced the highest yield of 2-PE (205 mg L−1) and biomass accumulation (0.7 gDW L−1), although in 16 days. Through these treatments, the phosphates were completely consumed, and nitrogen was removed in a range of 74%–77%. Overall, our approach significantly valorized water recycling and the exploitation of valuable wastewaters to circularly produce marketable compounds via microalgae biotechnology, laying a promising groundwork for subsequent implementation and scale-up.

Dairy wastewater (DW) contains a high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted to develop more efficient techniques for the treatment of DW. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have gained significant attention among the various treatment approaches. EAOPs rely on electrochemical generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) which are considered highly potent oxidizing compounds for the degradation of pollutants in DW. In this paper, we provide an overview of the treatment of DW using various EAOPs, including anodic oxidation (AO), electro-Fenton (EF), photo electro-Fenton (PEF), and solar photo electro-Fenton (SPEF) processes, both individually and in combination with other techniques. Additionally, we discuss the reactor design and operating parameters employed in EAOPs. The variation in degradation efficiency is due to different oxidizing agents produced in specific approaches and their pollutant degradation abilities. In AO process, •OH radicals generated on electrode surfaces are influenced by electrode material and current density, while EF procedures use Fe2+ to create oxidizing agents both on electrodes and in the DW solution, with degradation mechanisms being affected by Fe2+, pH, and current density; additionally, PEF and SPEF approaches enhance oxidizing component production and pollutant degradation using ultraviolet (UV) light. Integration of EAOPs with other biological processes can enhance the pollutant removal efficiency of the treatment system. There is a scope of further research to exhibit the effectiveness of EAOPs for DW treatment in large scale implementation.

Currently, microalgae have become a marvelous and resource-friendly alternative source of advantageous bioproducts, such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, or other bioactive compounds. Because of the richness of microalgae in these high-value-added metabolites, still, it is an underdeveloped source of sustainable energy and food. There are some hurdles to profitable production, such as culture contamination and costly harvesting techniques. In the current work, a chrysophyte was isolated from dairy wastewater, identified as Poterioochromonas malhamensis based on its morphology and partial 18S rRNA gene sequences. This isolate was used to remediate dairy waste water (DWW) and to obtain neutral lipids (fatty acids) from microalgae. Microalgal growth was optimized by using different concentrations of DWW, supplemented with all the nutritive requirements for better progression and flourishment. Maximum biomass yield 1.478 g L−1 was achieved by optimized cultural conditions (different concentrations of DWW with BBM media). This strain showed high nitrate and phosphate removal efficiency (87.45% and 88.96%), respectively in 15 days. The experimental results highlighted that the lipid content and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were 31.60% and 88.84%, respectively, and the lipid profile of isolated microalga was C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 fatty acids. For growth and treatment purposes, 75% DWW with Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM) media showed better results. This is the first report of DWW treatment using the microalga Poterioochromonas malhamensis, as far as we are aware. Its cultivation prevented the spread of pollution of freshwater sources, remedied the DWW, and generated important lipids for industry.

Dairy wastewater is one of the main and inexpensive wastes of the dairy industry that contains nutrients necessary for the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in order to produce lactic acid. The fermentation variables including dairy wastewater concentration, glucose concentration, and fermentation time were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) in order to maximize the biomass production of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis PTCC 1743. The culture medium containing 18.16 g/L of dairy wastewater, 57.07 g/L of glucose, and a reaction time of 41.41 h were identified as the optimal conditions. This strain produced 14.2 g/L of lactic acid, with a yield of 0.78 g/g sugars and a productivity of 0.34 g/L.h. In the kinetics of pH, lactic acid and biomass production and reducing sugar concentration were analyzed under these conditions. Based on the results, it was observed that over time, the pH of fermentation and the amount of reducing sugars decreased. The pH ranges 4–6 was the best condition for the production of lactic acid. Also, lactic acid production and LAB survival increased up to 41 h of fermentation, and after 41 h, these parameters had a decreasing trend. The antioxidant activity of the sample containing bacterial cells (78%) was higher than the microbial supernatant sample (19%). This study emphasizes the efficacy of dairy wastewater as potential alternative feedstock to produce lactic acid through fermentation. Because in addition to being cheap, it also contains the nutrients needed to produce lactic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, jar and alum technologies were used as treatment materials. Similar synthetic models have been prepared for wastewater from dairy products. The chemical treatment was performed using the jar inspection method. The laboratory temperature, which was between 20-25 degrees Celsius, is a reference in completing the experiments. Experiments have shown that alum can remove phosphorous by up to 95% according to parameters such as the speed of rotation of the oar and the temperature reached in the research. The value of velocity gradient (G) was 1076.915 sec.-1, which represents the potential energy that could make a better crash between particles to achieve an increase in particle size and then settle. This resulted in an optimum aluminum dose equal to 0.5 mg / L at 20 ± 2 ° C. The role of calcium ions in the removal of pollutants has been observed as a catalyst to complete the treatment process, however, it will reduce the aluminum ion concentration necessary to achieve the treatment, it is not possible to risk adding salts over the salinity of water sources to achieve the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valorization of dairy-industry wastewater and stormwater energy is a new approach to establishment of sustainable agriculture, which is based on use of stormwater containing dairy wastewater for production of yeast-algae (Saccharomyces cerevisiae–Scenedesmus abundans) biomass and biofuel. Dairy wastewater (DW) has high COD (68,000 mg/L) and BOD (31,800 mg/L). To cultivate yeast-microalgae, dilution was performed using stormwater with the dilution rate of 10 to 100%. The objective of this study was to treat the dairy wastewater and stormwater (SW) with microalgae. In this study cultures of Scenedesmus abundans (microalgae), Saccharomyces cerevisiae + Scenedesmus abundans (yeast + microalgae) and Scenedesmus abundans + Chlorella minutissima (microalgae + microalgae) were cultivated on different dilution ratios (10–100%). The artificial consortium of yeast and microalgae has been able to remove 41.7% of total nitrogen (TN), 60.9% of total phosphorus (TP), 83% of COD, and 90% of BOD for 14 days. Reduction in bacterial load was also reported. Dry weight of yeast-algal biomass was found to be 1.9 g/L in DW and 1.2 g/L in control medium. Moreover, increased lipid content (27.5%) was also observed in DW cultivated biomass as compared to the control (21%) and further an increase in unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and PUFA content was also observed. Increase in protein content while decrease in carbohydrate content was reported. Chlorophyll a and carotenoid content were high in yeast–algal pellets cultivated in DW and SW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are emerging technologies that can produce electricity while treating wastewater. A series of tests were carried out to evaluate the efficiency of this technology for treating dairy wastewater (DWW). The experiments used Shewanella baltica as an exoelectrogen in a small single MFC to treat simulated DWW. The impacts of various operational factors, specifically pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the influent to the anode chamber, were investigated, and the effect of these variables on the output performance of the cell was evaluated. The best performance of the MFC was found when the pH, HRT, and COD were 8, 6.66 h, and 20,632 mg/L, respectively, in the scaled experimental setup. Under these conditions, the maximum power density and percentage removal of COD in terms of wastewater treatment ability were found to be 138 mW/m2 and 71%, respectively. It may be concluded that MFCs are suitable treatment technologies for treating dairy wastewater while potentially simultaneously generating power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry has global importance due to its essential contribution towards human nutrition as well as high economic opportunities. There is a consistent and steep growth in India's dairy sector in the last few decades and now India is one of the major milk-producing countries in the world. Highstrength dairy wastewaters, if discharged without proper treatment, severely pollute the receiving water bodies. In this scenario 'Waste as a resource' concept has been gaining the interest of researchers. The present review delineates different technological advancements for treating dairy wastewater and compares which is the better option in terms of sustainability. In the aerobic process, advanced bioaugmented systems which use bacterial and fungal consortia were found to be effective and sustainable with biological oxygen demand removal of 78.7% and 74.7%. Physio-chemical methods using natural coagulants like Moringa oleifera (MO) and pomegranate peel powder were also found to be effective with 81.8 % nitrogen removal from dairy wastewater treatment. Phytoremediation using water fern (Azolla pinnata R.Br.) was found to be efficient with dissolved solids reduction efficiency of 71.56 %. The fluidized bed anaerobic reactor unit was found to generate a biohydrogen content of 35.72 ± 9.43% when the OLR was 53.25 ± 7.81 kg.COD m-'d-1. Microbial fuel cells treatment of real dairy wastewater (RDW) using Shewanella algae (MTCC-10608) has generated maximum current density and power density of 141 mA/m2 and 50 mW/m2 respectively. These two technologies are better sustainable options for dairy wastewater treatment since waste to energy aspect is satisfied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry is a vital food industry in the world. The dairy industry discharges large quantities of wastewater. In this article, it has been used jar test model JLT 6 Leaching test VELP Scientific, with all apparatuses and tools that can complete work. Alum, as well as Porcelanite Rocks from the North Territory area in Australia, were used as a treatment material for the removal of phosphorus. Results showed the effectiveness of phosphorous removal using alum improves when using these rocks because they contain different concentrations of positive ions in general and aluminium ions in particular. The optimum value of Al3+ is 0.5 mg/L. The percent of removal of phosphorus will reach 95.7% ̴96% by 1.45 mg/L of the aluminium ion. The use of Porcelanite Rocks alone. cannot lead to clear removal of phosphorous or pollutants, rather it is used as an aid. The results also showed that Porcelanite rocks play a prominent role in preparing the therapeutic conditions for alum in terms of regulating the pH for better treatment, as they raise the pH at a time when the sulphates are reduced. With 20 mg/L of Porcelanite rocks, it has been completed the best removal of phosphorus at 20 ºC. Using alum with Porcelanite rocks as assistance in treatment will improve treatment by 30-40%. This process will drop residual aluminium concentration by about 10% from the total and then exclude health effects due to aluminium ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]