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We derive higher moments in the statistical distribution of OPE coefficients in holographic 2D CFTs, and show that such moments correspond to multiboundary Euclidean wormholes in pure 3D gravity. The n-th cyclic non-Gaussian contraction of heavy-heavy-light OPE coefficients follows from crossing symmetry of the thermal n-point function. We derive universal expressions for the cubic and quartic moments and demonstrate that their scaling with the microcanonical entropy agrees with a generalization of the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis. Motivated by this result, we conjecture that the full statistical ensemble of OPE data is fixed by three premises: typicality, crossing symmetry and modular invariance. Together, these properties give predictions for non-factorizing observables, such as the generalized spectral form factor. Using the Virasoro TQFT, we match these connected averages to new on-shell wormhole topologies with multiple boundary components. Lastly, we study and clarify examples where the statistics of heavy operators are not universal and depend on the light operator spectrum. We give a gravitational interpretation to these corrections in terms of Wilson loops winding around non-trivial cycles in the bulk., Comment: 51 pages + appendix, 10 figures

The principle of maximum ignorance posits that the coarse-grained description of a system is maximally agnostic about its underlying microscopic structure. We briefly review this principle for random matrix theory and for the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. We then apply this principle in holography to construct ensembles of random mixed states. This leads to an ensemble of microstates which models our microscopic ignorance, and which on average reproduces the effective semiclassical physics of a given bulk state. We call this ensemble the state-averaging ansatz. The output of our model is a prediction for semiclassical contributions to variances and higher statistical moments over the ensemble of microstates. The statistical moments provide coarse-grained -- yet gravitationally non-perturbative -- information about the microstructure of the individual states of the ensemble. We show that these contributions exactly match the on-shell action of known wormhole configurations of the gravitational path integral. These results strengthen the view that wormholes simply parametrize the ignorance of the microstructure of a fundamental state, given a fixed semiclassical bulk description., Comment: 63 + 9 pages

We show how to capture both the non-unitary Page curve and replica wormhole-like contributions that restore unitarity in a toy quantum system with random dynamics. The motivation is to find the simplest dynamical model that captures this aspect of gravitational physics. In our model, we evolve with an ensemble of Hamiltonians with GUE statistics within microcanonical windows. The entropy of the averaged state gives the non-unitary curve, the averaged entropy gives the unitary curve, and the difference comes from matrix index contractions in the Haar averaging that connect the density matrices in a replica wormhole-like manner., Comment: 43 pages, 10 figures

A key issue in both the field of quantum chaos and quantum gravity is an effective description of chaotic conformal field theories (CFTs), that is CFTs that have a quantum ergodic limit. We develop a framework incorporating the constraints of conformal symmetry and locality, allowing the definition of ensembles of `CFT data'. These ensembles take on the same role as the ensembles of random Hamiltonians in more conventional quantum ergodic phases of many-body quantum systems. To describe individual members of the ensembles, we introduce the notion of approximate CFT, defined as a collection of `CFT data' satisfying the usual CFT constraints approximately, i.e. up to small deviations. We show that they generically exist by providing concrete examples. Ensembles of approximate CFTs are very natural in holography, as every member of the ensemble is indistinguishable from a true CFT for low-energy probes that only have access to information from semi-classical gravity. To specify these ensembles, we impose successively higher moments of the CFT constraints. Lastly, we propose a theory of pure gravity in AdS$_3$ as a random matrix/tensor model implementing approximate CFT constraints. This tensor model is the maximum ignorance ensemble compatible with conformal symmetry, crossing invariance, and a primary gap to the black-hole threshold. The resulting theory is a random matrix/tensor model governed by the Virasoro 6j-symbol., Comment: 45 pages + appendices, 6 figures; v2: corrections to equations, new references added

We study various aspects of the Carroll limit in which the speed of light is sent to zero. A large part of this paper is devoted to the quantization of Carroll field theories. We show that these exhibit infinite degeneracies in the spectrum and may suffer from non-normalizable ground states. As a consequence, partition functions of Carroll systems are ill-defined and do not lead to sensible thermodynamics. These seemingly pathological properties might actually be a virtue in the context of flat space holography. Better defined is the Carroll $\textit{regime}$, in which we consider the leading order term in an expansion around vanishing speed of light without taking the strict Carroll limit. Such an expansion may lead to sensible notions of Carroll thermodynamics. An interesting example is a gas of massless particles with an imaginary chemical potential conjugate to the momentum. In the Carroll regime we show that the partition function of such a gas leads to an equation of state with $w=-1$. As a separate story, we study aspects of Carroll gravity and couplings to Carrollian energy-momentum tensors. We discuss many examples of solutions to Carroll gravity, including wormholes, Maxwell fields, solutions with a cosmological constant, and discuss the structure of geodesics in a Carroll geometry. The coupling of matter to Carroll gravity also allows us to derive energy-momentum tensors for hypothetical Carroll fluids from expanding relativistic fluids as well as directly from hydrostatic partition functions., Comment: v1: 49 pages of main text and 3 appendices. v2: Typos corrected

Driven quantum systems exhibit a large variety of interesting and sometimes exotic phenomena. Of particular interest are driven conformal field theories (CFTs) which describe quantum many-body systems at criticality. In this paper, we develop both a spacetime and a quantum information geometry perspective on driven 2d CFTs. We show that for a large class of driving protocols the theories admit an alternative but equivalent formulation in terms of a CFT defined on a spacetime with a time-dependent metric. We prove this equivalence both in the operator formulation as well as in the path integral description of the theory. A complementary quantum information geometric perspective for driven 2d CFTs employs the so-called Bogoliubov-Kubo-Mori (BKM) metric, which is the counterpart of the Fisher metric of classical information theory, and which is obtained from a perturbative expansion of relative entropy. We compute the BKM metric for the universal sector of Virasoro excitations of a thermal state, which captures a large class of driving protocols, and find it to be a useful tool to classify and characterize different types of driving. For M\"obius driving by the SL(2,R) subgroup, the BKM metric becomes the hyperbolic metric on the unit disk. We show how the non-trivial dynamics of Floquet driven CFTs is encoded in the BKM geometry via M\"obius transformations. This allows us to identify ergodic and non-ergodic regimes in the driving. We also explain how holographic driven CFTs are dual to driven BTZ black holes with evolving horizons. The deformation of the black hole horizon towards and away from the asymptotic boundary provides a holographic understanding of heating and cooling in Floquet CFTs., Comment: 89 pages including references, 14 figures. Changes in V2: layout improvements and additional references. Matches published version

We present a new perspective on bulk reconstruction using Berry phases in the boundary CFT. Our parallel transport of modular Hamiltonians is associated to a trajectory in the space of states, which we obtain from the insertion of a source in the Euclidean path integral. Using a modular version of the extrapolate dictionary and the equivalence between modular flow in the boundary and the bulk, we show that the expectation value of the modular Berry curvature on the boundary agrees with an appropriately defined bulk symplectic form associated to the entanglement wedge. In addition, we derive a quantum information metric on the space of density matrices from the Berry curvature, which is related to the canonical energy in the bulk. We also explore the case where a state change reduces to a shape change, uncovering the coadjoint orbit structure of kinematic space in higher dimensions., Comment: 47 pages, 6 figures. v2: minor edits, references added, published version

We introduce two infinite sequences of entanglement monotones, which are constructed from expectation values of polynomials in the modular Hamiltonian. These monotones yield infinite sequences of inequalities that must be satisfied in majorizing state transitions. We demonstrate this for information erasure, deriving an infinite sequence of "Landauer inequalities" for the work cost, bounded by linear combinations of expectation values of powers of the modular Hamiltonian. These inequalities give improved lower bounds for the work cost in finite dimensional systems, and depend on more details of the erased state than just on its entropy and variance of modular Hamiltonian. Similarly one can derive lower bounds for marginal entropy production for a system coupled to an environment. These infinite sequences of entanglement monotones also give rise to relative quantifiers that are monotonic in more general processes, namely those involving so-called $\sigma$-majorization with respect to a fixed point full rank state $\sigma$; such quantifiers are called resource monotones. As an application to thermodynamics, one can use them to derive finite-dimension corrections to the Clausius inequality. Finally, in order to gain some intuition for what (if anything) plays the role of majorization in field theory, we compare pairs of states in discretized theories at criticality and study how majorization depends on the size of the bipartition with respect to the size of the entire chain., Comment: 47 pages, 2 figures

We propose a CFT definition of local observables in both the exterior and interior of bulk black holes, whenever such an interior exists. We achieve this by introducing a small microcanonical black hole as a "probe" and using its modular flow to propagate operators from the asymptotic boundary to the interior of other black holes along its worldline, elaborating on the ideas of [2009.04476]. The key conceptual advance is a CFT criterion for selecting states whose modular flow acts as geometric proper time translation in the bulk, which we dub "local equilibrium" states. Our interior reconstruction depends on the choice of code subspace but not on the specific black hole microstate and does not suffer from the "frozen vacuum" problem of other approaches. By virtue of our construction, the question of firewall typicality reduces to a technical problem we articulate and we identify a CFT correlator that is expected to signal the approach to the black hole singularity via a universal divergence. We end with comments on the utility of our framework to the quest for a quantum description of de Sitter cosmologies., Comment: 46 pages + appendices

We construct operators in holographic two-dimensional conformal field theory, which act locally in the code subspace as arbitrary bulk spacelike vector fields. Key to the construction is an interplay between parallel transport in the bulk spacetime and in kinematic space. We outline challenges, which arise when the same construction is extended to timelike vector fields. We also sketch several applications, including boundary formulations of the bulk Riemann tensor, dreibein, and spin connection, as well as an application to holographic complexity., Comment: 31 pages, 5 figures

We construct worldsheet traversable wormholes by considering the effects of a double-trace deformation, $\delta\mathcal{L}\sim h\partial\phi_L\partial\phi_R$, coupling the endpoints of an open string in AdS space. The operator deforming the theory is irrelevant and makes the boundaries bend inward toward the IR. This effect, reminiscent of two-dimensional dilaton gravities, renders the teleportation protocol more efficient and facilitates the transfer of information between the members of the dual Bell pair. We compare our results with those obtained with the standard double-trace deformation, $\delta\mathcal{L}\sim h\phi_L\phi_R$, introduced by Gao, Jafferis and Wall., Comment: 34 pages, multiple figures. v2: minor additions and references updated. Matches JHEP version

Understanding the quantum nature of spacetime and gravity remains one of the most ambitious goals of theoretical physics. It promises to provide key new insights into fundamental particle theory, astrophysics, cosmology and the foundations of physics. Despite this common goal, the community of quantum gravity researchers is sometimes seen as divided into sub-communities working on different, mutually exclusive approaches. In practice however, recent years have shown the emergence of common techniques, results and physical ideas arising from different sub-communities, suggesting exciting new prospects for collaboration and interaction between traditionally distinct approaches. In this White Paper we discuss some of the common themes which have seen a growing interest from various directions, and argue that focusing on them will help the quantum gravity community as a whole towards shared objectives., Comment: Contribution to Snowmass 2021, 11 pages

We consider proposals for the cost of holographic path integrals. Gravitational path integrals within finite radial cutoff surfaces have a precise map to path integrals in $T\bar T$ deformed holographic CFTs. In Nielsen's geometric formulation cost is the length of a not-necessarily-geodesic path in a metric space of operators. Our cost proposals differ from holographic state complexity proposals in that (1) the boundary dual is cost, a quantity that can be `optimised' to state complexity, (2) the set of proposals is large: all functions on all bulk subregions of any co-dimension which satisfy the physical properties of cost, and (3) the proposals are by construction UV-finite. The optimal path integral that prepares a given state is that with minimal cost, and cost proposals which reduce to the CV and CV2.0 complexity conjectures when the path integral is optimised are found, while bounded cost proposals based on gravitational action are not found. Related to our analysis of gravitational action-based proposals, we study bulk hypersurfaces with a constant intrinsic curvature of a specific value and give a Lorentzian version of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem valid in the presence of conical singularities., Comment: 53 pages + appendices, 15 figures; v2: added references, v3: minor corrections, added a figure in section 4

We present new asymptotic formulas for the distribution of OPE coefficients in conformal field theories. These formulas involve products of four or more coefficients and include light-light-heavy as well as heavy-heavy-heavy contributions. They are derived from crossing symmetry of the six and higher point functions on the plane and should be interpreted as non-Gaussianities in the statistical distribution of the OPE coefficients. We begin with a formula for arbitrary operator exchanges (not necessarily primary) valid in any dimension. This is the first asymptotic formula constraining heavy-heavy-heavy OPE coefficients in $d>2$. For two-dimensional CFTs, we present refined asymptotic formulas stemming from exchanges of quasi-primaries as well as Virasoro primaries., Comment: 30 pages + appendices, 7 figures; v2 references and footnotes added

The spectral form factor is a powerful probe of quantum chaos that diagnoses the statistics of energy levels, but is blind to other features of a theory such as matrix elements of operators or OPE coefficients in conformal field theories. In this paper, we introduce generalized spectral form factors: new probes of quantum chaos sensitive to the dynamical data of a theory. These quantities can be studied using an effective theory of quantum chaos. We focus our attention on a particular combination of heavy-heavy-heavy OPE coefficients that generalizes the genus-2 partition function of two-dimensional CFTs, for which we define a spectral form factor. We probe heavy-heavy-heavy OPE coefficients and find statistical correlations that agree with the OPE Randomness Hypothesis: these coefficients have a random matrix component in the ergodic regime. The EFT of quantum chaos predicts that the genus-2 spectral form factor displays a ramp and a plateau. Our results suggest that this is a common property of generalized spectral form factors., Comment: 35 pages, 3 figures; v2 minor comments added, clarification on the statistics of OPE coefficients

We study the parallel transport of modular Hamiltonians encoding entanglement properties of a state. In the case of 2d CFT, we consider a change of state through action with a suitable diffeomorphism on the circle: one that diagonalizes the adjoint action of the modular Hamiltonian. These vector fields exhibit kinks at the interval boundary, thus together with their central extension they differ from usual elements of the Virasoro algebra. The Berry curvature associated to state-changing parallel transport is the Kirillov-Kostant symplectic form on an associated coadjoint orbit, one which differs appreciably from known Virasoro orbits. We find that the boundary parallel transport process computes a bulk symplectic form for a Euclidean geometry obtained from the backreaction of a cosmic brane, with Dirichlet boundary conditions at the location of the brane. We propose that this gives a reasonable definition for the symplectic form on an entanglement wedge., Comment: 50 pages, 5 figures. v2: Published version

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis makes a prediction for the statistical distribution of matrix elements of simple operators in energy eigenstates of chaotic quantum systems. As a leading approximation, off-diagonal matrix elements are described by Gaussian random variables but higher-point correlation functions enforce non-Gaussian corrections which are further exponentially suppressed in the entropy. In this paper, we investigate non-Gaussian corrections to the statistical distribution of heavy-heavy-heavy OPE coefficients in chaotic two-dimensional conformal field theories. Using the Virasoro crossing kernels, we provide asymptotic formulas involving arbitrary numbers of OPE coefficients from modular invariance on genus-$g$ surfaces. We find that the non-Gaussianities are further exponentially suppressed in the entropy, much like the ETH. We discuss the implication of these results for products of CFT partition functions in gravity and Euclidean wormholes. Our results suggest that there are new connected wormhole geometries that dominate over the genus-two wormhole., Comment: 30 pages + appendices, 13 figures; v3 references and notes added

Carroll symmetry arises from Poincar\'e symmetry upon taking the limit of vanishing speed of light. We determine the constraints on the energy-momentum tensor implied by Carroll symmetry and show that for energy-momentum tensors of perfect fluid form, these imply an equation of state ${\cal E}+P=0$ for energy density plus pressure. Therefore Carroll symmetry might be relevant for dark energy and inflation. In the Carroll limit, the Hubble radius goes to zero and outside it recessional velocities are naturally large compared to the speed of light. The de Sitter group of isometries, after the limit, becomes the conformal group in Euclidean flat space. We also study the Carroll limit of chaotic inflation, and show that the scalar field is naturally driven to have an equation of state with $w=-1$. Finally we show that the freeze-out of scalar perturbations in the two point function at horizon crossing is a consequence of Carroll symmetry. To make the paper self-contained, we include a brief pedagogical review of Carroll symmetry, Carroll particles and Carroll field theories that contains some new material as well. In particular we show, using an expansion around speed of light going to zero, that for scalar and Maxwell type theories one can take two different Carroll limits at the level of the action. In the Maxwell case these correspond to the electric and magnetic limit. For point particles we show that there are two types of Carroll particles: those that cannot move in space and particles that cannot stand still., Comment: 43 pages

We study circuit complexity for conformal field theory states in arbitrary dimensions. Our circuits start from a primary state and move along a unitary representation of the Lorentzian conformal group. Different choices of distance functions can be understood in terms of the geometry of coadjoint orbits of the conformal group. We explicitly relate our circuits to timelike geodesics in anti-de Sitter space and the complexity metric to distances between these geodesics. We extend our method to circuits in other symmetry groups using a group theoretic generalization of the notion of coherent states., Comment: 5+18 pages, 2 figures; v2: substantial new results about geodesics in the complexity metric and the relation to holography

We propose that finite cutoff regions of holographic spacetimes represent quantum circuits that map between boundary states at different times and Wilsonian cutoffs, and that the complexity of those quantum circuits is given by the gravitational action. The optimal circuit minimizes the gravitational action. This is a generalization of both the "complexity equals volume" conjecture to unoptimized circuits, and path integral optimization to finite cutoffs. Using tools from holographic $T\bar T$, we find that surfaces of constant scalar curvature play a special role in optimizing quantum circuits. We also find an interesting connection of our proposal to kinematic space, and discuss possible circuit representations and gate counting interpretations of the gravitational action., Comment: 26 pages, 2 figures; v2: published version, minor clarifications added

We discuss some general aspects of commutators of local operators in Lorentzian CFTs, which can be obtained from a suitable analytic continuation of the Euclidean operator product expansion (OPE). Commutators only make sense as distributions, and care has to be taken to extract the right distribution from the OPE. We provide explicit computations in two and four-dimensional CFTs, focusing mainly on commutators of components of the stress-tensor. We rederive several familiar results, such as the canonical commutation relations of free field theory, the local form of the Poincar\'e algebra, and the Virasoro algebra of two-dimensional CFT. We then consider commutators of light-ray operators built from the stress-tensor. Using simplifying features of the light sheet limit in four-dimensional CFT we provide a direct computation of the BMS algebra formed by a specific set of light-ray operators in theories with no light scalar conformal primaries. In four-dimensional CFT we define a new infinite set of light-ray operators constructed from the stress-tensor, which all have well-defined matrix elements. These are a direct generalization of the two-dimensional Virasoro light-ray operators that are obtained from a conformal embedding of Minkowski space in the Lorentzian cylinder. They obey Hermiticity conditions similar to their two-dimensional analogues, and also share the property that a semi-infinite subset annihilates the vacuum., Comment: 43 pages. v3: published version, added discussion on light scalars (thanks to referee)

We generalize the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis to systems with global symmetries. We present two versions, one with microscopic charge conservation and one with exponentially suppressed violations. They agree for correlation functions of simple operators, but differ in the variance of charged one-point functions at finite temperature. We then apply these ideas to holography and to gravitational low-energy effective theories with a global symmetry. We show that Euclidean wormholes predict a non-zero variance for charged one-point functions, which is incompatible with microscopic charge conservation. This implies that global symmetries in quantum gravity must either be gauged or explicitly broken by non-perturbative effects., Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure; v2 references and comments added, correction of the Wilson line argument. Version as published in Scipost

We investigate the occurrence of topologically protected waves in classical fluids confined on curved surfaces. Using a combination of topological band theory and real space analysis, we demonstrate the existence of a system-independent mechanism behind topological protection in two-dimensional passive and active fluids. This allows us to formulate an index theorem linking the number of modes, determined by the topology of Fourier space, to the real space topology of the surface on which they are hosted. With this framework in hand, we review two examples of topological waves in two-dimensional fluids, namely oceanic shallow-water waves propagating on the Earth's rotating surface and momentum waves in active polar fluids spontaneously "flocking" on substrates endowed with a ${\rm U}(1)$ isometry (e.g. surfaces of revolution). Our work suggests some simple rules to engineer topological modes on surfaces in passive and active soft matter systems.

One of the key tasks in physics is to perform measurements in order to determine the state of a system. Often, measurements are aimed at determining the values of physical parameters, but one can also ask simpler questions, such as "is the system in state A or state B?". In quantum mechanics, the latter type of measurements can be studied and optimized using the framework of quantum hypothesis testing. In many cases one can explicitly find the optimal measurement in the limit where one has simultaneous access to a large number $n$ of identical copies of the system, and estimate the expected error as $n$ becomes large. Interestingly, error estimates turn out to involve various quantum information theoretic quantities such as relative entropy, thereby giving these quantities operational meaning. In this paper we consider the application of quantum hypothesis testing to quantum many-body systems and quantum field theory. We review some of the necessary background material, and study in some detail the situation where the two states one wants to distinguish are parametrically close. The relevant error estimates involve quantities such as the variance of relative entropy, for which we prove a new inequality. We explore the optimal measurement strategy for spin chains and two-dimensional conformal field theory, focusing on the task of distinguishing reduced density matrices of subsystems. The optimal strategy turns out to be somewhat cumbersome to implement in practice, and we discuss a possible alternative strategy and the corresponding errors., Comment: 76 pages, v2: references added, v3: minor changes, published version

To help researchers conduct a systematic review or meta-analysis as efficiently and transparently as possible, we designed a tool (ASReview) to accelerate the step of screening titles and abstracts. For many tasks - including but not limited to systematic reviews and meta-analyses - the scientific literature needs to be checked systematically. Currently, scholars and practitioners screen thousands of studies by hand to determine which studies to include in their review or meta-analysis. This is error prone and inefficient because of extremely imbalanced data: only a fraction of the screened studies is relevant. The future of systematic reviewing will be an interaction with machine learning algorithms to deal with the enormous increase of available text. We therefore developed an open source machine learning-aided pipeline applying active learning: ASReview. We demonstrate by means of simulation studies that ASReview can yield far more efficient reviewing than manual reviewing, while providing high quality. Furthermore, we describe the options of the free and open source research software and present the results from user experience tests. We invite the community to contribute to open source projects such as our own that provide measurable and reproducible improvements over current practice., Comment: All code for the software ASReview is available under an Apache-2.0 license at Github: https://github.com/asreview

We propose an ansatz for OPE coefficients in chaotic conformal field theories which generalizes the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis and describes any OPE coefficient involving heavy operators as a random variable with a Gaussian distribution. In two dimensions this ansatz enables us to compute higher moments of the OPE coefficients and analyse two and four-point functions of OPE coefficients, which we relate to genus-2 partition functions and their squares. We compare the results of our ansatz to solutions of Einstein gravity in AdS$_3$, including a Euclidean wormhole that connects two genus-2 surfaces. Our ansatz reproduces the non-perturbative correction of the wormhole, giving it a physical interpretation in terms of OPE statistics. We propose that calculations performed within the semi-classical low-energy gravitational theory are only sensitive to the random nature of OPE coefficients, which explains the apparent lack of factorization in products of partition functions., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures; v2, minor comments and references added, version as appearing in CQG

We consider uncharged fluids without any boost symmetry on an arbitrary curved background and classify all allowed transport coefficients up to first order in derivatives. We assume rotational symmetry and we use the entropy current formalism. The curved background geometry in the absence of boost symmetry is called absolute or Aristotelian spacetime. We present a closed-form expression for the energy-momentum tensor in Landau frame which splits into three parts: a dissipative (10), a hydrostatic non-dissipative (2) and a non-hydrostatic non-dissipative part (4), where in parenthesis we have indicated the number of allowed transport coefficients. The non-hydrostatic non-dissipative transport coefficients can be thought of as the generalization of coefficients that would vanish if we were to restrict to linearized perturbations and impose the Onsager relations. For the two hydrostatic and the four non-hydrostatic non-dissipative transport coefficients we present a Lagrangian description. Finally when we impose scale invariance, thus restricting to Lifshitz fluids, we find 7 dissipative, 1 hydrostatic and 2 non-hydrostatic non-dissipative transport coefficients., Comment: 35+4 pages, v2: updated to published version

We argue for an exponential bound characterizing the chaotic properties of modular Hamiltonian flow of QFT subsystems. In holographic theories, maximal modular chaos is reflected in the local Poincare symmetry about a Ryu-Takayanagi surface. Generators of null deformations of the bulk extremal surface map to modular scrambling modes -positive CFT operators saturating the bound- and their algebra probes the bulk Riemann curvature, clarifying the modular Berry curvature proposal of arXiv:1903.04493., Comment: 22 pages + Appendix

We relate the Riemann curvature of a holographic spacetime to an entanglement property of the dual CFT state: the Berry curvature of its modular Hamiltonians. The modular Berry connection encodes the relative bases of nearby CFT subregions while its bulk dual, restricted to the code subspace, relates the edge-mode frames of the corresponding entanglement wedges. At leading order in 1/N and for sufficiently smooth HRRT surfaces, the modular Berry connection simply sews together the orthonormal coordinate systems covering neighborhoods of HRRT surfaces. This geometric perspective on entanglement is a promising new tool for connecting the dynamics of entanglement and gravitation., Comment: 26 pages + Appendices, 4 figures

We investigate the possibility that the geometry dual to a typical AdS black hole microstate corresponds to the extended AdS-Schwarzschild geometry, including a region spacelike to the exterior. We argue that this region can be described by the mirror operators, a set of state-dependent operators in the dual CFT. We probe the geometry of a typical state by considering state-dependent deformations of the CFT Hamiltonian, which have an interpretation as a one-sided analogue of the Gao-Jafferis-Wall traversable wormhole protocol for typical states. We argue that the validity of the conjectured bulk geometry requires that out-of-time-order correlators of simple CFT operators on typical pure states must exhibit the same chaotic effects as thermal correlators at scrambling time. This condition is related to the question of whether the product of operators separated by scrambling time obey the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis. We investigate some of these statements in the SYK model and discuss similarities with state-dependent perturbations of pure states in the SYK model previously considered by Kourkoulou and Maldacena. Finally, we discuss how the mirror operators can be used to implement an analogue of the Hayden-Preskill protocol., Comment: 77 pages

We construct a holographic dual of the Schwinger-Keldysh effective action for the dissipative low-energy dynamics of relativistic charged matter at strong coupling in a fixed thermal background. To do so, we use a mixed signature bulk spacetime whereby an eternal asymptotically anti-de Sitter black hole is glued to its Euclidean counterpart along an initial time slice in a way to match the desired double-time contour of the dual field theory. Our results are consistent with existing literature and can be regarded as a fully-ab initio derivation of a Schwinger-Keldysh effective action. In addition, we provide a simple infrared effective action for the near horizon region that drives all the dissipation and can be viewed as an alternative to the membrane paradigm approximation., Comment: 43 pages, 3 figures, v2: presentation improved, reference added

We revisit the recent reformulation of the holographic prescription to compute entanglement entropy in terms of a convex optimization problem, introduced by Freedman and Headrick. According to it, the holographic entanglement entropy associated to a boundary region is given by the maximum flux of a bounded, divergenceless vector field, through the corresponding region. Our work leads to two main results: (i) We present a general algorithm that allows the construction of explicit thread configurations in cases where the minimal surface is known. We illustrate the method with simple examples: spheres and strips in vacuum AdS, and strips in a black brane geometry. Studying more generic bulk metrics, we uncover a sufficient set of conditions on the geometry and matter fields that must hold to be able to use our prescription. (ii) Based on the nesting property of holographic entanglement entropy, we develop a method to construct bit threads that maximize the flux through a given bulk region. As a byproduct, we are able to construct more general thread configurations by combining (i) and (ii) in multiple patches. We apply our methods to study bit threads which simultaneously compute the entanglement entropy and the entanglement of purification of mixed states and comment on their interpretation in terms of entanglement distillation. We also consider the case of disjoint regions for which we can explicitly construct the so-called multi-commodity flows and show that the monogamy property of mutual information can be easily illustrated from our constructions., Comment: 48 pages, multiple figures. v3: matches published version