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3. Processing BGC-Argo nitrate concentration at the DAC Level

Author

Johnson, Kenneth S., Plant, Joshua N., Sakamoto, Carole, Maurer, Tanya L., Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Serra, Romain, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Schmechtig, Catherine, Claustre, Hervé, Poteau, Antoine, Johnson, Kenneth S., Plant, Joshua N., Sakamoto, Carole, Maurer, Tanya L., Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Serra, Romain, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Schmechtig, Catherine, Claustre, Hervé, and Poteau, Antoine

Abstract

The only method used to date to measure dissolved nitrate concentration (NITRATE) with sensors mounted on profiling floats is based on the absorption of light at ultraviolet wavelengths by nitrate ion (Johnson and Coletti, 2002; Johnson et al., 2010; 2013; D’Ortenzio et al., 2012). Nitrate has a modest UV absorption band with a peak near 210 nm, which overlaps with the stronger absorption band of bromide, which has a peak near 200 nm. In addition, there is a much weaker absorption due to dissolved organic matter and light scattering by particles (Ogura and Hanya, 1966). The UV spectrum thus consists of three components, bromide, nitrate and a background due to organics and particles. The background also includes thermal effects on the instrument and slow drift. All of these latter effects (organics, particles, thermal effects and drift) tend to be smooth spectra that combine to form an absorption spectrum that is linear in wavelength over relatively short wavelength spans. If the light absorption spectrum is measured in the wavelength range around 217 to 240 nm (the exact range is a bit of a decision by the operator), then the nitrate concentration can be determined. Two different instruments based on the same optical principles are in use for this purpose. The In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ISUS) built at MBARI or at Satlantic has been mounted inside the pressure hull of a Teledyne/Webb Research APEX and NKE Provor profiling floats and the optics penetrate through the upper end cap into the water. The Satlantic Submersible Ultraviolet Nitrate Analyzer (SUNA) is placed on the outside of APEX, Provor, and Navis profiling floats in its own pressure housing and is connected to the float through an underwater cable that provides power and communications. Power, communications between the float controller and the sensor, and data processing requirements are essentially the same for both ISUS and SUNA. There are several possible algorithms that can be used for the

Published
2024
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8. In situ glider and remote-sensing satellite data synergy for the estimation of the PAR diffuse attenuation coefficient

Author

De Nodrest, Emma, Homrani, Sabrina, Jourdin, Frederic, Viellefon, Priscille, Vient, Jean-marie, Durrieu De Madron, Xavier Durrieu, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, and Bourrin, Francois

Subjects
satellite products, optical properties, KPAR, glider, bathysonde, ocean color algorithms
Abstract

Estimating the diffuse attenuation coefficient of the Photosynthetically Available Radiation (KPAR) allows to monitor primary production, dissolved organic matters, coastal suspended sediments and water transparency. The latter aim, especially for military purposes, may be efficiently achieved with the use of underwater gliders. The present study aims at estimating the KPAR in the the Bay of Biscay (North-East Atlantic), during a sea campaign which took place in February 2021, in fairly transparent waters mainly containing non-living suspended material. The sea survey involved a SEAEXPLORER glider equiped with an ocean color radiometer. The glider measurements were in agreement with those from shipboard CTD-PAR casts (with a mean relative difference of about 11%). VIIRS L2 and MODIS L4 satellite products were validated with the glider data. Accordingly, a bias correction has been proposed for the ocean color satellite KPAR algorithm.

Published
2022
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9. Sources d’émission, flux et distribution spatiotemporelle des ressources nutritives

Author

Migon, Christophe, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Kessouri, Fayçal, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alcen SEAMAR (Alcen) (ALSEAMAR), Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Chistophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

11. Do Loop Current Eddies stimulate productivity in the Gulf of Mexico?

Author

Damien, Pierre, Sheinbaum, Julio, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Jouanno, Julien, Linacre, Lorena, Duteil, Olaf, Damien, Pierre, Sheinbaum, Julio, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Jouanno, Julien, Linacre, Lorena, and Duteil, Olaf

Abstract

Surface chlorophyll concentrations inferred from satellite images suggest a strong influence of the mesoscale activity on biogeochemical variability within the oligotrophic regions of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). More specifically, long-living anticyclonic Loop Current Eddies (LCEs) are shed episodically from the Yucatan Chanel and propagate westward. This study addresses the biogeochemical response of the LCEs to seasonal forcing and show their role in driving phytoplankton biomass distribution in the GoM. Using an eddy resolving (1/12°) interannual regional simulation based on the coupled physical-biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES that yields a realistic representation of the surface chlorophyll distribution, it is shown that the LCEs foster a large biomass increase in winter in the upper ocean. The primary production in the LCEs is larger than the average rate in the surrounding open waters of the GoM. This behavior cannot be directly identified from surface chlorophyll distribution alone since LCEs are associated with a negative surface chlorophyll anomaly all year long. This anomalous biomass increase in the LCEs is explained by the mixed-layer response to winter convective mixing that reaches deeper and nutrient-richer waters.

Published
2021
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16. Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database

Author

Barbieux, Marie, primary, Uitz, Julia, additional, Gentili, Bernard, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Mignot, Alexandre, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Leymarie, Edouard, additional, Penkerc'h, Christophe, additional, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, and Bricaud, Annick, additional

Published
2019
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17. Processing Bio-Argo nitrate concentration at the DAC Level

Author

Johnson, Ken, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Serra, Romain, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Schmechtig, Catherine, Claustre, Hervé, and Poteau, Antoine

Abstract

The only method used to date to measure dissolved nitrate concentration (NITRATE) with sensors mounted on profiling floats is based on the absorption of light at ultraviolet wavelengths by nitrate ion (Johnson and Coletti, 2002; Johnson et al., 2010; 2013; D’Ortenzio et al., 2012). Nitrate has a modest UV absorption band with a peak near 210 nm, which overlaps with the stronger absorption band of bromide, which has a peak near 200 nm. In addition, there is a much weaker absorption due to dissolved organic matter and light scattering by particles (Ogura and Hanya, 1966). The UV spectrum thus consists of three components, bromide, nitrate and a background due to organics and particles. The background also includes thermal effects on the instrument and slow drift. All of these latter effects (organics, particles, thermal effects and drift) tend to be smooth spectra that combine to form an absorption spectrum that is linear in wavelength over relatively short wavelength spans. If the light absorption spectrum is measured in the wavelength range around 217 to 240 nm (the exact range is a bit of a decision by the operator), then the nitrate concentration can be determined. Two different instruments based on the same optical principles are in use for this purpose. The In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ISUS) built at MBARI or at Satlantic has been mounted inside the pressure hull of a Teledyne/Webb Research APEX and NKE Provor profiling floats and the optics penetrate through the upper end cap into the water. The Satlantic Submersible Ultraviolet Nitrate Analyzer (SUNA) is placed on the outside of APEX, Provor, and Navis profiling floats in its own pressure housing and is connected to the float through an underwater cable that provides power and communications. Power, communications between the float controller and the sensor, and data processing requirements are essentially the same for both ISUS and SUNA. There are several possible algorithms that can be used for the deconvolution of nitrate concentration from the observed UV absorption spectrum (Johnson and Coletti, 2002; Arai et al., 2008; Sakamoto et al., 2009; Zielinski et al., 2011). In addition, the default algorithm that is available in Satlantic sensors is a proprietary approach, but this is not generally used on profiling floats. There are some tradeoffs in every approach. To date almost all nitrate sensors on profiling floats have used the Temperature Compensated Salinity Subtracted (TCSS) algorithm developed by Sakamoto et al. (2009), and this document focuses on that method. It is likely that there will be further algorithm development and it is necessary that the data systems clearly identify the algorithm that is used. It is also desirable that the data system allow for recalculation of prior data sets using new algorithms. To accomplish this, the float must report not just the computed nitrate, but the observed light intensity. Then, the rule to obtain only one NITRATE parameter is, if the spectrum is present then, the NITRATE should be recalculated from the spectrum while the computation of nitrate concentration can also generate useful diagnostics of data quality.

Published
2018

18. Hydrography and biogeochemistry dedicated to the Mediterranean BGC-Argo network during a cruise with RV Tethys 2 in May 2015

Author

Taillandier, Vincent, Wagener, Thibaut, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mayot, Nicolas, Legoff, Herve, Ras, Josephine, Coppola, Laurent, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Schmechtig, Catherine, Diamond, Emilie, Bittig, Henry, Lefevre, Dominique, Leymarie, Edouard, Poteau, Antoine, and Prieur, Louis

Abstract

We report on data from an oceanographic cruise, covering western, central and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, on the French research vessel Tethys 2 in May 2015. This cruise was fully dedicated to the maintenance and the metrological verification of a biogeochemical observing system based on a fleet of BGC-Argo floats. During the cruise, a comprehensive data set of parameters sensed by the autonomous network was collected. The measurements include ocean currents, seawater salinity and temperature, and concentrations of inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll pigments. The analytical protocols and data processing methods are detailed, together with a first assessment of the calibration state for all the sensors deployed during the cruise.

Published
2018

19. Multi-scale observations of deep convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea during winter 2012-2013 using multiple platforms

Author

Testor, Pierre, Bosse, Anthony, Houpert, Loïc, Margirier, Félix, Mortier, Laurent, Legoff, Hervé, Dausse, Denis, Labaste, Matthieu, Karstensen, Johannes, Hayes, Daniel, Olita, Antonio, Ribotti, Alberto, Schroeder, Katrin, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Onken, Reiner, Heslop, Emma, Mourre, Baptiste, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mayot, Nicolas, Lavigne, Héloise, de Fommervault, Orens, Coppola, Laurent, Prieur, Louis, Taillandier, Vincent, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Bourrin, Francois, Many, Gael, Damien, Pierre, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, Raimbault, Patrick, Waldman, Robin, Bouin, Marie Noelle, Giordani, Hervé, Caniaux, Guy, Somot, Samuel, Ducrocq, Véronique, Conan, Pascal, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Développement Instrumental et Techniques Marines (DITM), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Cyprus Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus (UCY), CNR Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bio-Argo project (CNES-TOSCA), COST Action ES0904 ‘‘EGO’’ (Everyone’s Gliding Observatories), MISTRALS, ANR-12-BS06-0003,ASICS-MED,Couplage Océan-Atmosphère en présence de structures de Submésoéchelle(2012), ANR-10-EQPX-0040,NAOS,Observations de l'océan global pour l'étude et la prévision de l'océan et du climat: préparation de la nouvelle décennie d'Argo(2010), European Project: 284321,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2011-1,GROOM(2011), European Project: 287600,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-OCEAN-2011,PERSEUS(2012), European Project: 262584,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2010-1,JERICO(2011), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ocean observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, oceanic deep convection, ocean observation, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Symmetric instability, Deep convection, Mediterranean sea, symmetric instability, Geochemistry and Petrology, plumes, Mediterranean Sea, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Argo, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, energy and buoyancy fluxes, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Plumes, Ocean observation, Mooring, Energy and buoyancy fluxes, Geophysics, Oceanic deep convection, Eddy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Thermohaline circulation, eddies, Bloom, Eddies, Geology
Abstract

International audience; During winter 2012–2013, open‐ocean deep convection which is a major driver for the thermohaline circulation and ventilation of the ocean, occurred in the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea) and has been thoroughly documented thanks in particular to the deployment of several gliders, Argo profiling floats, several dedicated ship cruises, and a mooring array during a period of about a year. Thanks to these intense observational efforts, we show that deep convection reached the bottom in winter early in February 2013 in a area of maximum 28 ± 3 109 m2. We present new quantitative results with estimates of heat and salt content at the subbasin scale at different time scales (on the seasonal scale to a 10 days basis) through optimal interpolation techniques, and robust estimates of the deep water formation rate of 2.0 ± 0.2 Sv. We provide an overview of the spatiotemporal coverage that has been reached throughout the seasons this year and we highlight some results based on data analysis and numerical modeling that are presented in this special issue. They concern key circulation features for the deep convection and the subsequent bloom such as Submesoscale Coherent Vortices (SCVs), the plumes, and symmetric instability at the edge of the deep convection area.

Published
2018
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20. Nitrogen and phosphorus seasonal dynamics and annual budget in the Northwestern Mediterranean deep convection region inferred from a 3D physical/biogeochemical coupled model

Author

Kessouri, Fayçal, Ulses, Caroline, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Pujo-Pay, Mireille, Séverin, Tatiana, Caparros, Jocelyne, Raimbault, Patrick, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Testor, Pierre, Conan, Pascal, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie biologique de Banyuls (LOBB), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EGU, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

International audience; A multi-element biogeochemical model forced by a 1 km resolution hydrodynamical model was used to gain in understanding of the biogeochemical functioning of the North-Western Mediterranean (NW Med), the only region in the whole Mediterranean Sea with a marked and recurrent spring bloom behavior related to the winter dense water formation characterizing this area. After an assessment of the simulation using satellite derived chlorophyll and Dewex project in situ nutrients observations, the nitrogen and phosphorus seasonal cycles were analyzed using model outputs on the period 2012-2013. Injections of nutrients during the wind intensification period allow the triggering of the autumn bloom. Then, convection in winter upwells large amounts of nutrients in the euphotic layer. When the conditions for phytoplankton development are gathered (reduction of vertical mixing, low grazing pressure), a bloom is triggered with a massive consumption of nutrients during more than one month resulting at the end of April in a depletion of nutrients at the surface. Nutrients consumption continues to deplete nutrients at increasing depth, increasing the nutriclines and deep chlorophyll maximum depths. That finally leads to the summer oligotrophy of the water column. Then a quantification of nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of the open-sea convection area was performed on an annual basis. The deep convection area represents a sink of nitrate and phosphate, and a source of organic nitrogen and phosphorus for the peripheric regions. Regarding the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, the deep-nitrate based new production is responsible for 19% of the total nitrogen uptake. This new production dominates during the winter deep convection and spring bloom periods. Finally, our results suggest that the NW Med open sea convection represents a major source of nutrients for the Mediterranean surface sea.

Published
2017

21. Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database

Author

Barbieux, Marie, primary, Uitz, Julia, additional, Gentili, Bernard, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Mignot, Alexandre, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Leymarie, Edouard, additional, Penkerc'h, Christophe, additional, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, and Bricaud, Annick, additional

Published
2018
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22. Supplementary material to "Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database"

Author

Barbieux, Marie, primary, Uitz, Julia, additional, Gentili, Bernard, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Mignot, Alexandre, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Leymarie, Edouard, additional, Penkerc'h, Christophe, additional, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, and Bricaud, Annick, additional

Published
2018
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24. Seasonal dynamics and disturbance of phytoplankton biomass in the wake of Tahiti as observed by Biogeochemical-Argo floats

Author

Sauzède, Raphaëlle, Martinez, Elodie, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Poteau, Antoine, Mignot, Alexandre, Maes, Christophe, Claustre, Hervé, Uitz, Julia, Maamaatuaiahutapu, Keitapu, Rodier, Martine, Schmechtig, Catherine, Laurent, Victoire, Sauzède, Raphaëlle, Martinez, Elodie, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Poteau, Antoine, Mignot, Alexandre, Maes, Christophe, Claustre, Hervé, Uitz, Julia, Maamaatuaiahutapu, Keitapu, Rodier, Martine, Schmechtig, Catherine, and Laurent, Victoire

Abstract

The South Pacific Subtropical Gyre (SPSG) is a vast and remote area where large uncertainties on variability in phytoplankton biomass and production remain due to the lack of biogeochemical in situ observations. In such oligotrophic environments, ecosystems are predominantly controlled by nutrients depletion in surface waters. However, this oligotrophic character can be disturbed in the vicinity of islands where enhancement of biological activity is known to occur (i.e. the island mass effect, IME). This study mainly focuses on in situ observations showing that an IME can be evidenced leeward of Tahiti (17.7° S–149.5° W), French Polynesia. Concomitant physical and biogeochemical observations collected with two Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) profiling floats from April 2015 to November 2016 are used to investigate the dynamics of phytoplankton biomass. The first float has a transit of more than 1000 km westward of Tahiti (open ocean conditions) while the second one remained in the Tahitian wake (around 45 km from the island coasts). In the oligotrophic central SPSG, the wintertime increase in upper layer chlorophyll a concentration is likely due to photoacclimation process. Vertical observations show a light-driven deepening of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) from winter to summer, consistently with previous descriptions. At the opposite, within the Tahitian wake, the DCM temporary widens during late spring in association with a biological enhancement in the upper layer. Combining in situ measurements with meteorological data along the Tahiti coasts, Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model outputs and satellite-derived products (i.e., horizontal currents and associated fronts), the physical mechanisms involved in the disturbance of phytoplankton seasonal cycle in the Tahitian wake have been investigated. This disturbance results from the concomitant occurrence of strong precipitations and a zone of weak currents leeward Tahiti. We conjecture that the land drainage induces a

Published
2018
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25. Multiscale observations of deep convection in the northwestern mediterranean sea during winter 2012-2013 using multiple platforms

Author

Testor, Pierre, Bosse, Anthony, Houpert, Loïc, Margirier, Félix, Mortier, Laurent, Legoff, Hervé, Dausse, Denis, Labaste, Matthieu, Karstensen, Johannes, Hayes, Daniel, Olita, Antonio, Ribotti, Alberto, Schroeder, Katrin, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Onken, Reiner, Heslop, Emma, Mourre, Baptiste, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mayot, Nicolas, Lavigne, Héloise, de Fommervault, Orens, Coppola, Laurent, Prieur, Louis, Taillandier, Vincent, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Bourrin, Francois, Many, Gael, Damien, Pierre, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, Raimbault, Patrick, Waldman, Robin, Bouin, Marie-Noelle, Giordani, Hervé, Caniaux, Guy, Somot, Samuel, Ducrocq, Véronique, Conan, Pascal, Testor, Pierre, Bosse, Anthony, Houpert, Loïc, Margirier, Félix, Mortier, Laurent, Legoff, Hervé, Dausse, Denis, Labaste, Matthieu, Karstensen, Johannes, Hayes, Daniel, Olita, Antonio, Ribotti, Alberto, Schroeder, Katrin, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Onken, Reiner, Heslop, Emma, Mourre, Baptiste, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mayot, Nicolas, Lavigne, Héloise, de Fommervault, Orens, Coppola, Laurent, Prieur, Louis, Taillandier, Vincent, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Bourrin, Francois, Many, Gael, Damien, Pierre, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, Raimbault, Patrick, Waldman, Robin, Bouin, Marie-Noelle, Giordani, Hervé, Caniaux, Guy, Somot, Samuel, Ducrocq, Véronique, and Conan, Pascal

Abstract

During winter 2012–2013, open‐ocean deep convection which is a major driver for the thermohaline circulation and ventilation of the ocean, occurred in the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea) and has been thoroughly documented thanks in particular to the deployment of several gliders, Argo profiling floats, several dedicated ship cruises, and a mooring array during a period of about a year. Thanks to these intense observational efforts, we show that deep convection reached the bottom in winter early in February 2013 in a area of maximum 28 ± 3 . We present new quantitative results with estimates of heat and salt content at the subbasin scale at different time scales (on the seasonal scale to a 10 days basis) through optimal interpolation techniques, and robust estimates of the deep water formation rate of 2.0 . We provide an overview of the spatiotemporal coverage that has been reached throughout the seasons this year and we highlight some results based on data analysis and numerical modeling that are presented in this special issue. They concern key circulation features for the deep convection and the subsequent bloom such as Submesoscale Coherent Vortices (SCVs), the plumes, and symmetric instability at the edge of the deep convection area.

Published
2018

26. Partitioning of the Open Waters of the Gulf of Mexico Based on the Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Chlorophyll Concentration

Author

Damien, Pierre, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Sheinbaum, Julio, Jouanno, Julien, Camacho-Ibar, Victor F., Duteil, Olaf, Damien, Pierre, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Sheinbaum, Julio, Jouanno, Julien, Camacho-Ibar, Victor F., and Duteil, Olaf

Abstract

The seasonal and interannual variability of chlorophyll in the Gulf of Mexico open waters is studied using a three‐dimensional coupled physical‐biogeochemical model. A 5 years hindcast driven by realistic open‐boundary conditions, atmospheric forcings, and freshwater discharges from rivers is performed. The use of recent in situ observations allowed an in‐depth evaluation of the model nutrient and chlorophyll seasonal distributions, including the chlorophyll vertical structure. We find that different chlorophyll patterns of temporal variability coexist in the deep basin which thereby cannot be considered as a homogeneous region with respect to chlorophyll dynamics. A partitioning of the Gulf of Mexico open waters based on the winter chlorophyll concentration increase is then proposed. This partition is basically explained by the amount of nutrients injected into the euphotic layer which is highly constrained by the dynamic of the winter mixed layer. The seasonal and interannual variability appears to be affected by the variability of atmospheric fluxes and mesoscale dynamics (Loop Current eddies in particular). Finally, estimates of primary production in the deep basin are provided.

Published
2018
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27. Biogeochemical modeling in the open-waters of the Gulf of Mexico: seasonal, interannual and mesoscale variability of the chlorophyll concentration

Author

Damien, Pierre, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Sheinbaum, Julio, Jouanno, Julien, Duteil, Olaf, Damien, Pierre, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Sheinbaum, Julio, Jouanno, Julien, and Duteil, Olaf

Abstract

Ocean color satellite measurements in the Gulf of Mexico open waters evidenced a clear seasonal variability in the surface chlorophyll concentration. Recent investigations in subtropical oligotrophic regions suggested that the surface chlorophyll increase may not be systematically associated to a real biomass increase but may result from physiological mechanisms. This finding may be relevant in the Gulf of Mexico as suggested by bio-optical measurements recently acquired by APEX profiling floats. Despite the increasing amount of observations in the Gulf of Mexico open waters, data are still lacking to regionalize the seasonal and interannual variability of the chlorophyll vertical structure or to investigate how the energetic mesoscale dynamics within the Gulf of Mexico modulate the chlorophyll distribution. To overcome these limitations, we set up an eddy resolving (1/12deg) coupled bio-physical model (NEMO-PISCES) of the Gulf of Mexico. The use of recent sets of observations allowed for a careful evaluation of the vertical distribution of the nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations throughout the different seasons. The analysis of the seasonal variability of the integrated chlorophyll content revealed a much more contrasted and complex behavior than the basin scale homogeneous pattern of variability inferred from modeled and observed surface chlorophyll concentration. We show that the variability of the mixed-layer depth strongly shape the seasonal distribution of the chlorophyll concentration but also its year to year variability. Finally, we investigate some of the physical-biogeochemical coupling processes specific to GoM sub-regions and mesoscale dynamics (in particular the Loop Current and Loop Current eddies).

Published
2018

28. Hydrography and biogeochemistry dedicated to the Mediterranean BGC-Argo network during a cruise with RV <i>Tethys 2</i> in May 2015

Author

Taillandier, Vincent, primary, Wagener, Thibaut, additional, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, Legoff, Hervé, additional, Ras, Joséphine, additional, Coppola, Laurent, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, Diamond, Emilie, additional, Bittig, Henry, additional, Lefevre, Dominique, additional, Leymarie, Edouard, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, and Prieur, Louis, additional

Published
2018
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29. Multiscale Observations of Deep Convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea During Winter 2012-2013 Using Multiple Platforms

Author

Testor, Pierre, primary, Bosse, Anthony, additional, Houpert, Loïc, additional, Margirier, Félix, additional, Mortier, Laurent, additional, Legoff, Hervé, additional, Dausse, Denis, additional, Labaste, Matthieu, additional, Karstensen, Johannes, additional, Hayes, Daniel, additional, Olita, Antonio, additional, Ribotti, Alberto, additional, Schroeder, Katrin, additional, Chiggiato, Jacopo, additional, Onken, Reiner, additional, Heslop, Emma, additional, Mourre, Baptiste, additional, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, Lavigne, Héloise, additional, de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Coppola, Laurent, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, additional, Bourrin, Francois, additional, Many, Gael, additional, Damien, Pierre, additional, Estournel, Claude, additional, Marsaleix, Patrick, additional, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, additional, Raimbault, Patrick, additional, Waldman, Robin, additional, Bouin, Marie-Noelle, additional, Giordani, Hervé, additional, Caniaux, Guy, additional, Somot, Samuel, additional, Ducrocq, Véronique, additional, and Conan, Pascal, additional

Published
2018
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30. Seasonal dynamics and disturbance of phytoplankton biomass in the wake of Tahiti as observed by Biogeochemical-Argo floats

Author

Sauzède, Raphaëlle, primary, Martinez, Elodie, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, Mignot, Alexandre, additional, Maes, Christophe, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, Uitz, Julia, additional, Maamaatuaiahutapu, Keitapu, additional, Rodier, Martine, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, and Laurent, Victoire, additional

Published
2018
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31. Supplementary material to "Seasonal dynamics and disturbance of phytoplankton biomass in the wake of Tahiti as observed by Biogeochemical-Argo floats"

Author

Sauzède, Raphaëlle, primary, Martinez, Elodie, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, Mignot, Alexandre, additional, Maes, Christophe, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, Uitz, Julia, additional, Maamaatuaiahutapu, Keitapu, additional, Rodier, Martine, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, and Laurent, Victoire, additional

Published
2018
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33. Physical and Biogeochemical Controls of the Phytoplankton Blooms in North Western Mediterranean Sea: A Multiplatform Approach Over a Complete Annual Cycle (2012–2013 DEWEX Experiment)

Author

Mayot, Nicolas, primary, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, de Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, Bosse, Anthony, additional, Testor, Pierre, additional, and Conan, Pascal, additional

Published
2017
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34. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budgets in the Northwestern Mediterranean Deep Convection Region

Author

Kessouri, Faycal, primary, Ulses, Caroline, additional, Estournel, Claude, additional, Marsaleix, Patrick, additional, Severin, Tatiana, additional, Pujo‐Pay, Mireille, additional, Caparros, Jocelyne, additional, Raimbault, Patrick, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Testor, Pierre, additional, and Conan, Pascal, additional

Published
2017
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35. Hydrography in the Mediterranean Sea during a cruise with RV Tethys 2 in May 2015

Author

Taillandier, Vincent, primary, Wagener, Thibaut, additional, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, Legoff, Hervé, additional, Ras, Joséphine, additional, Coppola, Laurent, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, Diamond, Emilie, additional, Bittig, Henry, additional, Lefevre, Dominique, additional, Leymarie, Edouard, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, and Prieur, Louis, additional

Published
2017
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40. Dynamique des nutriments en Méditerranée : des campagnes océanographiques aux flotteurs Bio-Argo

Author

Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, and Christophe Migon

Subjects
Méditerranée, Séries temporelles, Calibration, Mediterranean Sea, Nutriments, Flotteurs Bio-Argo, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Bio-Argo floats
Abstract

The Mediterranean Sea is characterized by nutrient concentrations among the lowest in the world, and which exhibit decreasing values eastward. At climatological scale, a subtropical-like regime dominates almost the entire basin, except for some areas where temperate like dynamics are found. Despite the importance of nutrients on these cycles, very little is known about their temporal variability, due to the overall data scarcity at basin scale. This work mainly aims to address this issue at various time scales. Data from the DYFAMED time-series were firstly examined, and allowed the description of the seasonal cycle and decadal trends of nutrient concentrations, in the northwestern Mediterranean. The analysis of atmospheric data from the Cap Ferrat station completed this work, and permitted to evaluate the relative contributions of the different processes that provide nutrients in surface. The study was then extended to the whole basin by considering measurements acquired by Bio-Argo floats (deployed in the framework of the NAOS EQUIPEX), equipped with a nitrate sensor (SUNA). These floats are about to fundamentally change the way we observe the ocean, and present work is among the first to document this ongoing technological revolution. They allowed, for the first time in the Mediterranean, the monitoring of seasonal variability of nitrate concentrations, simultaneously in different areas of the basin. This data also highlighted the significance of the high frequency temporal variability, which enables to reevaluate the role of some processes.; La Méditerranée est caractérisée par des concentrations en nutriments parmi les plus faibles au monde, et qui montrent des valeurs décroissantes d’ouest en est. A l’échelle climatologique, le bassin est dominé par un régime subtropical, à l’exception de certaines zones spécifiques, qui présentent une dynamique typique des régions tempérées. Malgré l’importance des nutriments pour ces cycles, on connaı̂t peu de chose sur leur variabilité temporelle car les données disponibles sont souvent insuffisantes à l’échelle du bassin. L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’aborder cette question à différentes échelles de temps. L’exploitation de la série temporelle DYFAMED a d’abord permis de décrire le cycle saisonnier et les tendances décennales des concentrations en nutriments en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. L’analyse des données d’apports atmosphériques de la station du Cap Ferrat à complété ce travail, en évaluant l’importance relative des processus d’approvisionnement en nutriments des eaux de surface. Pour élargir l’étude à l’ensemble du bassin, nous avons par la suite considéré des mesures acquises par des flotteurs Bio-Argo (déployés dans le cadre de l’EQUIPEX NAOS), équipés de capteurs optiques mesurant les concentrations en nitrate (SUNA). Ces flotteurs sont en train de changer fondamentalement la manière dont nous observons les océans, et cette thèse est l’une des premières à documenter cette révolution technologique. Ils ont rendu possible, pour la première fois en Méditerranée, une description des cycles saisonniers des concentrations en nitrate, simultanément en différentes zones du bassin. Ces données ont aussi souligné l’importance de la variabilité temporelle haute fréquence, permettant de réévaluer le rôle de certains processus.

Published
2015

41. Estimates of Water-Column Nutrient Concentrations and Carbonate System Parameters in the Global Ocean: A Novel Approach Based on Neural Networks

Author

Sauzede, Raphaelle, Claustre, Hervé, Bittig, Henry, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Gattuso, Jean-pierre, Legendre, Louis, Johnson, Kenneth S, Sauzede, Raphaelle, Claustre, Hervé, Bittig, Henry, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Gattuso, Jean-pierre, Legendre, Louis, and Johnson, Kenneth S

Abstract

A neural network-based method (CANYON: CArbonate system and Nutrients concentration from hYdrological properties and Oxygen using a Neural-network) was developed to estimate water-column biogeochemically relevant variables in the Global Ocean. These are the concentrations of 3 nutrients [nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO43−) and silicate (Si(OH)4)] and 4 carbonate system parameters [total alkalinity (AT), dissolved inorganic carbon (CT), pH (pHT) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2)], which are estimated from concurrent in situ measurements of temperature, salinity, hydrostatic pressure and oxygen (O2) together with sampling latitude, longitude and date. Seven neural-networks were developed using the GLODAPv2 database, which is largely representative of the diversity of open-ocean conditions, hence making CANYON potentially applicable to most oceanic environments. For each variable, CANYON was trained using 80 % randomly chosen data from the whole database (after eight 10° x 10° zones removed providing an “independent data-set” for additional validation), the remaining 20 % data were used for the neural-network test of validation. Overall, CANYON retrieved the variables with high accuracies (RMSE): 0.93 mol kg-1 (NO3−), 0.07 mol kg-1 (PO43-), 3.0 mol kg-1 (Si(OH)4), 0.019 (pHT), 7 mol kg-1 (AT), 10 mol kg-1 (CT) and 28 atm (pCO2). This was confirmed for the 8 independent zones not included in the training process. CANYON was also applied to the Hawaiian Time Series site to produce a 22-years long simulated time series for the above 7 variables. Comparison of modeled and measured data was also very satisfactory (RMSE in the order of magnitude of RMSE from validation test). CANYON is thus a promising method to derive distributions of key biogeochemical variables. It could be used for a variety of global and regional applications ranging from data quality control to the production of datasets of variables required for initialization and validation of biogeochemical mod

Published
2017
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42. Physical and biogeochemical controls of the phytoplankton blooms in North-Western Mediterranean Sea: A multiplatform approach over a complete annual cycle (2012-2013 DEWEX experiment)

Author

Mayot, Nicolas, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Prieur, Louis, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Claustre, Herve, Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, Conan, Pascal, Mayot, Nicolas, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Prieur, Louis, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Claustre, Herve, Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, and Conan, Pascal

Abstract

The North Western Mediterranean Sea exhibits recurrent and significant autumnal and spring phytoplankton blooms. The existence of these two blooms coincide with typical temperate dynamics. To determine the potential control of physical and biogeochemical factors on these phytoplankton blooms, data from a multiplatform approach (combining ships, Argo and BGC-Argo floats, and bio-optical gliders) were analyzed in association with satellite observations in 2012-2013. The satellite framework allowed a simultaneous analysis over the whole annual cycle of in situ observations of mixed layer depth, photosynthetical available radiation, particle backscattering, nutrients (nitrate and silicate) and chlorophyll-a concentrations. During the year 2012-2013, satellite ocean color observations, confirmed by in situ data, have revealed the existence of two areas (or bioregions) with comparable autumnal blooms but contrasting spring blooms. In both bioregions, the ratio of the euphotic zone (defined as the isolume 0.415 mol photons m−2 d−1, Z0.415) and the MLD identified the initiation of the autumnal bloom, as well as the maximal annual increase in [Chl-a] in spring. In fact, the autumnal phytoplankton bloom might be initiated by mixing of the summer shallowing deep chlorophyll maximum, while the spring restratification (when Z0.415/MLD ratio became > 1) might induce surface phytoplankton production that largely overcomes the losses. Finally, winter deep convection events that took place in one of the bioregions induced higher net accumulation rate of phytoplankton in spring associated with a diatom-dominated phytoplankton community principally. We suggest that very deep winter MLD lead to an increase in surface silicates availability, which favored the development of diatoms.

Published
2017
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43. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budgets in the Northwestern Mediterranean Deep Convection Region

Author

Kessouri, Faycal, Ulses, Caroline, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Severin, Tatiana, Pujo-pay, Mireille, Caparros, Jocelyne, Raimbault, Patrick, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Testor, Pierre, Conan, Pascal, Kessouri, Faycal, Ulses, Caroline, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Severin, Tatiana, Pujo-pay, Mireille, Caparros, Jocelyne, Raimbault, Patrick, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Testor, Pierre, and Conan, Pascal

Abstract

The aim of this study is to understand the biogeochemical cycles of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (NW Med), where a recurrent spring bloom related to dense water formation occurs. We used a coupled physical-biogeochemical model at high resolution to simulate realistic one-year period and analyze the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles. First, the model was evaluated using cruises carried out in winter, spring and summer and a Bio-Argo float deployed in spring. Then, the annual cycle of meteorological and hydrodynamical forcing and nutrients stocks in the upper layer were analyzed. Third, the effect of biogeochemical and physical processes on N and P was quantified. Fourth, we quantified the effects of the physical and biological processes on the seasonal changes of the molar NO3:PO4 ratio, particularly high compared to the global ocean. The deep convection reduced the NO3:PO4 ratio of upper waters, but consumption by phytoplankton increased it. Finally, N and P budgets were estimated. At the annual scale, this area constituted a sink of inorganic and a source of organic N and P for the peripheral area. NO3 and PO4 were horizontally advected from the peripheral regions into the intermediate waters (130-800 m) of the deep convection area, while organic matter was exported throughout the whole water column toward the surrounding areas. The annual budget suggests that the NW Med deep convection constitutes a major source of nutrients for the photic zone of the Mediterranean Sea.

Published
2017
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44. Biogeochemical modeling in the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico: seasonal and mesoscale variability

Author

Damien, Pierre, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Sheinbaum, Julio, Duteil, Olaf, Damien, Pierre, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Sheinbaum, Julio, and Duteil, Olaf

Abstract

Throughout the Gulf of Mexico open waters, satellite measurements evidenced a clear seasonal variability in the surface chlorophyll concentration. The most important factor controlling this annual cycle is the depth of the mixed layer. Recent studies carried on in subtropical oligotrophic regions suggested that the surface chlorophyll increase may not be systematically associated to a real biomass increase but may results from physiological mechanisms. This finding may be echoed in the Gulf of Mexico as the integrated biomass derived from fluorescence data acquired by the first deployment of profiling floats presents low variability. Despite the increasing amount of observations in the Gulf of Mexico open waters, data is still lacking to infer the seasonal and interannual variability of the chlorophyll vertical structure at a sub-basin scale, as well as the mesoscale variability. Moreover, a strong limitation of observational-based studies remains in the difficulty to provide a synoptic view of all the factors that influence the water column biogeochemical state. In that sense, coupled physical-biological models have been found to be complementary and indispensable tools, especially for understanding the mechanisms controlling the close relationship between physical and biogeochemical processes. In the framework of Cigom consorcium, the biogeochemical model PISCES was coupled to a 1/12 degrees resolution simulation of the Gulf of Mexico circulation. We review the capability of the coupled model to reproduce the main biogeochemical patterns and variability in the basin. The model reveals a more contrasted situation than an unique basin scale chlorophyll pattern. This variability appears to be dependent of sub-regions of the Gulf of Mexico and is strongly affected by the mesoscale dynamic (in particular by Loop Current eddies). We investigate some of the physical-biogeochemical coupling processes associated with the GoM sub-regions and with Loop Current eddies.

Published
2017

45. Multi-scale and Multi-­Platform Analysis of Deep Convection Processes in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Author

Testor, Pierre, Bosse, Anthony, Mortier, Laurent, Cauchy, Pierre, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Lavigne, Héloïse, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Taillandier, Vincent, Prieur, Louis, Coppola, Laurent, Estournel, Claude, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Houpert, Loïc, Béguery, Laurent, Benabdelmoumene, H., Godhino, E., Bernardet, Karim, Giordani, Hervé, Caniaux, Guy, Somot, Samuel, Bouin, Marie-Noëlle, Conan, Pascal, Alvarez, A., Onken, Reiner, Cecchi, D., Garau, Bartolomé, Olita, Antonio, Sparnocchia, Stefania, Tintoré, Joaquín, Ruiz, Simón, Tomas, M., Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2014

46. Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database.

Author

Barbieux, Marie, Uitz, Julia, Gentili, Bernard, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Mignot, Alexandre, Poteau, Antoine, Schmechtig, Catherine, Taillandier, Vincent, Leymarie, Edouard, Penkerc'h, Christophe, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, Claustre, Hervé, and Bricaud, Annick

Subjects
CHLOROPHYLL in water, BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles
Abstract

As commonly observed in oligotrophic stratified waters, a Subsurface (or Deep) Chlorophyll Maximum (SCM) frequently characterizes the vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea. Occurring far from the surface layer "seen" by ocean color satellites, SCMs are difficult to observe with adequate spatio-temporal resolution and their biogeochemical impact remains unknown. BioGeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) profiling floats represent appropriate tools for studying the dynamics of SCMs. Based on data collected from 36 BGC-Argo floats deployed in the Mediterranean Sea, our study aims to address two main questions: (1) What are the different types of SCMs in Mediterranean Sea? (2) Which environmental factors control their occurrence and dynamics? First, we analyzed the seasonal and regional variations of the chlorophyll concentration (Chla), particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp), a proxy of the Particulate Organic Carbon (POC), and environmental parameters (PAR and nitrates) within the SCM layer over the Mediterranean basin. The vertical profiles of Chla and bbp were then statistically classified, and the seasonal occurrence of each of the different types of SCMs quantified. Finally, a case study was performed on two contrasted regions and the environmental conditions at depth were further investigated to understand which parameter controls the SCMs. In the Eastern Basin, SCMs result, at a first order, from photoacclimation process. Conversely, SCMs in the Western Basin reflect a biomass increase at depth benefiting from both light and nitrate resources. Our results also suggest that a variety of intermediate types of SCMs are encountered between these two end-member situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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47. Seasonal variability of nutrient concentrations in the M editerranean S ea: Contribution of B io‐ A rgo floats

Author

Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, primary, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Mangin, Antoine, additional, Serra, Romain, additional, Migon, Christophe, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, Lavigne, Héloïse, additional, Ribera d'Alcalà, Maurizio, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, Leymarie, Edouard, additional, Dufour, Aurélie, additional, Besson, Florent, additional, and Obolensky, Grigor, additional

Published
2015
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48. Hydrography in the Mediterranean Sea during a cruise with RV Tethys 2 in May 2015.

Author

Taillandier, Vincent, Wagener, Thibaut, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mayot, Nicolas, Legoff, Hervé, Ras, Joséphine, Coppola, Laurent, de Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Schmechtig, Catherine, Diamond, Emilie, Bittig, Henry, Lefevre, Dominique, Leymarie, Edouard, Poteau, Antoine, and Prieur, Louis

Subjects
HYDROGRAPHY, OCEAN travel, MARINE ecology
Abstract

We report on data from an oceanographic cruise, covering western, central and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, on the French research vessel Tethys 2 in May 2015. This cruise was fully dedicated to the maintenance and the metrological verification of a biogeochemical observing system based on a fleet of BGC-Argo floats. During the cruise, a comprehensive dataset of parameters sensed by the autonomous network was collected. The measurements include ocean currents, seawater salinity and temperature, concentration of inorganic nutrients, of dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll pigments. The analytical protocols and data processing methods are detailed, together with a first assessment of the calibration state for all the sensors deployed during the cruise. Data collected at stations are available under http://doi.org/10.17882/51678, data collected along ship track are available under http://doi.org/10.17882/51691. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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49. Temporal variability of chlorophyll distribution in the Gulf of Mexico: bio-optical data from profiling floats.

Author

de Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Perez-Brunius, Paula, Damien, Pierre, and Sheinbaum, Julio

Subjects
CHLOROPHYLL, BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, WINTER
Abstract

Chlorophyll concentration is a key oceanic biogeochemical variable. In the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), its distribution, which is mainly obtained from satellite surface observations and scarce in situ experiments, is still poorly understood. In 2011-2012, eight profiling floats equipped with biogeochemical sensors were deployed for the first time in the GOM and generated an unprecedented dataset that significantly increased the number of chlorophyll vertical distribution measurements in the region. The analysis of these data, once calibrated, permits us to reconsider the spatial and temporal variability of the chlorophyll concentration in the water column. At a seasonal scale, results confirm the surface signal seen by satellites, presenting maximum concentrations in winter and low values in summer. It is shown that the deepening of the mixed layer depth is the primary factor triggering the chlorophyll surface increase in winter. In the GOM, current belief is that this surface increase corresponds to a biomass increase. However, the present dataset reveals a vertically integrated content of chlorophyll which remains constant throughout the year, suggesting that the surface increase results from a vertical redistribution of subsurface chlorophyll or photoacclimation processes, rather than a net increase of primary productivity. One plausible explanation for this is the decoupling between the mixed layer depth and the deep nutrient reservoir since mixed layer depth only reaches the nitracline in sporadic events in the observations. Float measurements also provide evidence that the depth and the magnitude of the deep chlorophyll maximum is strongly controlled by the mesoscale variability, with higher chlorophyll biomass generally observed in cyclones rather than anticyclones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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