Search

Hybrid crude palm oil (HCPO) HIE OxG is notable for its abundance of carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. Investigating cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and the non-cytotoxicity of oil nanoparticles is crucial for understanding the behavior of these phytochemicals in biological systems and ensuring the safety of products. Nanoparticles of HCPO, encapsulated with jackfruit by-products were produced and characterized for CAA and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. The nanoparticles exhibited nanoscale diameters (<250 nm), uniform distribution and stability (polydispersity index < 0.25; zeta potential JSF-NP -12.46 ± 0.15 mV and JAF-NP -13.73 ± 1.28 mV). JSF-NP and JAF-NP demonstrated superior CAA compared to the free HCPO across all concentrations, without inducing cytotoxic effects on differentiated Caco-2 cells. This study underscores the importance of investigating the CAA of edible oil nanoparticles, with non-cytotoxicity indicating biological safety and the potential to safeguard intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, JSF-NP and JAF-NP emerge as promising delivery systems for future HCPO applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

New licuri-based kefir beverages were obtained using water kefir grains as fermentation inoculum (1, 2.5, and 5%) under different fermentation times (24 and 48 h). Metagenomic sequencing of the kefir grains adapted to the aqueous licuri extract revealed Lactobacillus hilgardii and Brettanomyces bruxellensis to be predominant in this inoculum. The excellent adaptation of the kefir grains to the licuri extract raised the possibility of prebiotic action of these almonds. The beverages showed acidity values between 0.33 ± 0.00 and 0.88 ± 0.00 mg lactic acid/100 mL and pH between 3.52 ± 0.01 and 4.29 ± 0.04. The viability of lactic acid bacteria in the fermented beverages was equal to or greater than 10 8 CFU/mL, while yeasts were between 10 4 and 10 5 CFU/mL. There were significant differences ( p < 0.05) in the proximate composition of the formulations, especially in the protein (1.37 ± 0.33-2.16 ± 0.84) and carbohydrate (5.86 ± 0.19-11.51 ± 1.26) contents. In addition, all the samples showed good stability in terms of acidity, pH, and viability for LAB and yeasts during 28 days of storage (4 °C). Overall, the beverages showed a dominant yellow-green color, non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, and high mean scores in the sensory evaluation. This study provided evidence of the emerging potential of licuri in the plant-based beverage industry.

This study aimed to encapsulate Talaromyces amestolkiae colorants in maltodextrin and chitosan microparticles using the spraydrying technique and to evaluate the biopolymers' capacities to protect the fungal colorant against temperature (65 °C) and extreme pH (2.0 and 13.0). The compact microparticles exhibited smooth or indented surfaces with internal diameters ranging between 2.58-4.69 μm and ζ ~ -26 mV. The encapsulation efficiencies were 86 % and 56 % for chitosan and maltodextrin microparticles, respectively. The shifted endothermic peaks of the free colorants indicated their physical stabilization into microparticles. The encapsulated colorants retained most of their absorbance (compared to the 0 h) even after 25 days at 65 °C. Contrary, the free colorant presented almost no absorbance after 1 day under the same conditions. Colorants in chitosan and maltodextrin matrices also partially maintained their colorimetric and fluorometric properties at acidic pH. However, only maltodextrin improved the resistance of the red colorant to alkaline environments. For the first time, the potential of polysaccharide-based microparticles to preserve polyketide colorants was demonstrated using 3D fluorescence. Therefore, this study demonstrated an alternative in developing functional products with natural color additives., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84), a medium-chain fatty acid receptor, has garnered attention because of its potential involvement in a range of metabolic conditions. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this effect remain elusive. Our study has shed light on the pivotal role of GPR84, revealing its robust expression and functional significance within brown adipose tissue (BAT). Mice lacking GPR84 exhibited increased lipid accumulation in BAT, rendering them more susceptible to cold exposure and displaying reduced BAT activity compared with their WT counterparts. Our in vitro experiments with primary brown adipocytes from GPR84-KO mice revealed diminished expression of thermogenic genes and reduced O2 consumption. Furthermore, the application of the GPR84 agonist 6-n-octylaminouracil (6-OAU) counteracted these effects, effectively reinstating the brown adipocyte activity. These compelling in vivo and in vitro findings converge to highlight mitochondrial dysfunction as the primary cause of BAT anomalies in GPR84-KO mice. The activation of GPR84 induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels, which intricately influenced mitochondrial respiration. By modulating mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and respiration, GPR84 acts as a potent molecule involved in BAT activity. These findings suggest that GPR84 is a potential therapeutic target for invigorating BAT and ameliorating metabolic disorders.

Insulin (INS) resistance is often found in cancer-bearing, but its correlation with cachexia development is not completely established. This study investigated the temporal sequence of the development of INS resistance and cachexia to establish the relationship between these factors in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats (TB rats). INS hepatic sensitivity and INS resistance-inducing factors, such as free fatty acids (FFA) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were also evaluated. Studies were carried out on Days 2, 5, 8, and/or 12 after inoculation of tumor cells in rats. The peripheral INS sensitivity was assessed by the INS tolerance test and the INS hepatic sensitivity in in situ liver perfusion. TB rats with 5, 8, and 12 days of tumor, but not 2 days, showed decreased peripheral INS sensitivity (INS resistance), retroperitoneal fat, and body weight, compared to healthy rats, which were more pronounced on Day 12. Gastrocnemius muscle wasting was observed only on Day 12 of tumor. The peripheral INS resistance was significantly correlated (r = -.81) with weight loss. Liver INS sensitivity of TB rats with 2 and 5 days of tumor was unchanged, compared to healthy rats. TB rats with 12 days of tumor showed increased plasma FFA and increased TNF-α in retroperitoneal fat and liver, but not in the gastrocnemius, compared to healthy rats. In conclusion, peripheral INS resistance is early, starts along with fat and weight loss and before muscle wasting, progressive, and correlated with cachexia, suggesting that it may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the cachectic process in TB rats. Therefore, early correction of INS resistance may be a therapeutic approach to prevent and treat cancer cachexia., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: Sialic acid is a terminal monosaccharide of glycans in glycoproteins and glycolipids, and its derivation from glucose is regulated by the rate-limiting enzyme UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE). Although the glycans on key endogenous hepatic proteins governing glucose metabolism are sialylated, how sialic acid synthesis and sialylation in the liver influence glucose homeostasis is unknown. Studies were designed to fill this knowledge gap., Methods: To decrease the production of sialic acid and sialylation in hepatocytes, a hepatocyte-specific GNE knockdown mouse model was generated, and systemic glucose metabolism, hepatic insulin signaling and glucagon signaling were evaluated in vivo or in primary hepatocytes. Peripheral insulin sensitivity was also assessed. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which sialylation in the liver influences hepatic insulin signaling and glucagon signaling and peripheral insulin sensitivity were identified., Results: Liver GNE deletion in mice caused an impairment of insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production. This was due to a decrease in the sialylation of hepatic insulin receptors (IR) and a decline in IR abundance due to exaggerated degradation through the Eph receptor B4. Hepatic GNE deficiency also caused a blunting of hepatic glucagon receptor (GCGR) function which was related to a decline in its sialylation and affinity for glucagon. An accompanying upregulation of hepatic FGF21 production caused an enhancement of skeletal muscle glucose disposal that led to an overall increase in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity., Conclusion: These collective observations reveal that hepatic sialic acid synthesis and sialylation modulate glucose homeostasis in both the liver and skeletal muscle. By interrogating how hepatic sialic acid synthesis influences glucose control mechanisms in the liver, a new metabolic cycle has been identified in which a key constituent of glycans generated from glucose modulates the systemic control of its precursor., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

This work aimed to evaluate the properties of butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) degraded after 1800 days of storage (DPBAT) by preparing blends (films) with crosslinked starch (Cm) through extrusion and thermocompression. Different ratios of DPBAT:Cm (70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 m/m) were prepared. The incorporation of Cm into DPBAT significantly changed the properties of the films by making them stiffer (increasing Young's modulus by up to 50%) and increasing the thermal resistance of DPBAT. The presence of crosslinked starch in the films made them less hydrophobic (with decreased contact angle and increased moisture content), but these parameters did not vary linearly with changes in the content of crosslinked starch in the blend (DPBAT:Cm). The microscopic images show an inhomogeneous distribution of Cm granules in the DPBAT matrix. Thus, the films prepared with PBAT show a significant decrease in their mechanical parameters and heat resistance after long-term storage. However, the preparation of blends of degraded DPBAT with crosslinked starch promoted changes in the properties of the films prepared by thermocompression, which could be useful for disposable packaging.

The use of fruits and their by-products in food has dramatically impacted the food industry due to the nutritional benefits and the technological and sensory effects of food matrices. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of adding cupuassu ( Theobroma grandiflorum ) pulp and flour on fermented milk beverages' physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties during refrigerated storage (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Twelve formulations were realized with different percentages of cupuassu pulp (0, 5, 7.5, and 10% w / v ) and flour (0, 1.5, and 3% w / v ). The treatments with 3% cupuassu flour presented the highest percentages of protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrates, compared with the samples containing pulp. On the other hand, the addition of pulp increased water retention capacity and color parameters ( L* , a* , b* , and C* ) and decreased pH and syneresis on day 0 of storage. During storage, the samples with pulp showed increases in pH values, consistency index, and apparent viscosity. In comparison, cupuassu flour addition decreased syneresis values and increased L* and b* during storage, as did pulp. In addition, sample HPHF (10% pulp and 3% cupuassu flour), based on just-about-right, penalty, and check-all-that-apply analyses, improved some sensory attributes of the fermented milk beverage, such as brown color, acid taste, bitter taste, cupuassu flavor, and firm texture. It can be concluded that cupuassu pulp and flour addition improves the physicochemical and sensory quality of fermented milk beverages and can provide nutritional value to the product.

Background: Interest in natural pigments has grown due to the negative aspects caused by synthetic options, which trigger damage to the body and the environment. Research with natural pigments produced by microorganisms becomes viable in relation to other pigments extracted from animals or plants, as microorganisms have advantages in terms of versatility and productivity. Thus, production technologies are protected by patents., Methods: To evaluate the evolution of research and technological development on producing natural pigments by different microorganisms through scientific and technological prospection. Scientific prospecting was done by searching articles published from 2010 to 2020 in the Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases. Technological prospecting was carried out with patents obtained from the European Patent Office (ESPACENET) database., Results: The searches were based on the keywords "pigment" and "dye" crossed with microalgae, fungi, bacteria and yeast. A total of 2.811 articles and 451 patents were selected. Scientific prospecting has shown interest in alternative cultivation media, and among the microorganisms that produce pigments, fungi and microalgae are the most studied., Conclusion: Technological prospecting showed that 375 (83%) recovered patent documents refer to the protection of pigment extraction and production techniques and that the largest patent holders are private companies, followed by Chinese universities., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Lentinus crinitus bioaccumulates lithium in mycelia, but bioaccumulation may be affected by pH of the culture medium. Lithium is used in clinical practice as a mood stabilizer and antidepressant. This study aimed to assess the effect of culture medium pH and lithium source (LiCl or Li 2 CO 3 ) on lithium bioaccumulation in vegetative mycelia of L. crinitus grown in malt extract broth. Lentinus crinitus U9-1 was cultured in malt extract broth supplemented with Li 2 CO 3 or LiCl (50 mg L -1 lithium) in the pH range of 3.0 to 6.0. The pH was adjusted using HCl solution. The results showed that medium pH affected mycelial biomass production, lithium bioaccumulation in mycelial biomass, and lithium transfer from the culture medium to mycelial biomass. The effect of lithium source on the bioaccumulation capacity of mycelial biomass varied according to pH. At pH 4.0, both lithium sources stimulated mycelial biomass production compared to the control without the addition of lithium. At pH 5.5, Li 2 CO 3 provided the highest lithium bioaccumulation in mycelial biomass. Lithium transfer from the culture medium to mycelia was highest in Li 2 CO 3 -supplemented cultures at pH 4.5. LiCl reduced hyphal width compared with Li 2 CO 3 and the control. However, pH and lithium sources did not affect the formation of clamp connections in hyphae. For the first time, the influence of the pH of the culture medium on lithium bioaccumulation by Lentinus crinitus is reported. Finally, we conclude that the culture medium pH affected lithium transfer and bioaccumulation in mycelial biomass differently depending on the lithium source. Additionally, we report the presence of clamp connections in the hyphae of L. crinitus as an indicator of even growth., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Caveolin-1 (cav1) is an important structural and signaling component of plasma membrane invaginations called caveolae and is abundant in adipocytes. As previously reported, adipocyte-specific ablation of the cav1 gene (ad-cav1 knockout [KO] mouse) does not result in elimination of the protein, as cav1 protein traffics to adipocytes from neighboring endothelial cells. However, this mouse is a functional KO because adipocyte caveolar structures are depleted. Compared with controls, ad-cav1KO mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) display improved whole-body glucose clearance despite complete loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, blunted insulin-stimulated AKT activation in metabolic tissues, and partial lipodystrophy. The cause is increased insulin-independent glucose uptake by white adipose tissue (AT) and reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, HFD-fed ad-cav1KO mice display significant AT inflammation, fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysregulated lipid metabolism. The glucose clearance phenotype of the ad-cav1KO mice is at least partially mediated by AT small extracellular vesicles (AT-sEVs). Injection of control mice with AT-sEVs from ad-cav1KO mice phenocopies ad-cav1KO characteristics. Interestingly, AT-sEVs from ad-cav1KO mice propagate the phenotype of the AT to the liver. These data indicate that ad-cav1 is essential for healthy adaptation of the AT to overnutrition and prevents aberrant propagation of negative phenotypes to other organs by EVs., (© 2022 by the American Diabetes Association.)

Insects present great potential for the food industry due to their easier rearing conditions and high nutritional value, in comparison with traditional livestock. However, there is a lack of evaluation of the technological status of food products developed with edible insects. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the emergent technological and scientific applications of edible insects in the food industry through a prospective study of patent documents and research articles. Espacenet was used as a research tool, applying the terms Insect, Pupa, Larva, or Nymph and the codes A23L33 and A23V2002. A total of 1139 documents were found-341 were related to the study. Orbit ® was used to evaluate technological domains and clusters of concepts. Scopus database research was performed to assess the prevalence of insect research, with the term "edible and insect*". The main insects used were silkworms, bees, beetles, mealworms, crickets, and cicadas. Protein isolates were the predominant technology, as they function as an ingredient in food products or supplements. A diverse application possibility for insects was found due to their nutritional composition. The insect market is expected to increase significantly in the next years, representing an opportunity to develop novel high-quality/sustainable products.

The molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced increases in β cell mass and the resulting β cell dysfunction need to be elucidated further. Our study revealed that GPR92, expressed in islet macrophages, is modulated by dietary interventions in metabolic tissues. Therefore, we aimed to define the role of GPR92 in islet inflammation by using a high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) obese mouse model. GPR92-KO mice exhibited glucose intolerance and reduced insulin levels - despite the enlarged pancreatic islets - as well as increased islet macrophage content and inflammation level compared with WT mice. These results indicate that the lack of GPR92 in islet macrophages can cause β cell dysfunction, leading to disrupted glucose homeostasis. Alternatively, stimulation with the GPR92 agonist farnesyl pyrophosphate results in the inhibition of HFD-induced islet inflammation and increased insulin secretion in WT mice, but not in GPR92-KO mice. Thus, our study suggests that GPR92 can be a potential target to alleviate β cell dysfunction via the inhibition of islet inflammation associated with the progression of diabetes.

Edible insects are a potential alternative food source of high feed conversion efficiency and protein content. Zophobas atratus is an edible insect that adapts to different diets, enabling sustainable rearing by adding value to by-products and agro-industrial residues. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and nutritional characterization of Zophobas atratus larvae fed with different proportions of grape residue. Physicochemical analysis of the diets and larvae (AOAC procedures), fatty acid profile (chromatographic techniques), metals and non-metals (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry), larval mass gain, feed conversion efficiency, and mortality rate were assessed. The replacement of 25% of the conventional diet with grape residue increased lipid, ash, and fiber contents and reduced protein, carbohydrates, and energy. It promoted greater mass gain, lower mortality rate, and reduced larval growth time by 51%. Among the replacements, 25% resulted in the second-highest content of calcium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc, and the lowest content of potassium and phosphorus in the larvae. The 100% replacement resulted in the highest amounts of C18:2n6 (27.8%), C18:3n3 (2.2%), and PUFA (30.0%). Replacing 25% of the conventional diet with grape residue is equivalent to the conventional diet in many aspects and improves several larvae performance indices and nutritional values.

Microalgae lipids offer numerous advantages over those of plants and animals, enabling the sustainable commercialization of high value-added products in different markets. Although these markets are in a vertiginous annual expansion, technological life cycle modeling is a tool that has been rarely used for microalgae. Life cycle modeling is capable of assisting with decision-making based on data and is considered as a versatile model, usable in multiple software analyzing and diagnostic tasks. Modeling technological trends makes it possible to categorize the development level of the market and predict phase changes, reducing uncertainties and increasing investments. This study aims to fill this gap by performing a global analysis and modeling of microalgal lipid innovations. The Espacenet and Orbit platforms were used by crossing the keywords "microalgae", "lipid*", and the IPC code C12 (biochemistry and microbiology). Different sigmoid growth models were used in the present study. A successive repetition of the Chlorella genus category was found in the keyword clusters regarding extraction and separation of lipids. The life cycle S curve indicates a market starting at the maturity phase, where the BiDoseResp model stands out. The main countries and institutions at the technological forefront are shown, as well as potential technological domains for opening new markets.

Lentinus crinitus (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is a saprophytic fungus with biotechnological importance described more than 20 years ago. However, there are few studies on the long-term preservation of this basidiomycete. Cryopreservation is a long-term storage technique that reduces the metabolic activity of microorganisms, but its success depends on the adjustment of the freezing process, the cryoprotectants, and the protective substrates for each species. This study aimed to assess the mycelial viability and genetic stability of L. crinitus strains cryopreserved at -86 °C for two years by the wheat grain technique using different cryoprotectants and freezing methods. Three strains of L. crinitus (U9-1, U13-5, and U15-12) were subjected to different concentrations and types of cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, glucose, and sucrose), freezing methods such as immediate freezing from 25 to -86 °C and progressing freezing from 25 to -86 °C in a freezing container with isopropyl alcohol to control the rate of cell freezing at -1 °C min -1 , protective substrate (wheat grain and 2% malt extract agar), and cryopreservation period (1, 6, 12, and 24 months). After thawing, samples were evaluated for mycelial viability, time to mycelial recovery, mycelial stability, and genetic stability of the fungus. All techniques achieved effective cryopreservation at -86 °C, mainly with the wheat grain technique. All cryoprotectants (3.5% glycerol, 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, 25% sucrose, and 5% glucose), freezing methods (immediate and gradual), and protective substrate (wheat grain and malt extract agar) were effective for cryopreservation of the three L.crinitus strains in an ultra-low temperature freezer for two years. Mycelial viability, mycelial stability, and genetic stability of the fungus were not affected after two-year cryopreservation, evidencing the robustness of the long-term cryopreservation technique and the fungus., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Lentinus crinitus basidiocarps are an alternative to antimicrobials, but the stipe (24% basidiocarp) is discarded even with potential antimicrobial activity. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of L. crinitus basidiocarp pileus and stipe extracts against foodborne pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. Basidiocarps of L. crinitus were grown in sugarcane bagasse and rice husks and the pileus and stipe methanolic extract was analyzed by broth microdilution method for antimicrobial activity against eight bacteria and eight fungi. The minimum bactericidal concentration values for pileus and stipe ranged from 0.40 to 0.50 mg mL - 1 , for streptomycin from 0.10 to 0.50 mg mL - 1 , and for ampicillin from 0.40 to 1.20 mg mL - 1 . The minimum fungicidal concentration values for pileus and stipe ranged from 0.06 to 0.60 mg mL - 1 , for bifonazole from 0.20 to 0.25 mg mL - 1 , and for ketoconazole from 0.30 to 3.50 mg mL - 1 . Extracts had bacteriostatic, bactericidal, fungistatic and fungicidal activity against all microorganisms, but with greater efficiency and specificity for some microorganisms. Both pileus and stipe are promising and sustainable alternatives for use in food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

This study aimed to compare the physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, and sensory attributes of the meat from three genetic groups: Nellore (Nell), ½ Nellore × ½ Angus (NeAn), and ¼ Nellore × ¼ Angus × ½ Senepol (NASe). Longissimus lumborum muscle from 30 slaughtered bulls with a body weight of 549 ± 32.5 kg was used. The water holding capacity was greater for the Nell and NeAn groups than for the NASe group. Meat samples from the NASe group exhibited a higher L* index than those from the NeAn group and lower a* and b* color indexes than those from the Nell group. The meat fatty acid profiles showed that the Nell group had higher concentrations of 12:0, 14:0, 18:1 t11, 14:1 c9, 16:1 c9, 18:1 c9, 18:1 c11, 18:2 c9, t11 (conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)), and 20:3 n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) than the NeAn and NASe groups. The total saturated (ΣSFA), unsaturated (ΣUFA), and monounsaturated (ΣMUFA) fatty acid concentrations were higher and the ΣPUFA:ΣSFA ratio was lower in the Nell group than in the NeAn group. The Δ 9 -desaturase C16 activity was significantly higher in the Nell and NASe groups than in the NeAn group. The atherogenicity index (AI) tended to be lower in the crossbreeds than in the Nell breed. The NASe group presented meat with better tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptance than the Nell and NeAn groups and was therefore the best genetic group for beef production of the tested groups., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are recognised factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Evidence suggests that intake of industrial trans fatty acids (TFAs) promotes endothelial dysfunction, while ruminant TFAs may have the opposite effect. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of elaidic acid (EA (18:1n-9t); an industrially produced TFA) and trans vaccenic acid (TVA (18:1n-7t); a natural TFA found in ruminant milk and meat) on inflammatory responses of endothelial cells (ECs). ECs (EA.hy926 cells) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to TFAs (1 to 50 μM) for 48 h. Then, the cells were cultured for a further 6 or 24 h with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, 1 ng/mL) as an inflammatory stimulant. ECs remained viable after treatments. TFAs were incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) increased production of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 in response to TNF-α, while preincubation with TVA (1 µM) decreased production of ICAM-1 and RANTES in response to TNF-α. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) upregulated toll-like receptor 4 and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in response to TNF-α. In contrast, preincubation with TVA (1 µM) downregulated TNF-α induced nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 gene expression. Preincubation of ECs with EA (50 µM) increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion. In contrast, preincubation of ECs with TVA (1 µM) reduced THP-1 monocyte adhesion, while preincubation of ECs with TVA (50 µM) decreased the level of surface expression of ICAM-1 seen following TNF-α stimulation. The results suggest that TVA has some anti-inflammatory properties, while EA enhances the response to an inflammatory stimulus. These findings suggest differential effects induced by the TFAs tested, fitting with the idea that industrial TFAs and ruminant TFAs can have different and perhaps opposing biological actions in an inflammatory context.

Liver steatosis is one of the main drivers for the development of whole-body insulin resistance. Conversely, aerobic training (AT) has been suggested as non-pharmacological tool to improve liver steatosis, however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of 8-weeks AT in non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) outcomes in obese mice. Male C57BL/6 J wild type (WT) were fed with standard (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12-weeks. Another group fed with HFD underwent 8-weeks of AT (60% of maximum velocity), initiated at the 5th week of experimental protocol. We measured metabolic, body composition parameters, protein and gene expression inflammatory and metabolic mediators. We found that AT attenuates the weight gain, but not body fat accumulation. AT improved triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid plasma concentrations, and also whole-body insulin resistance. Regarding NAFLD, AT decreased the progression of macrovesicular steatosis and inflammation through the upregulation of AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation and PPAR-α protein expression. Moreover, although no effects of intervention in PPAR-γ protein concentration were observed, we found increased levels of its target genes Cd36 and Scd1 in exercised group, demonstrating augmented transcriptional activity. AT reduced liver cytokines concentrations, such as TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1 and IL-6, regardless of increased Ser536 NF-κB phosphorylation. In fact, none of the interventions regulated NF-κB target genes Il1b and Cccl2, demonstrating its low transcriptional activity. Therefore, we conclude that AT attenuates the progression of liver macrovesicular steatosis and inflammation through AMPK-PPAR-α signaling and PPAR-γ activation, respectively, improving insulin resistance in obese mice., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The search for technological applications for oils has been growing largely due to their potential nutritional and economic applications. Encapsulation makes it possible to reduce the disadvantages of oils, such as physical instability or thermodynamics, or to improve their technological properties, enabling their use in various industrial areas. Nanoencapsulated oils have the potential to improve oil bioavailability and achieve controlled release and are able to target bioactive compounds with greater precision than microencapsulated oils. The present study aims to evaluate the primary characteristics and profiles of the technological prospection of oil nanoparticles. This technology foresight study investigates the patenting activity and the academic literature to map out the technological progress and difficulties in the area of nanoencapsulation. Exponential growth in patent filing was noted with a peak in 2017, with China filing the highest number of patents. Regarding the area of application, the food industry was most common followed by the pharmaceutical industry. The most commonly used terms in patent documents on the subject were nanoemulsion and nanoparticle. The most commonly used oil, technique, wall materials and emulsifiers were soybean oil, emulsification, chitosan and lecithin, and Span 80, Tween 80 and Tween 40, respectively. The obtained articles were typically patent documents. The main depositor was Jiangnan University, and most inventors filed the same number of patent documents. Nanoencapsulation of oils has many known advantages that have been widely published in the literature and used by industry. There is a trend in the growth of patent document deposits and related scientific publications, indicating that many innovations have been made, highlighting the importance of oil nanoencapsulation., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The primary source of EPA and DHA is fatty fish. Plant-derived alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) could provide sustainable land-based alternatives, but their functionality is underexplored. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) may influence atherogenic processes through changing endothelial cell (EC) function and lowering inflammation. This study compared effects of marine- and plant-derived n-3 FAs on EC inflammatory responses. EA.hy926 cells were exposed to ALA, SDA, EPA or DHA prior to stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. All FAs were shown to be incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. SDA (50 μM) decreased both production and cell-surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1; however EPA and DHA resulted in greater reduction of ICAM-1 production and expression. EPA and DHA also significantly lowered production of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. ALA, SDA and DHA (50 μM) all reduced adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to EA.hy926 cells. DHA significantly decreased nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB)p105 gene expression and phosphorylated NFκBp65 protein. Both EPA and DHA (50 μM) significantly decreased cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein. Thus, both marine-derived n-3 FAs, particularly DHA, had potent anti-inflammatory effects in this EC model. Of the plant-derived n-3 FAs, SDA showed the greatest inhibition of inflammation. Although neither ALA nor SDA reproduced the anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and DHA in this model, there is some potential for SDA to be a sustainable anti-inflammatory alternative to the marine n-3 FAs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The composition of brackish groundwater from Brazilian backlands contains important elements necessary for metabolism in microalgae. This study evaluated the use of 100% brackish groundwater with different amounts of Zarrouk nutrients for Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultivation. The growth parameters and biomass composition, including the concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates, ash, lipids, and fatty acids, were evaluated. The best growth parameter results were obtained in the assay using 100% brackish groundwater and only 25% of Zarrouk nutrients, which were equal to those obtained for the control culture. The concentrations of carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased by as much as 4- and 3.3-fold, respectively, when brackish groundwater was used in the cultures. The lipid profile demonstrated that the biomass had the potential for use in biodiesel production. The use of brackish groundwater is a sustainable, economical way to obtain high-quality biomass for different applications during Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultivation.

Bacteria that are capable of accumulating lipids in their cells as storage compounds can also produce polyhydroxyalkanoates of high technological value, depending on the specific culture conditions. The objective of this study was to utilize crude glycerol from biodiesel (CGB) as a substrate, which is a major byproduct from biodiesel production, to produce lipophilic compounds. Bacillus megaterium INCQS 425 was cultivated and evaluated for the production of lipophilic compounds and the properties of these compounds were investigated. Cultivation of the bacteria in a medium with a C:N ratio of 0.60:1 favored the accumulation of lipids by (17.5%) comprising mainly palmitic acid (13.08%), palmitoleic (39.48%), and especially oleic acid (37.02%), which imparts good characteristics to biodiesel. Meanwhile, cultivation of the bacteria in a medium with a C:N ratio of 4:1 favored the accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) (3.31gL -1 ) mainly comprising medium and long chain PHA. Low crystallinity (<30%) and excellent thermal properties make them suitable for processes that demand high temperatures, such as extrusion. The lipids produced in the present study had satisfactory oxidative stability for the production of quality biodiesel. The polyhydroxyalkanoates produced in the study are of low cost and have promising thermal properties that justify its technological potential, thereby configuring highly competitive bioproducts., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Researches about light emitting diodes (LEDs) as energy source in microalgae cultivations has been growing in recent years due to its spectral quality, durability and reduced energy consumption. In this study, green, red and yellow LEDs were evaluated as energy source in Synechococcus nidulans LEB 115 cultures. Productivities and specific growth rates were up to 2.5 times greater than in cultures using fluorescent light. The different LED colors evaluated did not influence the chlorophyll, carotenoid or lipid productions. Biomass cultivated with LEDs showed high amounts of saturated fatty acids (above 48%), which is desirable for biodiesel production. In addition to the Synechococcus nidulans LEB 115 growth stimulation, the application of green, red and yellow LEDs in the cultivations produces potential biomass for biodiesel synthesis and other industrial interest biomolecules utilization., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we evaluated the effects of the storage time on the physicochemical properties, bioactive compound content, and antioxidant capacity of jam prepared from grape peel extract to explore its potential as a supplementary food and/or functional ingredient. The ethanolic extract from Syrah var. grape peel exhibited high bioactive compound concentrations and antioxidant activity. The jam stability (prepared with 8.9% of extract) at 14°C was evaluated at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The jam was found to contain high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds (137.0 ± 3.2 mg of gallic acid equivalent/100 g), total flavonoids (128.5 ± 23.0 mg of equivalent/100 g), and total anthocyanins (92.5 ± 4.0 mg of cyanidin equivalent/100 g). However, a large reduction in the flavonoid (70%-90%), anthocyanin (29%-35%), and phenolic (23%-30%) content was observed during storage. The free radical-scavenging activity (DPPH - ), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays revealed the great antioxidant potential of the jam prepared from grape peel extract, which exhibited significant levels of radical-neutralizing activity, especially as determined by the DPPH method with EC 50 values ranging from 2.3 ± 0.1 to 3.9 ± 0.1 µg/ml. High R 2 values ( p  > 0.90) were obtained for the correlation between the DPPH results and the concentrations of the compounds of interest. In summary, the high bioactive compound contents and antioxidant capacity of the jam produced from grape peel suggest that it may provide health benefits as a source of natural antioxidants upon incorporation to several food industry products., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflict of interest with regard to the described research, the publication of the result, and financial issues.

This study aimed to evaluate the properties of xanthan gum produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 1866 and 1867 from lignocellulosic agroindustrial wastes. XG was produced using an orbital shaker in a culture medium containing coconut shell (CS), cocoa husks (CH), or sucrose (S) minimally supplemented with urea and potassium. The XG production results varied between the CS, CH, and S means, and it was higher with the CH in strains 1866 (4.48 g L -1 ) and 1867 (3.89 g L -1 ). However, there was more apparent viscosity in the S gum (181.88 mPas) and the CS gum (112.06 mPas) for both 1866 and 1867, respectively. The ability of XG CS and XG CH to emulsify different vegetable oils was similar to the ability of XG S . All gums exhibited good thermal stability and marked groups in the elucidation of compounds and particles with rough surfaces.

Scope: Fatty acids (FAs) may affect endothelial cell (EC) function, influencing atherogenesis and inflammatory processes. Palmitoleic acid (POA) has been described as an anti-inflammatory FA. However, its effects on ECs are underexplored. This study compares the effects of POA with those of palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) on EC inflammatory responses., Methods and Results: EAHy926 cells (EC lineage) are exposed to PA, OA, or POA, and stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Associated with the FA's own incorporation, PA induces a twofold increase in arachidonic acid, while POA increases the amount of cis-vaccenic acid. PA, but not OA, enhances the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in response to TNF-α. In contrast, POA decreases production of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, IL-6, and IL-8 compared to PA. TNF-α increases surface intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression previously decreased by POA. TNF-α stimulation increases the expression of NFκB, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, MCP-1, and IL-6 genes and reduces the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α gene. PA enhances the expression of MCP-1, IL-6, and COX-2 genes, while POA downregulates these genes, decreases expression of NFκB, and upregulates PPAR-α gene expression., Conclusion: POA has anti-inflammatory effects on ECs stimulated with TNF-α and may counter endothelial dysfunction., (© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

In this study, we investigated the cellular fatty acid profiles of different Xanthomonas pathovars producing xanthan gum and explored the fatty acid composition to identify chemical markers of xanthan gum productivity and quality. Three Xanthomonas pathovars were studied. The fermentation was conducted for 168 h. Samples from the fermented medium were collected for extraction, quantification, and characterization of xanthan. The unsaturated/saturated (U/S) fatty acid ratio in Xanthomonas cells during fermentation was correlated with production, viscosity, and molecular weight of the gum obtained at each 24 h. The Xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis 290 strain showed a higher U/S ratio for major cell fatty acids (C16:1ω7/C16:0) as compared with the other two strains; this high ratio was directly associated with xanthan production. No correlation was observed between cellular fatty acid composition and characteristics of xanthan synthesized. Thus, it was possible to determine a production chemical marker for xanthan gum in Xanthomonas strains., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although dietary fatty acids can modulate metabolic and immune responses, the effects of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) remain unclear. Since this monounsaturated fatty acid is described as a lipokine, studies with cell culture and rodent models have suggested it enhances whole body insulin sensitivity, stimulates insulin secretion by β cells, increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation, improves the blood lipid profile, and alters macrophage differentiation. However, human studies report elevated blood levels of palmitoleic acid in people with obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings might be reflection of the level or activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, which synthesizes palmitoleate and is enhanced in liver and adipose tissue of obese patients. The aim of this review is to describe the immune-metabolic effects of palmitoleic acid observed in cell culture, animal models, and humans to answer the question of whether palmitoleic acid is a plausible nonpharmacological strategy to prevent, control, or ameliorate chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Despite the beneficial effects observed in cell culture and in animal studies, there are insufficient human intervention studies to fully understand the physiological effects of palmitoleic acid. Therefore, more human-based research is needed to identify whether palmitoleic acid meets the promising therapeutic potential suggested by the preclinical research., (© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Background: Palmitoleic acid, since described as lipokine, increases glucose uptake by modulation of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as well as increasing lipolysis by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), in adipose tissue. However, in liver, the effects of palmitoleic acid on glucose metabolism and the role of PPARα remain unknown., Objective: To investigate whether palmitoleic acid improved the hepatic insulin sensitivity of obese mice., Methods: C57BL6 and PPARα knockout (KO) mice were fed for 12 weeks with a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HF), and in the last 2 weeks were treated with oleic or palmitoleic acid., Results: Palmitoleic acid promoted a faster uptake of glucose in the body, associated with higher insulin concentration; however, even when stimulated with insulin, palmitoleic acid did not modulate the insulin pathway (AKT, IRS). Palmitoleic acid increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, upregulated glucokinase and downregulated SREBP-1. Regarding AMPK downstream, palmitoleic acid increased the production of FGF-21 and stimulated the expression of PPARα. Palmitoleic acid treatment did not increase AMPK phosphorylation, modulate glucokinase or increase FGF-21 in liver of PPARα KO mice., Conclusions: In mice fed with a high-fat diet, palmitoleic acid supplementation stimulated the uptake of glucose in liver through activation of AMPK and FGF-21, dependent on PPARα. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2168-2177, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The aim of this study was to analyze physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during simulated competition. To this end, 10 athletes (age: 28 ± 4 years, body mass: 81.8 ± 7.4 kg, body fat: 13.0 ± 4.8%, systematic practice: 11 ± 4 years) were analyzed in simulated competition (4 matches of 10 minutes). Blood samples were taken to assess energy demand, hormonal responses, and cell damage. Additionally, the heart rate variability (HRV) response was analyzed. The main results show that in simulated competition, during the last matches, athletes had lower lactate (p < 0.001), epinephrine (p < 0.001), norepinephrine (p < 0.001), and insulin (p = 0.002) concentrations. Increases observed in creatine kinase (p < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.007), and creatinine (p < 0.001) seen, especially, in the last matches are indicative of possible cell damage. The HRV reflected a decrease in the RR medium (average of the normal R-R intervals) (p = 0.001) during the competition. Thus, it is concluded that successive matches from competition generate a gradual decrease of adrenergic and glycolytic activities, which is accompanied by a gradual increase in cell damage markers and decrease in the RR medium of the HRV.

Aim: In this study, we aimed at investigating the involvement of the warmth-sensitive channel - TRPV4 (in vitro sensitive to temperatures in the range of approx. 24-34 °C) - on the thermoregulatory mechanisms in rats., Methods: We treated rats with a chemical selective agonist (RN-1747) and two antagonists (RN-1734 and HC-067047) of the TRPV4 channel and measured core body temperature, metabolism, heat loss index and preferred ambient temperature., Results: Our data revealed that chemical activation of TRPV4 channels by topical application of RN-1747 on the skin leads to hypothermia and this effect was blocked by the pre-treatment with the selective antagonist of this channel. Intracerebroventricular treatment with RN-1747 did not cause hypothermia, indicating that the observed response was indeed due to activation of TRPV4 channels in the periphery. Intravenous blockade of this channel with HC-067047 caused an increase in core body temperature at ambient temperature of 26 and 30 °C, but not at 22 and 32 °C. At 26 °C, HC-067047-induced hyperthermia was accompanied by increase in oxygen consumption (an index of thermogenesis), while chemical stimulation of TRPV4 increased tail heat loss, indicating that these two autonomic thermoeffectors in the rat are modulated through TRPV4 channels. Furthermore, rats chemically stimulated with TRPV4 agonist choose colder ambient temperatures and cold-seeking behaviour after thermal stimulation (28-31 °C) was inhibited by TRPV4 antagonist., Conclusion: Our results suggest, for the first time, that TRPV4 channel is involved in the recruitment of behavioural and autonomic warmth-defence responses to regulate core body temperature., (© 2015 Scandinavian Physiological Society. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The contribution of anti-inflammatory property of celecoxib in the improvement of metabolic disorders in cancer is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of celecoxib and ibuprofen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), on several metabolic changes observed in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. The effects of these NSAIDs on the tumor growth were also assessed. Celecoxib or ibuprofen (both at 25 mg/Kg) was administered orally for 12 days, beginning on the day the rats were inoculated with Walker-256 tumor cells. Celecoxib treatment prevented the losses in body mass and mass of retroperitoneal adipose tissue, gastrocnemius, and extensor digitorum longus muscles in tumor-bearing rats. Celecoxib also prevented the rise in blood levels of triacylglycerol, urea, and lactate, the inhibition of peripheral response to insulin and hepatic glycolysis, and tended to attenuate the decrease in the food intake, but had no effect on the reduction of glycemia induced by the tumor. In addition, celecoxib treatment increased the number of Walker-256 cells with signs of apoptosis and the tumor necrosis area and prevented the tumor growth. In contrast, ibuprofen treatment had no effect on metabolic parameters affected by the Walker-256 tumor or tumor growth. It can be concluded that celecoxib, unlike ibuprofen, ameliorated several metabolic changes in rats with Walker-256 tumor due to its anti-tumor effect and not its anti-inflammatory property.

Background/aims: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of celecoxib and ibuprofen, both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), on the decreased gluconeogenesis observed in liver of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats., Methods: Celecoxib and ibuprofen (both at 25 mg/Kg) were orally administered for 12 days, beginning on the same day when the rats were inoculated with Walker-256 tumor cells., Results: Celecoxib and ibuprofen treatment reversed the reduced production of glucose, pyruvate, lactate and urea from alanine as well as the reduced production of glucose from pyruvate and lactate in perfused liver from tumor-bearing rats. Besides, celecoxib and ibuprofen treatment restored the decreased ATP content, increased triacylglycerol levels and reduced mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), while ibuprofen treatment restored the reduced mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in the liver of tumor-bearing rats. Both treatments tended to decrease TNFα, IL6 and IL10 in the liver of tumor-bearing rats. Finally, the treatment with celecoxib, but not with ibuprofen, reduced the growth of Walker-256 tumor., Conclusion: Celecoxib and ibuprofen restored the decreased gluconeogenesis in the liver of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. These effects did not involve changes in tumor growth and probably occurred by anti-inflammatory properties of these NSAIDs, which increased expression of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation (PPARα and CPT1) and consequently the ATP production, normalizing the energy status in the liver of tumor-bearing rats., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

The aim of this study was to characterize and determine the bi-functional efficacy of active packaging films produced with starch (4%) and glycerol (1.0%), reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (0-1%) and activated with alcoholic extracts of red propolis (0.4 to 1.0%). The cellulose nanocrystals used in this study were extracted from licuri leaves. The films were characterized using moisture, water-activity analyses and water vapor-permeability tests and were tested regarding their total phenolic compounds and mechanical properties. The antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of the films were evaluated by monitoring the use of the active films for packaging cheese curds and butter, respectively. The cellulose nanocrystals increased the mechanical strength of the films and reduced the water permeability and water activity. The active film had an antimicrobial effect on coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheese curds and reduced the oxidation of butter during storage.

Background: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is implicated in the development of insulin resistance in obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer. However, its ability to modulate the action of insulin on glycogen catabolism in the liver is controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether TNFα acutely affects the suppression by insulin of hepatic glucose production (HGP) and glycogenolysis stimulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)., Methods: TNFα (10 μg/kg) was injected intravenously to rats and, 1 or 6h later, their livers were subjected to in situ perfusion with cAMP (3 μM), in the presence or absence of physiological (20 μU/mL) or supraphysiological (500 μU/mL) concentrations of insulin., Results: The injection of TNFα, 1 or 6h before liver perfusion, had no direct effect on the action of cAMP in stimulating HGP and glycogenolysis. However, when TNFα was injected 1h, but not 6h, before liver perfusion it completely abolished (p<0.05) the suppressive effect of 20 μU/mL insulin on HGP and glycogenolysis stimulated by cAMP. Furthermore, the injection of TNFα 1h or 6h before liver perfusion did not influence the suppression of cAMP-stimulated HGP and glycogenolysis by 500 μU/mL insulin., Conclusion: TNFα acutely abolished the suppressive effect of physiological, but not supraphysiological, levels of insulin on HGP and glycogenolysis stimulated by cAMP, suggesting an important role of this mechanism to the increased HGP in several pathological states., (Copyright © 2014 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.)

Background/aims: The objective of the current work was to test the effect of metformin on the tumor growth in rats with metabolic syndrome., Methods: We obtained pre-diabetic hyperinsulinemic rats by neonatal treatment with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), which were chronically treated every day, from weaning to 100 day old, with dose of metformin (250 mg/kg body weight). After the end of metformin treatment, the control and MSG rats, treated or untreated with metformin, were grafted with Walker 256 carcinoma cells. Tumor weight was evaluated 14 days after cancer cell inoculation. The blood insulin, glucose levels and glucose-induced insulin secretion were evaluated., Results: Chronic metformin treatment improved the glycemic homeostasis in pre-diabetic MSG-rats, glucose intolerance, tissue insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and decreased the fat tissue accretion. Meanwhile, the metformin treatment did not interfere with the glucose insulinotropic effect on isolated pancreatic islets. Chronic treatment with metformin was able to decrease the Walker 256 tumor weight by 37% in control and MSG rats. The data demonstrated that the anticancer effect of metformin is not related to its role in correcting metabolism imbalances, such as hyperinsulinemia. However, in morphological assay to apoptosis, metformin treatment increased programmed cell death., Conclusion: Metformin may have a direct effect on cancer growth, and it may programs the rat organism to attenuate the growth of Walker 256 carcinoma.

Background: Effects of palm olein (POL) on calcium and fat metabolic balance and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance have been clinically evaluated but its use in combination with palm kernel oil (PKO), and canola oil has not been similarly assessed in infants., Methods: Calcium and fat balance and GI tolerance were evaluated in 33 healthy term infants (age = 68-159 d) in a randomized, double-blinded, 14 d crossover trial at a day care center in Salvador, Brazil; followed by a 4d hospital ward metabolic balance study in 17 of the male subjects. The study compared two commercially available milk-based powdered formulas in Brazil; one containing POL (44% of total fat), PKO (21.7%) and canola oil (18.5%) as predominant fats (PALM), and the other containing none (NoPALM). Occasional human milk (HM) supplementation was allowed at home., Results: Formula and HM intakes, and growth were not different (p > 0.05). Calcium absorption (%) for infants fed NoPALM (58.8 ± 16.7%; means ± SD) was higher (p = 0.023) than those fed PALM (42.1 ± 19.2%), but was not significant (p = 0.104) when calcium intake was used as a covariate. Calcium intake was higher (p < 0.001) in NoPALM versus PALM fed infants. However, calcium retention (%) was higher in infants fed NoPALM compared to PALM with (p = 0.024) or without (p = 0.015) calcium intake as a covariate. Fat absorption (%) for NoPALM was greater than PALM fed infants (NoPALM = 96.9 ± 1.2 > PALM = 95.1 ± 1.5; p = 0.020 in Study Period I). Mean rank stool consistency was softer in infants fed NoPALM versus PALM (p < 0.001; metabolic period). Adverse events, spit-up/vomit, fussiness and gassiness were not different (p > 0.05). Formula acceptability was high and comparable for both formula feedings, regardless of HM supplementation., Conclusions: Term infants fed PALM based formula (containing palm olein, palm kernel and canola oils) demonstrated lower calcium retention and fat absorption, and less softer stool consistency versus infants fed NoPALM based formula. Study suggested formula fat differences may affect GI function in infants.

Objective: To assess the functional and psychological features of patients immediately after discharge from the intensive care unit., Methods: Prospective cohort study. Questionnaires and scales assessing the degree of dependence and functional capacity (modified Barthel and Karnofsky scales) and psychological problems (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), in addition to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, were administered during interviews conducted over the first week after intensive care unit discharge, to all survivors who had been admitted to this service from August to November 2012 and had remained longer than 72 hours., Results: The degree of dependence as measured by the modified Barthel scale increased after intensive care unit discharge compared with the data before admission (57 ± 30 versus 47 ± 36; p < 0.001) in all 79 participants. This impairment was homogeneous among all the categories in the modified Barthel scale (p < 0.001) in the 64 participants who were independent or partially dependent (Karnofsky score ≥ 40) before admission. The impairment affected the categories of personal hygiene (p = 0.01) and stair climbing (p = 0.04) only in the 15 participants who were highly dependent (Karnofsky score < 40) before admission. Assessment of the psychological changes identified mood disorders (anxiety and/or depression) in 31% of the sample, whereas sleep disorders occurred in 43.3%., Conclusions: Patients who remained in an intensive care unit for 72 hours or longer exhibited a reduced functional capacity and an increased degree of dependence during the first week after intensive care unit discharge. In addition, the incidence of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and sleep disorders was high among that population.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a cytokine involved in many metabolic responses in both normal and pathological states. Considering that the effects of TNFα on hepatic gluconeogenesis are inconclusive, we investigated the influence of this cytokine in gluconeogenesis from various glucose precursors. TNFα (10 μg/kg) was intravenously injected in rats; 6 h later, gluconeogenesis from alanine, lactate, glutamine, glycerol, and several related metabolic parameters were evaluated in situ perfused liver. TNFα reduced the hepatic glucose production (p < 0.001), increased the pyruvate production (p < 0.01), and had no effect on the lactate and urea production from alanine. TNFα also reduced the glucose production (p < 0.01), but had no effect on the pyruvate production from lactate. In addition, TNFα did not alter the hepatic glucose production from glutamine nor from glycerol. It can be concluded that the TNFα inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis from alanine and lactate, which enter in gluconeogenic pathway before the pyruvate carboxylase step, but not from glutamine and glycerol, which enter in this pathway after the pyruvate carboxylase step, suggesting an important role of this metabolic step in the changes mediated by TNFα.

Few studies have investigated liver gluconeogenesis in cancer and there is no agreement as to whether the activity of this pathway is increased or decreased in this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate gluconeogenesis from alanine, pyruvate and glycerol, and related metabolic parameters in perfused liver from Walker-256 tumour-bearing rats on days 5 (WK5 group), 8 (WK8 group) and 12 (WK12 group) of tumour development. There was reduction (P < 0.05) of liver glucose production from alanine and pyruvate in WK5, WK8 and WK12 groups, which was accompanied by a decrease (P < 0.05) in oxygen consumption. Moreover, there was higher (P < 0.05) pyruvate and lactate production from alanine in the WK5 group and a marked reduction (P < 0.05) of pyruvate and urea production from alanine in the WK12 group. In addition, liver glucose production and oxygen consumption from glycerol were not reduced in WK5, WK8 and WK12 groups. Thus the, the results show inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis from alanine and pyruvate, but not from glycerol, on days 5, 8 and 12 of Walker-256 tumour development, which can be attributed to the metabolic step in which the substrate enters the gluconeogenic pathway., (© 2012 The Authors. International Journal of Experimental Pathology © 2012 International Journal of Experimental Pathology.)

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of infliximab, an anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) monoclonal antibody, on the progression of cachexia and several metabolic parameters affected by the Walker-256 tumor in rats., Methods: Infliximab (0.5 mg/kg) was ip administered, twice a day, beginning at the day in which the Walker-256 tumor cells were inoculated. After 12 days of treatment, the tumor growth, some parameters of cachexia/anorexia, the blood levels of triacylglycerol, glucose, lactate and urea, the peripheral response to insulin and the hepatic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were investigated. The peripheral response to insulin was evaluated by the insulin tolerance test and the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in isolated perfused liver., Results: The treatment with infliximab did not alter the growth of the Walker-256 tumor, but attenuated (p < 0.05) the reduction of body weight and prevented (p < 0.05) the loss of retroperitoneal adipose tissue induced by the tumor. Moreover, treatment with infliximab tended to minimize the loss of gastrocnemius muscle, the reduction in food intake, the peripheral response to insulin and the liver gluconeogenesis from alanine, as well as the increased blood triacylglycerol, caused by the tumor. In contrast, treatment with infliximab did not attenuate the reduction in hepatic glycolysis and glycemia, nor did it minimize the rise in blood levels of lactate and urea induced by the tumor., Conclusion: The treatment with infliximab ameliorated some changes associated with cachexia, such as the reduction of adipose tissue and body weight, suggesting that TNFα plays a significant role in mediating these changes induced by the tumor. In addition, infliximab tended to improve or had no effect on other metabolic parameters affected by the Walker-256 tumor, suggesting that other mediators or tumor-related events are involved in these disorders.

Between September 1996 and May 1999, the incidence and distribution of the main human rotavirus G genotypes (VP7 associated: G1-G4) and P genotypes (VP4 associated: P[8], P[4], P[6] and P[9]) among children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were determined using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based genotyping methods. From a total of 145 rotavirus strains examined, we identified the G type in 131 (90.3%) and the P type in 127 (87.5%) of the samples. An overall predominance of genotypes P[8] G1 (42.7%) and P[8] G4 (32.4%) was found during the period of study, with much lower incidence of genotypes P[4] G2 (5.5%) and P[8] G3 (2%). P[6] and P[9] types were not detected, neither were unusual combinations of P and G types. A significant genotypic shift was observed: whereas P[8] G4 was the most prevalent genotype during the first year of the study (60%), the genotype P[8] G1 gradually increased to account for 62.3% of the strains analysed in the following winter season. Mixed G types revealing dual infections G1/G4 and G3/G4 were found at low frequency (2%).

The outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 induce neutralizing antibody against rotavirus. We have investigated in a mouse model the protection mediated by immunization with VP8*, the amino-terminal tryptic fragment of VP4. BALB/c female mice immunized with simian rotavirus SA11 VP6 and VP8* proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were mated with seronegative males. Litters were orally challenged with the SA11 strain (P5B[2], G3) or with the murine rotavirus strain EDIM (P10[16], G3) to verify the degree of protection against diarrhea induced in the newborns. Only those pups born to dams immunized with VP8* did not develop diarrhea after having been orally challenged with the SA11 strain. Pups born to naive dams but foster nursed by VP8*-immunized dams did not develop diarrhea after having been orally infected with the SA11 strain, but they suffered diarrhea when challenged with the EDIM strain. These results support the concepts that (1) VP8* is a highly immunogenic polypeptide that induces effective homotypic protection against disease in pups born to dams immunized with this antigen and (2) in newborn mice the protection against disease is mediated by neutralizing secretory antibodies present in the milk rather than by serum antibodies transferred through the placenta to the offspring.

Rotavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an important role in the resolution of rotavirus infection. The outer capsid glycoprotein, VP7, elicits a class I MHC-restricted CTL response. Vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the VP7 genes from simian rotavirus SA11 (serotype G3) and from the RF strain of bovine rotavirus (serotype G6) were used to analyze the CTL activity to this antigen in BALB/c (H-2(d)) and C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice neonatally infected with homologous and heterologous rotaviruses. A vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the first amino-terminal 88 amino acids of VP7 was constructed and used to search for cross-reactive CTL against this region of the protein. By using synthetic Kb, Db, and Kd motif-fitting peptides two overlapping CTL epitopes have been identified located in the first hydrophobic domain (H1) of VP7. Splenocytes obtained from rotavirus SA11-infected C57BL/6 mice induced the strongest CTL response against target cells sensitized with a peptide containing a Kb-restricted CTL epitope (amino acids 8-16). A second Kd-restricted epitope (residues 5-13) was recognized by splenocytes derived from rotavirus-infected BALB/c mice. These findings reveal the existence of CTL epitopes in the H1 signal sequence of the VP7 glycoprotein that coexist with a CTL epitope (residues 31-40) previously described within the H2 region., (Copyright 1999 Academic Press.)