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2. What are indigenous and traditional populations? A relational approach to ethnic territories and conservation in Brazil

Author

de Souza Mello Bicalho, Ana Maria, Hoefle, Scott William, de Souza Mello Bicalho, Ana Maria, and Hoefle, Scott William

Abstract

This article explores the contradictory relationship between identity politics and environmental conservation in Brazil. First, the rationale for setting aside territories for ethnic groups in Brazil that have been historically discriminated against is examined and legal definitions for such traditional populations are presented. Second, ethnographic and philosophical critiques of essentialized ethnic identity are used to highlight how traditionality and conservation are conflated in Brazilian environmental policies. These policies, in turn, are related to another bundle of contradictions in Western bio-centric preservation which (erroneously) essentializes nature and excludes the human presence from within reserves. Research findings from two remote regions located in critical biomes for conservation in Brazil are presented succinctly to illustrate different kinds of contradictions between ethnic territories and conservation. In conclusion, a relational research agenda is offered which avoids the pitfalls of essentialized identity and nature., Ovaj članak istražuje kontradiktorni odnos između politike identiteta i očuvanja okoliša u Brazilu. Prvo se ispituje obrazloženje za uspostavljanje teritorija za etničke skupine u Brazilu koje su povijesno diskriminirane te se navode pravne definicije za takve tradicionalne populacije. Potom se etnografska i filozofska kritika esencijaliziranoga etničkog identiteta koristi za isticanje kako su tradicionalnost i očuvanje povezani s brazilskim politikama zaštite okoliša. Te su politike, pak, povezane s još jednim skupom kontradikcija u zapadnjačkoj biocentričnoj zaštiti koja (pogrešno) esencijalizira prirodu i isključuje ljudsku prisutnost iz rezervata. Rezultati istraživanja iz dviju udaljenih regija smještenih u kritičnim biomima za očuvanje u Brazilu sažeto su prikazani da bi se ilustrirale različite vrste kontradikcija između etničkih teritorija i očuvanja okoliša. Zaključno se predlaže relacijska istraživačka agenda kojom se izbjegavaju zamke esencijaliziranoga identiteta i prirode.

Published
2022

4. Što su autohtone i tradicionalne populacije? Relacijski pristup etničkim područjima i očuvanju okoliša u Brazilu

Author

de Souza Mello Bicalho, Ana Maria and Hoefle, Scott William

Subjects
esencijalizirani identitet, etnička područja, očuvanje okoliša, Amazona, Pantanal, Brazil, essentialized identity, ethnic territories, environmental conservation, Amazon
Abstract

This article explores the contradictory relationship between identity politics and environmental conservation in Brazil. First, the rationale for setting aside territories for ethnic groups in Brazil that have been historically discriminated against is examined and legal definitions for such traditional populations are presented. Second, ethnographic and philosophical critiques of essentialized ethnic identity are used to highlight how traditionality and conservation are conflated in Brazilian environmental policies. These policies, in turn, are related to another bundle of contradictions in Western bio-centric preservation which (erroneously) essentializes nature and excludes the human presence from within reserves. Research findings from two remote regions located in critical biomes for conservation in Brazil are presented succinctly to illustrate different kinds of contradictions between ethnic territories and conservation. In conclusion, a relational research agenda is offered which avoids the pitfalls of essentialized identity and nature., Ovaj članak istražuje kontradiktorni odnos između politike identiteta i očuvanja okoliša u Brazilu. Prvo se ispituje obrazloženje za uspostavljanje teritorija za etničke skupine u Brazilu koje su povijesno diskriminirane te se navode pravne definicije za takve tradicionalne populacije. Potom se etnografska i filozofska kritika esencijaliziranoga etničkog identiteta koristi za isticanje kako su tradicionalnost i očuvanje povezani s brazilskim politikama zaštite okoliša. Te su politike, pak, povezane s još jednim skupom kontradikcija u zapadnjačkoj biocentričnoj zaštiti koja (pogrešno) esencijalizira prirodu i isključuje ljudsku prisutnost iz rezervata. Rezultati istraživanja iz dviju udaljenih regija smještenih u kritičnim biomima za očuvanje u Brazilu sažeto su prikazani da bi se ilustrirale različite vrste kontradikcija između etničkih teritorija i očuvanja okoliša. Zaključno se predlaže relacijska istraživačka agenda kojom se izbjegavaju zamke esencijaliziranoga identiteta i prirode.

Published
2022

7. The changing face of the comtemporary countryside

Author

De Souza Mello Bicalho, Ana Maria, Laurens, Lucette, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Agro-alimentaire (UMR Innovation), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), ProdInra, Migration, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], rural geography, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, sustainability, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2014

10. Conservation Units, Environmental Services and Frontier Peasants in the Central Amazon: Multi-Functionality, Juxtaposition or Conflict?

Author

de Souza Mello Bicalho, Ana Maria and Hoefle, Scott William

Subjects
POLLUTION control industry, CONTROL of deforestation, CONSERVATION biology, SOCIAL integration, ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis
Abstract

Purpose -- To critically assess the contribution of community-based logging, low-carbon emission non-timber activities, and direct payment for environmental services in building sustainable rural livelihoods in the Amazon. Methodology/approach -- Fieldwork undertaken in 2008, 2010, and 2013 on sources of income for 110 interviewed families living in and around three different types of conservation units located on the advancing frontier in western Pará State. Findings -- Three scenarios identified with very different socio-environmental outcomes, (1) the multi-functional combination of agricultural and non-agricultural activities replaces frontier farming, reduces deforestation and carbon emissions, increases income, and promotes social inclusion, (2) the mere juxtaposition of green alternative activities alongside unsustainable frontier farming has limited regional impact, and (3) environmental restrictions interfere with rural livelihoods to the point that people to leave the countryside. Social implications -- Evaluation of the effectiveness of GO and NGO policies in one of the poorest and environmentally problematic regions of Brazil. Originality/value -- First-hand information at the family farmer level concerning sources of income from conventional and green land use systems which is essential for formulating viable socio-environmental policy capable of reducing deforestation and carbon emissions which negatively impact global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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12. From Family Feud to Organised Crime: The Cultural Economy of Cannabis in Northeast Brazil.

Author

De Souza Mello Bicalho, Ana Maria and Hoefle, Scott William

Subjects
*AGRICULTURE, *ORGANIZED crime, *VIOLENCE, *CANNABIS (Genus)
Abstract

Presents a study on traditional family feuding, banditry and envy-inspired violence which have been intensified by the introduction of cannabis farming and organized crime in the Sertão of Northeast Brazil. Research design; Population and demographic density of the Sertão; Average annual income in irrigation in the place.

Published
1999

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