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Northeastern Siberia has been inhabited by humans for more than 40,000 years but its deep population history remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia through analyses of 34 newly recovered ancient genomes that date to between 31,000 and 600 years ago. We document complex population dynamics during this period, including at least three major migration events: an initial peopling by a previously unknown Palaeolithic population of 'Ancient North Siberians' who are distantly related to early West Eurasian hunter-gatherers; the arrival of East Asian-related peoples, which gave rise to 'Ancient Palaeo-Siberians' who are closely related to contemporary communities from far-northeastern Siberia (such as the Koryaks), as well as Native Americans; and a Holocene migration of other East Asian-related peoples, who we name 'Neo-Siberians', and from whom many contemporary Siberians are descended. Each of these population expansions largely replaced the earlier inhabitants, and ultimately generated the mosaic genetic make-up of contemporary peoples who inhabit a vast area across northern Eurasia and the Americas.

Studies of the peopling of the Americas have focused on the timing and number of initial migrations. Less attention has been paid to the subsequent spread of people within the Americas. We sequenced 15 ancient human genomes spanning from Alaska to Patagonia; six are ≥10,000 years old (up to ~18× coverage). All are most closely related to Native Americans, including those from an Ancient Beringian individual and two morphologically distinct "Paleoamericans." We found evidence of rapid dispersal and early diversification that included previously unknown groups as people moved south. This resulted in multiple independent, geographically uneven migrations, including one that provides clues of a Late Pleistocene Australasian genetic signal, as well as a later Mesoamerican-related expansion. These led to complex and dynamic population histories from North to South America.

The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyzed 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after, but not at the time of, Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.

Background: Within the southern end of South America, Western Patagonia arises as an intricate region of channels, fjords, and islands. This region holds evidence of human occupation since ca. 14,500 cal years BP, with distinctive maritime adaptations developing around 7300 cal years BP. Historically, three major populations were characterized as part of these maritime traditions: Yámana, Kawésqar, and Chono. The arrival of European population had a profound impact in these communities, affecting their lifestyles, territory and population size and health. The northernmost populations, living within the Chonos Archipelago, were the most affected and the least known communities from Western Patagonia. Objectives: This research aims to characterize the mitochondrial DNA diversity of ancient individuals from the Chonos Archipelago, evaluating their genetic affinities with other ancient and present‐day populations from Patagonia. Materials and Methods: A total of 46 individuals from the region were sampled for ancient DNA analysis. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups were characterized and compared with ancient and present‐day populations from Southern South America. Results: All individuals from the Chonos Archipelago belong to C and D haplogroups, particularly to C1b, C1b13, D1, D1g, and D4h3a5. As a group, the individuals from Chonos Archipelago lay closer to ancient individuals from Kawésqar territory, immediately south of them. Using mitogenomes, we characterized two new D4h3a5 lineages almost exclusively associated with populations from Western Patagonia. Discussion: Our results contribute to the understanding of the peopling and human interactions in Western Patagonia, suggesting these unique maritime traditions developed within local populations, genetically associated with earlier terrestrial populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous peoples have occupied the island of Puerto Rico since at least 3000 BC. Due to the demographic shifts that occurred after European contact, the origin(s) of these ancient populations, and their genetic relationship to present-day islanders, are unclear. We use ancient DNA to characterize the population history and genetic legacies of precontact Indigenous communities from Puerto Rico. Bone, tooth, and dental calculus samples were collected from 124 individuals from three precontact archaeological sites: Tibes, Punta Candelero, and Paso del Indio. Despite poor DNA preservation, we used target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 45 individuals and autosomal genotypes from two individuals. We found a high proportion of Native American mtDNA haplogroups A2 and C1 in the precontact Puerto Rico sample (40% and 44%, respectively). This distribution, as well as the haplotypes represented, supports a primarily Amazonian South American origin for these populations and mirrors the Native American mtDNA diversity patterns found in present-day islanders. Three mtDNA haplotypes from precontact Puerto Rico persist among Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders, indicating that present-day populations are reservoirs of precontact mtDNA diversity. Lastly, we find similarity in autosomal ancestry patterns between precontact individuals from Puerto Rico and the Bahamas, suggesting a shared component of Indigenous Caribbean ancestry with close affinity to South American populations. Our findings contribute to a more complete reconstruction of precontact Caribbean population history and explore the role of Indigenous peoples in shaping the biocultural diversity of present-day Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anearly recovery of Achilles TendonRupture Score (ATRS)andsingle-leg heel raises after Achilles rupture is a desirable aim to favor the sport return, but is unknown if the patient' outcomes could be defined only by the kind of treatment. Objectives: To determine the number of clusters obtained based on ATRS and number of repetitions of single-leg heel rises after 12-weeks of Achilles tenorrhaphy in patients treated with either immediate or traditional rehabilitation treatment, compare the identified clusters of short-term recovery of single-leg by heel rise repetitions and ATRS, compare the proportion of treatment and heel rise ability contained into the clusters, and compare the dimension of the ATRS between clusters. Methods: Twenty-four patients (43.1 - 8.2 years-old, BMI 29.2 - 3.9 kg/m²) treated with immediate or traditional rehabilitation were included. The single-leg heel rise repetitions, the single-leg heel rise ability/disability and ATRS patient-reported outcomes were evaluated 12 weeks after Achilles tenorrhaphy. Results: The first cluster had high repetitions in heel rise and ATRS, principally treated by immediate rehabilitation. The second cluster had low repetitions in heel rise and ATRS, principally treated by traditional rehabilitation. The third cluster had the highest repetitions in heel rise but lower ATRS, treated only by immediate rehabilitation. Conclusions: An early recovery of the heel rise capacity could be achieved after Achilles tenorrhaphy and it is more probable to achieve an faster treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]