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Il saggio analizza la figura del dirigente scolastico mettendo in evidenza la specificità della dirigenza scolastica, determinata dal necessario espletamento di funzioni educative prima che amministrative; ciò ha portato a qualificare i dirigenti «leader educativi (e non manager). Tra le funzioni viene analizzata in particolare la competenza ad irrogare le sanzioni disciplinari.

Il contributo fornisce una sintesi delle principali questioni che riguardano il bando di concorso nell’impiego pubblico privatizzato, mostrando attenzione alle clausole immediatamente lesive rappresentate dai requisiti discriminatori, in presenza dei quali si prospetta la possibilità di utilizzare lo strumento di tutela previsto dall’art. 28 del d.lgs. n. 150/2011, in alternativa al ricorso al giudice amministrativo. Con riguardo al riparto di giurisdizione vengono analizzati i principali nodi problematici in materia di progressioni verticali e di scorrimento delle graduatorie. The essay summarises most relevant issues on competition announcement in privatised public employment law, with a specific focus on discriminatory terms, for which it is possible to resort to the remedy under art. 28 Legislative decree no. 150/2011, as an alternative to the appeal to the administrative judge. In addition, the current work analyses procedural profiles of vertical progressions and scrolling in the rankings having regard to the allotment of jurisdiction.

Il saggio analizza in chiave critica le misure di sostegno al reddito predisposte dal Governo al fine di proteggere i lavoratori dalle ricadute economiche derivanti dalla sospensione del rapporto di lavoro a causa dell'emergenza epidemiologica

Si fa una analisi della più recente evoluzione del distacco transnazionale dei lavoratori . In particolare, il saggio si concentra sulle novità introdotte dal D.Lgs. n. 122/2020 di recepimento della direttiva n. 2018/957 UE direttiva 2018/957/UE e sul contrasto al dumping sociale, soffermandosi sul nuovo perimetro di applicazione della normativa, sulle condizioni di lavoro e di occupazione, sul distacco di lunga durata e sulle disposizioni in materia di accesso alle informazioni e cooperazione amministrativa

Il commento analizza la recente giurisprudenza di legittimità in materia di algoritmo reputazionale: la Cassazione, nel riprendere la lettura del Garante della privacy, afferma come ai fini del trattamento lecito dei dati da parte delle piattaforme web, il consenso è validamente manifestato solo se relativo ad uno specifico trattamento; e sempre che il singolo sia stato adeguatamente informato delle modalità di funzionamento dell’algoritmo. L’autrice sottolinea come in chiave prospettica un simile orientamento consentirebbe di limitare le forme di discriminazione “occulta”, che spesso le piattaforme predispongono all’insaputa dei lavoratori

Il saggio si occupa del problema qualificatorio dei rider attraverso un'analisi del quadro normativo di riferimento costituito dall'art. 409 c.p.c. e dall'art. 2 del d. lgs. n. 81/2015, complicato dalla contraddittoria definizione contenuta nell'art. 47bis del d. lgs. n. 81/2015, nonchè le discipline di tutela apprestate dall'ordinamento ai lavoratori caratterizzati da dipendenza economica.

Background Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home and fetal SHS exposure during pregnancy are a major cause of disease among children. The aim of this study is quantifying the burden of disease due to SHS exposure in children and in pregnancy in 2006-2017 for the 28 European Union (EU) countries. Methods Exposure to SHS was estimated using a multiple imputation procedure based on the Eurobarometer surveys, and SHS exposure burden was estimated with the comparative risk assessment method using meta-analytical relative risks. Data on deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were collected from National statistics and from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Results Exposure to SHS and its attributable burden stalled in 2006-2017; in pregnant women, SHS exposure was 19.8% in 2006, 19.1% in 2010, and 21.0% in 2017; in children it was 10.1% in 2006, 9.6% in 2010, and 12.1% in 2017. In 2017, 35,633 DALYs among children were attributable to SHS exposure in the EU, mainly due to low birth weight. Conclusions Comprehensive smoking bans up to 2010 contributed to reduce SHS exposure and its burden in children immediately after their implementation; however, SHS exposure still occurs, and in 2017, its burden in children was still relevant. Impact Exposure to secondhand smoke at home and in pregnancy is a major cause of disease among children. Smoking legislation produced the adoption of voluntary smoking bans in homes; however, secondhand smoke exposure at home still occurs and its burden is substantial. In 2017, the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years in children attributable to exposure to secondhand smoke in the European Union countries were, respectively, 335 and 35,633. Low birth weight caused by secondhand smoke exposure in pregnancy showed the largest burden. Eastern European Union countries showed the highest burden.

Introduction: Second-hand smoke exposure in the home is a serious cause of ill-health for children. Behaviour change interventions have been developed to encourage parents to keep homes smoke-free. This study evaluates a novel air quality feedback intervention using remote air quality monitoring with SMS and email messaging to promote smoke-free homes among families from deprived areas. Methods: This paper presents a pre-post study of this intervention. Using internet connected monitors developed with the Dylos DC1700, daily SMS and weekly email feedback provided for 16 days to participants recruited in four European countries. Participants were recruited based on their stage of change, in order to target those most able to achieve smoke-free homes. The primary outcome measure was median change in mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration between baseline and follow-up periods, while secondary outcome measures included change in time over the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline limit for PM2.5 exposure over 24 h (25 mu g/m(3)) in those periods and the number of homes where PM2.5 concentrations reduced. Telephone interviews were conducted with participants in Scotland post-intervention to explore intervention experience and perceived effectiveness. Results: Of 86 homes that completed the intervention study, 57 (66%) experienced pre-post reductions in measured PM2.5. The median reduction experienced was 4.1 mu g/m(3) (a reduction of 19% from baseline, p = 0.008). Eight homes where concentrations were higher than the WHO guideline limit at baseline fell below that level at follow-up. In follow-up interviews, participants expressed positive views on the usefulness of air quality feedback. Discussion: Household air quality monitoring with SMS and email feedback can lead to behaviour change and consequent reductions in SHS in homes, but within the context of our study few homes became totally smoke-free.

Aim: The current study examined symptoms of irritation reported by non-smokers passively exposed to e-cigarette aerosols and their timing and association with the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced. Methods: 40 healthy non-smoking adults were exposed to e-cigarette aerosols for 30 min in a 35 m3 room. Second-hand e-cigarette aerosol (SHA) was produced by an experienced e-cigarette user using a standardized topography and two resistance settings (exposure 0.5 Ohm and 1.5 Ohm), in addition to a control session (no emissions). PM2.5 and PM1.0 were continuously measured over the duration of exposure, while Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were recorded at 0, 15 and 30 min (t0, t15 and t30) of exposure. Each participant completed an irritation questionnaire at t0, t15, t30 of exposure and t60 (30 min post-exposure) on ocular, nasal, throat-respiratory symptoms of irritation and general complaints. Kruskal-Wallis H test for PM comparisons, repeated measures ANOVA for VOCs and Generalized Estimating Equations for symptoms of irritation and association with VOCs were used for statistical analysis. Results: 20 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 24.6 years (SD = 4.3) and exhaled CO < 7 ppm participated. PM concentrations in both experimental sessions were higher than the Control (p < 0.001). The most commonly reported symptoms were burning, dryness, sore throat, cough, breathlessness and headache. During both experimental sessions, ocular, nasal, throat-respiratory symptoms and general complaints increased significantly (p < 0.05). Ocular and nasal symptoms returned to baseline by t60 (p > 0.05) while throat-respiratory symptoms were still significantly higher at t60 (p = 0.044). VOCs were significantly associated with reported nasal and throat-respiratory symptoms in both experimental sessions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A 30-min exposure to SHA provoked symptoms of sensory irritation and general complaints that lasted up to 30 min after the exposure and were positively associated with the concentrations of the VOC mixture emitted. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Il saggio analizza le novità apportate dalla cd. "legge Madia" in ordine all'utilizzazione delle figure contrattuale flessibili da parte delle pubbliche amministrazioni mettendo in evidenza come nonostante l'intento dichiarato nelle legge delega di limitare quanto più possibile l'utilizzo dei contratti di lavoro diversi da quelli a tempo indeterminato, il successivo decreto delegato continui a ritenere utilizzabili tutti i contratti flessibili esistenti nel settore privato

Our aim was to provide a systematic review of studies on the burden of disease due to second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, reviewing methods, exposure assessment, diseases causally linked to SHS, health outcomes, and estimates available to date. A literature review of studies on the burden of disease from SHS exposure, available in PubMed and SCOPUS, published 2007-2018 in English language, was carried out following the PRISMA recommendations. Overall, 588 studies were first identified, and 94 were eligible. Seventy-two studies were included in the systematic review. Most of them were based on the comparative risk assessment approach, assessing SHS exposure using mainly surveys on exposure at home/workplaces. Diseases more frequently studied were: lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and breast cancer in adults; lower respiratory tract infection, otitis media, asthma, sudden infant death syndrome and low birth weight in children. The SHS exposure assessment and the reported population attributable fractions (PAF) were largely heterogeneous. As an example, the PAF from lung cancer varied between 0.6% and 20.5%. Moreover, PAF were estimated applying relative risks and SHS exposures with no consistent definitions or with different age classes. The research gap on the SHS exposure burden is shrinking. However, estimates are not yet available for a number of countries, particularly the Middle Eastern and African countries, and not all diseases with the strongest evidence of causation, such as sudden infant death syndrome, have been explored. Moreover, in some cases the applied methodology revealed relatively low quality of data.

Il volume affronta in modo analitico e con un approccio critico le modifiche introdotte con la riforma Madia nell'ambito dei rapporti di lavoro alle dipendenze della P.A.