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Radioactive materials such as cesium were released into the atmosphere due to the accident at Tokyo Electric Power Company’ s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant following the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011. Fruit trees in the deciduous stage were contaminated on their surfaces, such as bark. Immediately after the accident, in collaboration with Fukushima Prefecture, we worked on elucidating the mechanism of radioactive cesium migration to fruits and developing decontamination technologies for radioactive cesium-contaminated orchards. Most of the radioactive cesium in the orchard soil remained in the surface layer of the soil. Since the roots of fruit trees are deeper than the radioactive cesium-retaining soil layer, radioactive cesium contamination of fruit trees was considered to be more influenced by transfer from the tree surfaces than from the soil. Therefore, removal of abovegroundparts, such as by bark washing and pruning, is likely effective for reducing radioactive cesium. It was also suggested that the removal of bark as soon as possible after contamination was the most important, since the migration of cesium from the bark to the inside of the tree progressed with time after the accident. In the production process of half-dried persimmons, locally namedampogaki, continuous risk management from cultivation to shipment has been implemented by ensuring that only raw fruits with a low concentration of radioactive cesium are harvested, by controlling the processing process, and inspecting the product for radioactive cesium., 2011 年3 月の東日本大震災に伴う東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故により放射性物質が大気中に放出され，落葉期の果樹は，樹皮等の樹体表面が汚染された．福島県と連携し，果樹の樹体および果実への放射性セシウムの移行解明とその低減技術の開発に取り組んだ．土壌に沈着した放射性セシウムのほとんどが土壌表層に留まった一方で，吸収根域はそれよりも深いため，樹体内への放射性セシウムの移行は，土壌からの経根吸収よりも樹皮等の樹体表面から移行した割合が多いと考えられた．そのため，放射性セシウムの低減には，樹皮洗浄やせん定等の地上部の除去管理が有効であるが， 事故発生からの時間の経過に伴い， 樹皮から樹体内部への移行が進行するため，汚染後速やかに樹皮を除去することが最重要であることが示唆された．また，あんぽ柿の生産工程においては，放射性セシウム濃度の低い原料果実の確保，加工時の工程管理，および製品の放射性セシウム検査を行うことにより， 栽培から出荷まで一貫したリスク管理が実施されている．, 3章: 畑作物，草地，果樹における放射性セシウム移行抑制技術，および農産物の加工・調理による放射性セシウムの低減効果 /総説Chapter3: Technologies to reduce radiocesium in upland crops, grass, forage crops, fruit trees and domestic agricultural products /Review

The present study reviews the research on the FAO56 crop coefficients of fruit trees and vines performed over the past twenty years. The main objective was to update information and extend tabulated single (K c ) and basal (K cb ) standard crop coefficients. The selection and analysis of the literature for this review have been done to consider only studies that adhere to FAO56 method, computing the reference ET with the FAO Penman–Monteith​ ET o equation and field measuring crop ET with proved accuracy. The crops considered refer to vine fruit crops, berries and hops, temperate climate evergreen fruit trees, temperate climate deciduous fruit trees and, tropical and subtropical fruit crops. Papers satisfying the conditions expressed above, and that studied the crops under pristine or appropriate eustress conditions, were selected to provide for standard K c and K cb data. Preference was given to studies reporting on the fraction of ground cover (f c ), crop height (h), planting density, crop age and adopted training systems. The K c and K cb values obtained from the selected literature generally show coherence relative to the crop biophysical characteristics and reflect those characteristics, mainly f c , h and training systems. The ranges of reported K c and K cb values were grouped according to crop density, particularly f c and h, and were compared with FAO56 (Allen et al., 1998) previously tabulated K c and K cb values, as well as by Allen and Pereira (2009) and Jensen and Allen (2016), which lead to define update indicative standard K c and K cb values. These values are aimed for use in crop water requirement computations and modeling for irrigation planning and scheduling, thus also aimed at supporting improved water use and saving in orchards and vines.

Climate warming is causing an advance of the latest spring frosts and a consequent decrease of spring freeze risk during flowering. Cultivation areas of early blooming tree crops, such as almond, could be shifted pole-ward as consequence of global warming. On the other hand, warming winters and springs can cause an advance of the flowering period. The aim of the present work was to estimate which was the impact of climate change in the past six decades on the spring freeze damage risk during the almond blooming period in the Abruzzo region of Italy. According to our analysis a reduction of spring freeze risk due to the mitigation of springtime temperatures was counterbalanced by advanced almond blooming leaving the risk of spring freeze damage unchanged. These results suggest that the adaptation of almond phenology to changing climates could continue to limit the northward expansion of almond in Italy. Finally, these results may suggest that the loss of suitable areas due to loss of chilling units...