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Purpose: To determine the caries status in children’s deciduous teeth and examine the influence of family oral health behaviours on the caries status. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 329 children aged 3–6 years in rural Heishanzui Township, Hebei Province, China, and used a completely random sampling method. These children underwent physical and oral health examinations. The questionnaires were given to the parents and caregivers of the examined children. Results: The prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition among children aged 3–6 years was 80.55%, with a dmft index of 4.93. Children in the caries group ate sweets, chocolates, and carbonated drinks more frequently than did children in the caries-free group (p < 0.05). Children in the caries-free group brushed their teeth more frequently, with parents helping their children brush, more often than did those in the caries-affected group (p < 0.05). The level of parental education and annual household income also had statistically significant effects on the prevalence of caries in the two groups (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of eating sweets was a risk factor for caries in deciduous teeth (odds ratio = 2.20; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of caries in deciduous teeth among children aged 3–6 years in rural Heishanzui Township was high. Compared to children in the caries-affected group, the families and children in the caries-free group had better oral hygiene behaviours. Moreover, the frequency of eating sweets was shown to be a risk factor for caries in deciduous teeth in children aged 3–6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interceptive orthodontics may be indicated in puppies exhibiting dental malocclusion with linguoverted deciduous mandibular canine teeth to alleviate pain and prevent teeth interlock, which may affect growth and development of the mandibles. Historically extraction of deciduous mandibular canine teeth has been recommended as soon as a malocclusion is identified, often as early as 6-8 weeks of age and no later than 12 weeks of age. This early surgical intervention of deciduous teeth extractions risks potential damage to the developing permanent canine teeth resulting in enamel defects often referred to as a Turner's tooth or Turner's hypoplasia. A search of medical records from five veterinary specialty dentistry practices was conducted to identify dogs 8-12 weeks of age who (a) underwent deciduous mandibular canine extractions for management of class 1 or class 2 malocclusion with linguoverted mandibular canine teeth, and (b) were seen for at least one recheck exam to assess for enamel defects on permanent mandibular canine teeth. Furthermore, data was collected to determine the number of dogs that required additional treatment after eruption of the permanent canine teeth due to linguoversion of the permanent canine teeth. All procedures were performed by a board-certified veterinary dentist™ or a supervised veterinary dentistry resident. Seventy-four dogs fit the inclusion criteria and had a total of 143 deciduous mandibular canine teeth extracted, out of which 13 dogs exhibited enamel defects affecting 21 permanent canine teeth. The 13 affected dogs represent a 17.5% cumulative incident rate 13/74 (95%CI 11-28%). Of all extracted teeth, 14.6% (21/143) had enamel defects affecting permanent canine teeth. Twenty-eight dogs required additional treatment to prevent the permanent mandibular canine teeth from causing trauma to the hard palate and gingiva which represented 37.8% (28/74) of all dogs in the study. Age and sex of the dog at the time of extraction were not found to be associated with the likelihood of incidence of enamel defects. This is the first reported rate of enamel defects on permanent mandibular canine teeth following extraction of deciduous mandibular canine teeth and is important to consider when advising or performing extraction of deciduous teeth in dogs.

Background and Aim: Even with advancement of medical technologies, liver transplantation still faces several major challenges. Hence, other treatment modalities are urgently needed for patients with end‐stage liver disease. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) was discovered to have highly proliferative and pluripotent properties; including differentiation into hepatocyte‐like cells. This study aims to investigate the capability of intrasplenic transplanted SHED and SHED‐Hep cells in inducing proliferation of stem cells and native hepatocytes in order to accelerate liver regeneration in liver fibrosis mice models. Methods: Three carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐injured male mice groups were used in this study. Two of those groups were transplanted with either SHED or SHED‐Hep, while the other did not undergo transplantation. One age‐ and sex‐ matched healthy mice group was used as control. All specimens were immunohistochemically stained with anti‐Ki‐67 antibodies and anti‐proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibodies before counter stained with hematoxylin–eosin. Results: Anti‐Ki‐67 antibodies staining: at both 8 and 12 weeks, proliferating activity was predominantly seen on both SHED‐ and SHED‐Hep‐transplanted CCl4‐injured mice groups, while control and non‐transplanted CCl4‐injured mice group showed little to no sign of proliferation activity. Anti‐PCNA staining: at both 8 and 12 weeks, significant proliferating activity was detected by PCNA staining, mainly on stem cells population area on SHED‐ and SHED‐Hep‐treated group. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study has provided the evidence that transplantation of SHED or SHED‐Hep on liver‐injured mice induced proliferation of both transplanted stem cells and native liver cells in order to accelerate liver regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the molecular analysis of two-and-a-half-year-old twins diagnosed with odontohypophosphatasia due to a missense mutation in the alkaline phosphatase biomineralization associated (ALPL) gene. Topics discussed include the clinical presentation and diagnosis, identification of a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.224G>A) in ALPL, and its predicted impact on tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) function.

Background: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) hold promise in regenerative medicine owing to their multipotent capabilities resembling mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Despite their potential, SHED have not been extensively investigated because their limited lifespan and unavailability of cell-lines pose challenges for therapeutic applications. This study investigated the effect of ectopic human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression on SHEDs' proliferation while preserving stemness and genomic integrity. Methods: Deciduous teeth were collected from children aged 6–10 years. After isolation and characterization, the SHED were transduced with pBabe-puro-hTERT retrovirus to establish SHED cell-line, which was evaluated and compared with pBabe-puro (mock control) for stemness, multipotency and growth attributes through flow cytometry, trilineage differentiation, and growth kinetics. We also estimated hTERT gene expression, genomic integrity, and validated cell-line through STR analysis. Results: Following hTERT transduction, SHED displayed elevated hTERT gene expression while retaining fibroblast-like morphology and mesenchymal stem cell markers. Moreover, after hTERT transduction cellular shape remained same along with increased replicative lifespan and proliferation potential. SHED-hTERT cells exhibited multi-potency and maintained stemness, as evidenced by surface marker expression and multilineage differentiation. Furthermore, genomic integrity was not affected by hTERT integration, as confirmed by STR analysis and CDKN2A gene assessment. Conclusion: Ectopic hTERT expression in SHED successfully prolonged their replicative lifespan and improved their ability to proliferate and migrate, while preserving their stemness, multipotency and genomic integrity, suggesting minimal carcinogenic risk. Establishment of SHED cell-line holds potential in regenerative medicine applications, especially in cell-based drugs and tissue engineering experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Naturally exfoliated primary teeth are being increasingly collected in child development studies. Most of these odontological collections and tooth biobanks use parent‐reported information from questionnaires or tooth checklists to collect data on offspring teeth. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have assessed parental engagement in tooth checklists, nor parental accuracy in identifying their child's baby tooth. This study aimed to evaluate these dimensions by analysing data from the about this tooth checklist returned with donated primary teeth in a natural experimental study called STRONG (the Stories Teeth Record of Newborn Growth). Methods: Parental self‐reported information were analysed on checklists returned with 825 primary teeth belonging to 199 children. The percentage of blank answers was calculated for each question. The accuracy of parents‐reported tooth identification was evaluated by comparing parental ratings to researchers' ratings. Reliability of researchers' tooth identification was first evaluated by calculating intra‐observer and inter‐observer agreements, as well as Cohen's Kappa values. The percentage of accuracy of parents' tooth identification (relative to researcher's) was then calculated, and logistic regressions were used to evaluate if time elapsed between when exfoliation occurred and the checklist was completed associated with parental accuracy in tooth identification. Results: Parents returned 98.4% of the checklists and completed 74.9% to 97.7% of the questions. Excellent reliability was demonstrated for researchers' intra‐ and inter‐rater tooth identification (agreement percentages >90%; Cohen's Kappa values >.83). Moderate accuracy of parents‐reported tooth identifications was found, with parents correctly identifying 49.5% of the donated tooth. Better parental accuracies were highlighted for partial identifications (87.1% of correct jaw, 75.6% of correct tooth type, and 65.8% of correct lateralization). Logistic regressions showed the odds of correct parental identifications decreased on average by 1.8% every 30 days of distance between tooth exfoliation and checklist completion. Conclusions: While parental engagement is high, parents‐reported tooth identifications have moderate accuracy, which decreases over time. High accuracy is however found for partial identifications. Parent‐reported information on the accompanying questionnaire of naturally exfoliated primary teeth collection or tooth biobanks, even when filled in a long time after exfoliation took place, should be encouraged. However, expert identifications of teeth should remain best practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kekenodontidae are late-surviving archaeocetes from the Late Oligocene of Southwest Pacific that includes a single-named species, Kekenodon onamata. Tohoraonepu nihokaiwaiu is a new genus and species of small body-sized kekenodontid from the upper Oligocene (Chattian) Kokoamu Greensand of Otago, South Island, New Zealand. Phylogenetic analyses recover T. nihokaiwaiu within a monophyletic Kekenodontidae, forming a clade with an unnamed provisional kekenodontid, OU 22023. Kekenodontids are recovered crownward to basilosaurids and stemward to a paraphyletic group of toothed 'mysticetes' that are excluded from Neoceti. The analyses confirm the identification of kekenodontids as the latest-diverging archaeocetes that persisted into the Late Oligocene. The holotype OU 22394 is a juvenile individual preserving several isolated heterodont teeth with characteristics of deciduous teeth, including unmineralized pulp cavities and cheek teeth with lower-lying triangular crowns that are different from all known kekenodontids. Diphyodonty is known from Eocene archaeocetes but is unknown from geologically younger toothed cetaceans, with monophyodonty being hypothesised for all Neoceti. Inferences of diphyodonty in T. nihokaiwaiu would be the first instance in Cetacea from rocks geologically younger than the Eocene and would indicate diphyodonty persisted in some Late Oligocene archaeocetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of hypomineralized second primary molar (HSPM) and its association with socioeconomic characteristics and dental caries in a Brazilian population of preschoolers. Material and methods: 603 preschoolers, enrolled in public preschools in Itajaí (state of Santa Catarina, Brazil), took part in the study. To assess the participants' socio-economic characteristics, an original questionnaire was formulated and sent to the children's parents. The clinical evaluation was carried out by a calibrated examiner using the deft/DMFT index for dental caries and Ghanim et al. (Ghanim et al., Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 2015) criteria for HSPM. The data were analyzed through Poisson regression, using STATA statistical software, and the association analyses were presented by prevalence ratios (PR). Results: The prevalence of at least one HSPM-affected second molar was 24.5%. The prevalence of HSPM was associated to the city's geographical regions of the Educational hubs (p < 0.001). A significant association was found between dental caries and HSPM (p = 0.003; PR: 1.31; 95% CI 1.09–1.56). Children with HSPM were 31% more likely to experience dental caries than children without HSPM. Geographical regions of educational hubs were also significantly associated with HSPM (p < 0.001). None of the socioeconomic characteristics was associated with HSPM (p > 0.05). Conclusion: HSPM is a common developmental defect of enamel in children in our study. The HSPM distribution was associated with the city's geographic regions. Children with HSPM are more likely to experience dental caries. Socioeconomic characteristics were not associated with HSPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although a series of studies on OXIS contacts have been performed, studies regarding changes in OXIS contacts over time are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the change in contact type between primary molars after 3 years in children aged 3–7 years. Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted using 2922 sectional die models of 926 children. At baseline (T0), the contact type between the primary molars was scored using replication via the sectional die model method according to the OXIS criteria. After 3 years, the sectional die models of the same children were scored using the same criteria (T1). Results: McNemar's tests revealed a significant change in contacts from baseline to 3 years. The post hoc test explained specific changes in the contacts that were observed to be significant. These were O to X (p < 0.001), O to I (p < 0.001), O to S (p = 0.035), and I to X (p < 0.001). Conclusions: A significant change in OXIS contact over time was observed. The O-type contact underwent the maximum change. The least and most stable contacts are the "O" and "I" types, respectively. This change in contact type with age may alter the risk of caries in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The demand for esthetics has increased in today's world and most parents prefer to preserve their children's primary anterior teeth until their natural exfoliation. However, an intracanal post is required to provide retention for reconstruction of severely damaged anterior teeth due to caries or trauma. Various materials and methods may be used for the fabrication of intracanal posts. This study assessed the fracture strength and fracture mode of primary canine teeth reconstructed with prefabricated and customized polyethylene and glass fiber posts. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 60 extracted primary canine teeth in four groups (n = 15). After pulpectomy and post space preparation with 4 mm depth, composite resin post, prefabricated glass fiber post (Whitepost), customized glass fiber post (Interlig), or customized polyethylene fiber post (Ribbond) were placed in the root canals to provide retention, and the tooth crown was restored with bulk‐fill composite resin. The fracture strength was then measured in a universal testing machine. The fracture mode was also evaluated visually. Results: The mean fracture strength was 22.45 ± 5.06, 33.10 ± 8.5, 30.20 ± 7.33, and 32.61 ± 5.73 N/mm2 in the composite resin post, Whitepost, Interlig, and Ribbond groups, respectively. The fracture strength was significantly lower in the composite group than in the remaining three groups (p = 0.000). No other significant differences were found (p > 0.05). Also, no significant difference was observed among the study groups in the fracture mode (p = 0.241). Conclusion: The composite resin post yielded a significantly lower fracture strength than the prefabricated and customized glass and polyethylene fiber posts, but the fracture mode was not significantly different among the four groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of composite resin restorations in primary teeth, following cavity preparation with both traditional dental burs and laser irradiation. One hundred primary molars extracted from the children visiting our department were collected and randomly divided into five groups (A-E) with 20 teeth in each group. In groups A, B, C, D, and E the teeth samples were etched with phosphoric acid, Er; YAG laser followed by acid etching, Er, Cr: YSGG laser followed by acid etching, Er; YAG laser etching only and Er, Cr: YSGG laser etching only, respectively. Following, all the samples were restored with composite resin and subjected to 500 cycles of thermocycling. The shear bond strength of the resin composite was analyzed. The type of fractures was also noted. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The mean value of shear bond strength of Group A, B, C, D, and E was 17.562 ± 0.810, 15.928 ± 0.415, 14.964 ± 0.566, 11.833 ± 0.533 and 11.187 ± 0.517, respectively. Adhesive failure was most commonly seen in all the groups. The phosphoric acid etching remains a highly effective technique for pre-treating dentin in composite resin restorations. The shear strength of composite resin to the dentin of laser-prepared cavity in primary teeth can be improved by the addition of acid etching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental avulsion is a traumatic dental injury with complete displacement of the tooth outside the bony socket. Both primary and permanent teeth are predisposed to such traumatic incidents. The most effective treatment in such cases is tooth replantation. Additionally, a short‐term flexible splint is needed to stabilize the avulsed/replanted tooth. This case report describes orthodontic braces as a standardized flexible splint option for the treatment of tooth avulsion. Herein, the case of a 9‐year‐old female patient who presented to a private dental clinic with an avulsed upper left central incisor, 1 h after the accident has occurred. Once the tooth was replanted with all the necessary precautions, orthodontic braces and wire were utilized to stabilize the tooth. Most dental splints are custom‐made, requiring thorough professional knowledge and expertise for their fabrication and placement. The protocol described in this report is aimed at easing tooth stabilization using materials within the scope of a basic dental setup consultation room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulpotomy is a crucial method to preserve primary teeth until natural exfoliation. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomy with iRoot BP Plus in primary molars and to explore the association between hemostasis time and these outcomes. Methods: Primary molars that underwent iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy and were followed for at least 12 months were selected for this study. Clinical and radiographic data were collected, and the success rate was analyzed in relation to factors such as hemostasis time, tooth type, and arch type. The tests of significance used were the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, or Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 183 teeth in 106 patients were included in the analysis. The follow-up period fell into a range of 1–3 years, with a mean of 1.6 years. The clinical and radiographic success rates were 96.7% and 92.9%, respectively. The earliest time to observe the radiographic failures was half a year after the treatment, and the latest time was two years after the treatment. Among all the teeth, 130 were recorded with hemostasis time before the application of iRoot BP Plus. Compared to teeth with a hemostasis time of 5 min or less, teeth with a hemostasis time exceeding 5 min showed no significant differences in clinical and radiographic success (P = 1.000 and 0.879). Additionally, neither arch nor teeth type showed a relationship with the pulpotomy success rate (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Pulpotomy using iRoot BP Plus in primary molars achieved favorable results. The hemostasis time may not significantly impact the outcomes of pulpotomy using iRoot BP Plus in primary molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background/Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusion Alveolar bone process fractures in preschool children are not well documented in the literature. Alveolar process fractures are located very close to primary teeth and permanent tooth germs. This study investigates the risk of healing complications following alveolar process fractures in the primary dentition and potential sequelae in the permanent dentition.A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 21 patients with 49 primary teeth involved in an alveolar fracture. The follow‐up protocol included clinical and radiographic examinations at specified intervals up to the age of 6 years. Healing complications in the primary teeth such as pulp necrosis, pulp canal obliteration, ankylosis, infection‐related resorption and premature tooth loss were examined. Sequelae in the permanent dentition was also registered when the permanent incisors had erupted.Over a 3‐year follow‐up, the incidence of premature tooth loss was 51.2% [95% CI: 34.1%–68.4%], pulp canal obliteration was 42.5% [95% CI: 27.1%–57.8%], and pulp necrosis was 8.9% [95% CI: 0.6%–17.3%] following an alveolar process fracture. No cases of ankylosis were observed. Sequelae in the permanent dentition primarily included demarcated opacities and hypoplasia with a risk estimated at 24% [95% CI: 13%–39%] and 9% [95% CI: 2%–21%] respectively.Alveolar process fractures in primary dentition are associated with several healing complications in the primary teeth. Although the likelihood of severe complications in the permanent dentition is low, young children are still susceptible to developing sequelae in their permanent teeth. These results highlight the importance of awareness of dental injuries following alveolar process bone fractures in the primary dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interceptive orthodontics may be indicated in puppies exhibiting dental malocclusion with linguoverted deciduous mandibular canine teeth to alleviate pain and prevent teeth interlock, which may affect growth and development of the mandibles. Historically extraction of deciduous mandibular canine teeth has been recommended as soon as a malocclusion is identified, often as early as 6-8 weeks of age and no later than 12 weeks of age. This early surgical intervention of deciduous teeth extractions risks potential damage to the developing permanent canine teeth resulting in enamel defects often referred to as a Turner's tooth or Turner's hypoplasia. A search of medical records from five veterinary specialty dentistry practices was conducted to identify dogs 8-12 weeks of age who (a) underwent deciduous mandibular canine extractions for management of class 1 or class 2 malocclusion with linguoverted mandibular canine teeth, and (b) were seen for at least one recheck exam to assess for enamel defects on permanent mandibular canine teeth. Furthermore, data was collected to determine the number of dogs that required additional treatment after eruption of the permanent canine teeth due to linguoversion of the permanent canine teeth. All procedures were performed by a board-certified veterinary dentist™ or a supervised veterinary dentistry resident. Seventy-four dogs fit the inclusion criteria and had a total of 143 deciduous mandibular canine teeth extracted, out of which 13 dogs exhibited enamel defects affecting 21 permanent canine teeth. The 13 affected dogs represent a 17.5% cumulative incident rate 13/74 (95%CI 11-28%). Of all extracted teeth, 14.6% (21/143) had enamel defects affecting permanent canine teeth. Twenty-eight dogs required additional treatment to prevent the permanent mandibular canine teeth from causing trauma to the hard palate and gingiva which represented 37.8% (28/74) of all dogs in the study. Age and sex of the dog at the time of extraction were not found to be associated with the likelihood of incidence of enamel defects. This is the first reported rate of enamel defects on permanent mandibular canine teeth following extraction of deciduous mandibular canine teeth and is important to consider when advising or performing extraction of deciduous teeth in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) are a prevalent chronic disease in young children. However, there has been limited research on the microbiota in different tissue levels of the same tooth in children with ECC. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in bacterial diversity during the progression of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) within the same tooth, from the tooth surface to the root canal, by collecting tissue samples from different areas of the affected tooth. Methods: Twenty primary teeth with periapical periodontitis were selected from 20 children aged 3-5 years, with 100 samples collected from the different layers: uncavitated buccal enamel surface without white spot lesion (surface), the outermost layer of the dentin carious lesion (superficial), the inner layer of carious dentin (deep), necrotic pulp tissue (pulp), and root exudate (exudate). The taxonomy of each OTU representative sequence was analyzed against the 16S rRNA database. Comparisons of alpha diversity between groups were performed. The number of shared and unique genera between groups counted. Beta diversity was contrasted to evaluate differences in bacterial community composition, and the relationships between the microbiota and samples were analyzed. The heatmap analysis of the 30 most abundant genera was used, which highlighted their relative distribution and abundance. The significantly abundant taxa (phylum to genera) of bacteria among the different groups were identified. The differences of relative abundance between bacterial genera among the five groups were analyzed. Significant Spearman correlations were noted, and visualization of the co-occurrence network was conducted. Results: Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that most genera were present in all layers, with the number of shared genera increasing as the disease advanced. The bacterial communities and core genera in the co-occurrence network changed with progression to severe ECC. Conclusion: An increase in both the quantity and complexity of bacterial interactions was observed. This study emphasized the importance of paying attention to the relationship between microbial species rather than just checking changes in bacterial species structure when investigating the role of bacteria in disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of dental misconceptions is significant in modern day. This can be attributed to the contrasting cultural, social and educational exposure of the public. Previous research on dental myths has primarily employed cross-sectional and closed-ended questionnaire methods. However, this study was planned as a qualitative research utilizing open-ended interviews enabling the participants to a greater degree of expression of their opinions and to explore the broader scope of dental myths in practice. Twenty-five participants above the age of 18 years were probed through one-to-one unstructured interviews. The interviews were audiotaped with consent and the transcribed texts were analyzed to identify categories and themes. Manifestations of common dental myths were grouped into five themes namely caries, tooth brushing, extraction, aesthetic care, and primary teeth. This study validated the wide prevalence of dental misconceptions among the public and calls for a combined effort from both patients and dentists to debunk baseless myths and facilitate good oral health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background/Aim Methods Results Conclusion The association between ear problems and traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) has not been examined in longitudinal cohort studies. The study aimed to estimate the effect of ear problems on TDIs in primary and permanent teeth among Australian Indigenous children.The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children is a study of two representative cohorts of Indigenous Australian children, aged from 6 months to 2 years (baby cohort) or from 3.5 to 5 years (child cohort) at baseline (2008). The children's mother/primary carer undertook a face‐to‐face interview in 2008, repeated annually for the next 9 years. Ear problems included runny ears, perforated eardrum, total deafness, deaf in one ear, hearing loss/partially deaf, and other ear problems. TDIs were teeth and oral soft and hard tissue injuries. Multivariate survival analysis using Cox proportional regression models estimated hazards ratio (HR) were used in the analysis.A total of 870 from baby cohort and 668 from child cohort Indigenous children, who had no TDIs at baseline were included in the analysis. The prevalence of TDIs was 9.2%, 11.1%, and 6.6% in the total, baby, and child cohorts, respectively. Multivariable models for TDIs indicate children with ear problems had nearly four times (total: HR = 3.72, 95% CI: 1.82–6.77), five times (baby cohort: HR = 4.76, 95% CI: 1.59–11.63), and more than 15 times (child cohort: HR = 16.2, 95% CI: 4.78–49.28) the average hazard over time, than those without ear problems. After adjusting for all covariates, children with ear problems had more than 22 times (HR = 22.03, 95% CI: 4.50–87.07) TDIs than those without ear problems in the child cohort. Mothers/primary carers with lower educational level was positively associated with the incidence of TDIs.Ear problems were a risk indicator for the increased incidence of TDIs in two large cohorts of Indigenous Australian children. Mothers/primary carers' educational level was a significant risk factor for TDIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human mesenchymal stem cells have attracted interest in regenerative medicine and are being tested in many clinical trials. In vitro expansion is necessary to provide clinical-grade quantities of mesenchymal stem cells; however, it has been reported to cause replicative senescence and undefined dysfunction in mesenchymal stem cells. Quality control assessments of in vitro expansion have rarely been addressed in ongoing trials. Young small extracellular vesicles from the remnant pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth stem cells have demonstrated therapeutic potential for diverse diseases. However, it is still unclear whether young small extracellular vesicles can reverse senescence-related declines. Results: We demonstrated that mitochondrial structural disruption precedes cellular dysfunction during bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell replication, indicating mitochondrial parameters as quality assessment indicators of mesenchymal stem cells. Dynamin-related protein 1-mediated mitochondrial dynamism is an upstream regulator of replicative senescence-induced dysfunction in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. We observed that the application of young small extracellular vesicles could rescue the pluripotency dissolution, immunoregulatory capacities, and therapeutic effects of replicative senescent bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mechanistically, young small extracellular vesicles could promote Dynamin-related protein 1 translocation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria and remodel mitochondrial disruption during replication history. Conclusions: Our findings show that Dynamin-related protein 1-mediated mitochondrial disruption is associated with the replication history of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Young small extracellular vesicles from human exfoliated deciduous teeth stem cells alleviate replicative senescence by promoting Dynamin-related protein 1 translocation onto the mitochondria, providing evidence for a potential rejuvenation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster victim identification (DVI) refers to the forensic identification of unknown individuals following a mass disaster event. Human dental structures can contain viable DNA sources when other soft tissues are compromised. However, labor‐intensive sample preparation performed by extensively trained personnel is needed to expose the nuclear material for traditional forensic DNA workflows. With this in mind, we evaluated two simplified sample preparation protocols for processing tooth samples using either a conventional forensic DNA workflow or the Applied Biosystems® RapidHIT™ ID instrument. Briefly, sample sets for both protocols included 10 deciduous teeth that were cleaned prior to either fragmentation with a claw hammer (for RapidHIT™ ID processing) or fine‐powder pulverization with a consumer‐grade coffee grinder (for traditional workflows). The average percentage of expected STR alleles that were detected above analytical threshold for these tooth samples were comparable between methods: RapidHIT™ ID = 99.0% and GlobalFiler™ = 99.8%. Average intralocus heterozygote peak height ratios (PHRs) were comparable: RapidHIT™ ID = 0.80 and GlobalFiler™ = 0.86. Importantly, 9 of 10 samples analyzed via the RapidHIT™ ID required analyst review for flagged artifact peaks and quality issues. Across all profiles, 91% of alleles passed quality metrics for the RapidHIT™ workflow versus 100% for conventional GlobalFiler™ analysis. Collectively, these results suggest that quick, low‐tech tooth sample fragmentation followed by analysis with the RapidHIT™ ID instrument can produce complete STR profiles from aged tooth samples. Future studies should include larger samples sets, more challenging tooth samples, and further simplification of sample preparation to enable field‐forward, on‐scene DVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pediatric dentistry should rely on evidence-based clinical decisions supported by high-quality, unbiased systematic reviews (SRs). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the methodological quality and risk of bias of SRs focused on non- and micro-invasive treatment for caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in multiple databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Epistemonikos, and ProQuest, up to March 2023 to identify relevant systematic reviews (SRs) focused on non- and micro-invasive caries treatment. Two independent reviewers extracted data from the included SRs and assessed the methodological quality and risk of bias using the AMSTAR 2 and ROBIS tools, respectively. Results: A total of 39 SRs were included in the analysis. Among these, 27 SRs (69.2%) were assessed as having critically low methodological quality, 11 SRs (28.2%) were considered to have low methodological quality, and only one SR was rated as high-quality. The primary concern identified was the absence of protocol registration before commencing of the study, observed in 33 SR when using the AMSTAR 2 tool. According to the ROBIS tool, 21 studies (53.8%) were categorized as low risk of bias, 10 (25.6%) as high risk, and eight (20.5%) as unclear risk of bias. Conclusion: Our analysis revealed that SRs focused on non- and micro-invasive treatment for caries in children and adolescents had critically low methodological quality according to the AMSTAR 2 tool but demonstrated a low risk of bias based on the ROBIS tool. These findings highlight the importance of emphasizing prospective protocol registration, transparent reporting of statistical analyses, and addressing potential bias implications within this topic. By addressing these issues, we can enhance the quality of SRs and ensure that clinical decisions rely on unbiased and trustworthy evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphea, a morphological variant of Localised Scleroderma (LoS) that typically occurs in children, is an inflammatory disease of connective tissue leading to skin and underlying tissue sclerosis due to increased deposition of collagen. The aetiology of morphea is quite elusive. Morphea, along with other regions also affects oral and perioral tissues; the most common affected implication being facial skin and tongue rigidity. The author reports a case of a 10-year-old female who reported to the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry for retained maxillary anterior deciduous teeth. The patient also presented with scarring on her face, chest, and arms. Her lips were thin, rigid and partially fixed producing microstomia with decreased mouth opening. Clinical examination, blood tests, Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography/High-Resolution Computed Tomography (CECT/HRCT) of thorax, Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) test, Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) Test, Anti-dsDNA Test, systemic sclerosis/myositis profile, and histopathological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of morphea. The management of morphea is multidisciplinary. Hence, the role of a paediatric dental surgeon in recognising the development of disease progression in a patient and avoiding any oral complications is very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This clinical study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision of artificial intelligence (AI) in assessing permanent teeth in pediatric patients. Over one thousand consecutive DPRs taken in Kielce, Poland, with the Carestream CS9600 device were screened. In the study material, 35 dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) of patients of developmental age were identified and included. They were automatically evaluated with an AI algorithm. The DPRs were then analyzed by researchers. The status of the following dichotomous variables was assessed: (1) decay, (2) missing tooth, (3) filled tooth, (4) root canal filling, and (5) endodontic lesion. The results showed high specificity and accuracy (all above 85%) in detecting caries, dental fillings, and missing teeth but low precision. This study provided a detailed assessment of AI performance in a previously neglected age group. In conclusion, the overall accuracy of AI algorithms for evaluating permanent dentition in dental panoramic radiographs is lower for pediatric patients than adults or the entire population. Hence, identifying primary teeth should be implemented in AI-driven software, at least so as to ignore them when assessing mixed dentition (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT06258798). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a widespread and severe oral health problem that potentially affects the general health of children. Visual–tactile examination remains the diagnostic method of choice to diagnose ECC, although visual examination could be automated by artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the future. The aim of this study was the external validation of a recently published and freely accessible AI-based model for detecting ECC and classifying carious lesions in dental photographs. Methods: A total of 143 anonymised photographs of anterior deciduous teeth (ECC = 107, controls = 36) were visually evaluated by the dental study group (reference test) and analysed using the AI-based model (test method). Diagnostic performance was determined statistically. Results: ECC detection accuracy was 97.2%. Diagnostic performance varied between carious lesion classes (noncavitated lesions, greyish translucency/microcavity, cavitation, destructed tooth), with accuracies ranging from 88.9% to 98.1%, sensitivities ranging from 68.8% to 98.5% and specificities ranging from 86.1% to 99.4%. The area under the curve ranged from 0.834 to 0.964. Conclusions: The performance of the AI-based model is similar to that reported for the internal dataset used by developers. Further studies with independent image samples are required to comprehensively gauge the performance of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Restoring decayed teeth in young patients can be challenging. This calls for a simplification of the protocols through new biomaterials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the marginal adaptation delivered by restorative materials applied on class II cavities by using a simplified protocol, before and after fatigue test, followed by the assessment of the internal adaptation. (2) Methods: Forty-eight human teeth were divided into six groups (n = 8). Dentinal fluid simulation was performed before restoring the class II cavities: Gr 1—adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) and nanohybrid flowable composite (Clearfil Majesty ES Super Low Flow), Gr 2—adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) and nanohybrid composite (Clearfil Majesty ES standard), Gr 3—bulk fill self-adhesive composite (Surefil One), Gr 4—bioactive powder-liquid filling material (Cention Forte), Gr 5—universal adhesive (Adhese Universal) and nanohybrid composite resin (Tetric Powerfill); and control group (CT)—high-viscosity glass ionomer (Equia Forte). Marginal adaptation was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared before and after a fatigue test consisting of repeated thermal and mechanical cycles. The specimens were then cut mesio-distally, and internal adaptation was undertaken using SEM again. Repeated measures and one way ANOVA followed by a Fisher's LSD test and Fisher's LSD post hoc test were used in order to compare the statistically significant differences among groups. (3) Results: As for the marginal adaptation after loading, Cention Forte (58%) and Equia Forte HT (53%) were statistically equivalent and presented the highest results, followed by Clearfil Majesty ES Standard (32%) and Tetric Powerfill (27%), with Surefil One (8%) and Clearfil Majesty ES Flow Super Low (7%) showing the worst results. In terms of internal adaptation, Cention Forte (85%) and Clearfil Majesty ES Standard (74%) had the highest percentages of continuous margins. Tetric powerfill (56%) and Equia Forte HT (44%) showed statistically significantly lower results, followed by Clearfil Majesty ES Flow Super Low (33%) and eventually Surefil One (17%). (4) Conclusions: This in vitro study showed promising results for the marginal and internal adaptation of alkasite dual cured Cention Forte in the restoration of class II cavities. This material could be considered an interesting restorative alternative for the restoration of deciduous teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vital pulp therapy aims to preserve the vitality of dental pulp exposed due to caries, trauma, or restorative procedures. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the clinical, radiographic, and histological outcomes of different calcium silicate-based cements used in vital pulp therapy for both primary and permanent teeth. The review included 40 randomized controlled trials from a search across PubMed, LILACS, and the Cochrane Collaboration, as well as manual searches and author inquiries according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. A critical assessment of studies was conducted, and after data extraction the results were submitted to a quantitative statistical analysis using meta-analysis. The studies, involving 1701 patients and 3168 teeth, compared a total of 18 different calcium silicate-based cements in both dentitions. The qualitative synthesis showed no significant differences in short-term outcomes (up to 6 months) between different calcium silicate-based cements in primary teeth. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine showed similar clinical and radiographic success rates at 6 and 12 months. In permanent teeth, although the global results appeared to be well balanced, ProRoot MTA generally seemed to perform better than other calcium silicate-based cements except for Biodentine, which had comparable or superior results at 6 months. Meta-analyses for selected comparisons showed no significant differences in clinical and radiographic outcomes between ProRoot MTA and Biodentine over follow-up periods. The present review highlights the need for standardized definitions of success and follow-up periods in future studies to better guide clinical decisions. Despite the introduction of new calcium silicate-based cements aiming to address limitations of the original MTA. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine remain the most used and reliable materials for vital pulp therapy, although the results did not deviate that much from the other calcium silicate-based cements. Further long-term studies are required to establish the optimal CSC for each clinical scenario in both dentitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the dental abnormalities by visually assessing the labial and buccal photographs in dogs and cats and analyze their prevalence based on age and breed. ANIMALS 1,096 client-owned dogs and 775 client-owned cats. METHODS Data were collected from patients who visited 26 private veterinary clinics from January to December 2022. Each animal was evaluated through dental photographs taken from the labial and buccal sides. Correlations between the prevalence of the identified dental abnormalities and age, craniofacial type, and breed, were analyzed. RESULTS Calculus, discoloration, epulis, fractured teeth, gingival recession, gingivitis, malocclusion, missing teeth, and persistent deciduous teeth could be identified by analyzing the dental photographs in both dogs and cats. Enamel defects in dogs and tooth resorption in cats could be identified. Brachycephalic dogs had a significantly higher prevalence of malocclusion (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.36 to 2.75) and missing teeth (OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 2.71 to 4.91) compared to nonbrachycephalic dogs. Brachycephalic cats had a significantly higher prevalence of fractured teeth (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.04) and a lower prevalence of gingival recession (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.55) compared to nonbrachycephalic cats. Calculus, persistent deciduous teeth, and possibly gingivitis could be identified in dogs and cats by analyzing labial and buccal photographs. The assessment of some dental abnormalities such as fractured teeth, missing teeth, and tooth resorption can be limited without a complete dental examination under anesthesia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although the assessment of dental conditions may be underestimated, the data on the prevalence of the dental abnormalities evaluated through the photographs could be utilized for screening dental diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Tooth agenesis (TA) is among the most common malformations in humans. Although several causative mutations have been described, the genetic cause often remains elusive. Here, we test whether whole genome sequencing (WGS) could bridge this diagnostic gap. Methods: In four families with TA, we assessed the dental phenotype using the Tooth Agenesis Code after intraoral examination and radiographic and photographic documentation. We performed WGS of index patients and subsequent segregation analysis. Results: We identified two variants of uncertain significance (a potential splice variant in PTH1R, and a 2.1 kb deletion abrogating a non‐coding element in FGF7) and three pathogenic variants: a novel frameshift in the final exon of PITX2, a novel deletion in PAX9, and a known nonsense variant in WNT10A. Notably, the FGF7 variant was found in the patient, also featuring the WNT10A variant. While mutations in PITX2 are known to cause Axenfeld‐Rieger syndrome 1 (ARS1) predominantly featuring ocular findings, accompanied by dental malformations, we found the PITX2 frameshift in a family with predominantly dental and varying ocular findings. Conclusion: Severe TA predicts a genetic cause identifiable by WGS. Final exon PITX2 frameshifts can cause a predominantly dental form of ARS1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the role of biomimetic pulp scaffolds derived from the extracellular matrix derived of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED‐ECM‐PS) in promoting pulp–dentine complex regeneration. Methodology: SHED‐ECM‐PS was prepared through cell aggregation and decellularization techniques. Histological and immunofluorescence analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and DNA quantification assays were used to characterize the SHED‐ECM‐PS. Additionally, a tooth slice implantation model was established to evaluate the effects of SHED‐ECM‐PS on regeneration of the pulp–dentine complex in vivo. Extraction medium for SHED‐ECM‐PS was prepared, and its effect on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) was assessed in vitro. Cell counting kit‐8 and Ki‐67 staining assays were performed to determine cell proliferation. The rate of apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Wound healing and transwell assays were conducted to evaluate cell migration. Alizarin red S staining was performed to examine mineralized nodule formation. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of osteogenic and odontogenic markers. The results were analysed using an independent two‐tailed Student's t‐test. p <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: SHED‐ECM‐PS was successfully constructed, exhibiting a striped dental pulp‐like shape devoid of nuclear structures or DNA components, and rich in fibronectin, collagen I, DMP1 and DSPP. Notably, SHED‐ECM‐PS showed no impact on the proliferation or apoptosis of BMMSCs. Histological analysis revealed that dental pulp fibroblasts formed an interwoven mesh in the root canal, and angiogenesis was observed in the SHED‐ECM‐PS group. Moreover, a continuous, newly formed tubular dentine layer with polarized odontoblast‐like cells was observed along the inner wall of the root canal. SHED‐ECM‐PS promoted the migration, polar alignment and mineralized nodule formation of BMMSCs and specifically elevated the expression levels of odontogenic markers, but not osteogenic markers, compared with the control group in vitro. Conclusion: SHED‐ECM‐PS exhibited no cytotoxicity and promoted pulp‐dentine complex regeneration in vivo as well as cell migration and odontogenic differentiation of BMMSCs in vitro. These findings provide evidence that SHED‐ECM‐PS, as a novel biological scaffold, has the potential to improve the outcomes of REPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Grotta‐Riparo di Uluzzo C (Apulia, southern Italy) is a pivotal site for investigating the evolution of the Middle Paleolithic and the earliest phases of the Upper Paleolithic in southern Italy, as the extensive stratigraphic record of this site includes a thick Mousterian sequence followed by the Uluzzian. Here, we investigate the taxonomic affinity of seven unpublished deciduous human teeth retrieved from the site of Uluzzo C in 1960. Materials and Methods: The teeth are represented by seven plaster dental casts, which are housed at the Museo Civico di Paleontologia e Paletnologia in Maglie (Lecce, Apulia). The location of the original specimens remains unknown, rendering these casts the only human remains evidence yielded by Uluzzo C to date. Based on occlusal‐view photographs and digital models of the casts, we examined the external morphology and morphometry of the teeth, comparing them to Homo sapiens and H. neanderthalensis samples. Through geometric morphometric methods and statistical analyses, we analyzed the crown outline of the deciduous molars. Results: The teeth show morphological and morphometric features that are variably found in H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens, or both. Specifically, crown outline analysis shows that all molars fall within H. neanderthalensis variability, except for Uluzzo 853 (lower right deciduous first molar), which falls within H. sapiens variability. Discussion: This study provides the first taxonomic assessment of the hominin teeth from Uluzzo C. The results contribute additional insights into the Paleolithic peopling of southern Italy during a crucial period marked by the persistence of post‐Tyrrhenian Neanderthal techno‐complexes and the arrival of H. sapiens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenges of diagnosing rickets and scurvy in human skeletal remains. The authors suggest a temporary pause on using microscopic mineralization defects to diagnose rickets, as more data is needed for certainty. They propose using terms like "highly consistent/typical" and "consistent with" instead. The article also discusses the potential use of machine learning and artificial intelligence in evaluating mineralization defects in bones and teeth. It emphasizes the prevalence of rickets and vitamin D deficiency globally and highlights the need for further research and collaboration between paleopathologists and clinicians. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary research in addressing global health issues. [Extracted from the article]

Physiological root resorption of deciduous teeth is a normal phenomenon occurring during the developmental stages of children. Previous research has indicated the pivotal role of the inflammatory microenvironment in this process, although the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study is aimed at elucidating the involvement of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR)-autophagy axis in the regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment during physiological root resorption in deciduous teeth. Samples were collected from deciduous teeth at various stages of physiological root resorption, and deciduous dental pulp stem cells (DDPSCs) were isolated and cultured during the mid-phase of root resorption. The findings revealed a substantial infiltration of the pulp of deciduous teeth at the mid-phase of root resorption, characterized by elevated expression levels of α7 nAChR and IL-1β. Significantly increased IL-1β and α7 nAChR expressions were observed in DDPSCs during the mid-phase of root resorption, with α7 nAChR demonstrating a regulatory effect on IL-1β. Moreover, evidence suggested that mechanical stress may act as a trigger, regulating autophagy and IL-1 expression via α7 nAChR. In conclusion, mechanical stress was identified as a regulator of autophagy in DDPSCs through α7 nAChR, influencing the expression of IL-1β and contributing to the formation of the inflammatory microenvironment. This mechanism plays a crucial role in the physiological root resorption of deciduous teeth. Key messages: The pulp of deciduous teeth at mid-phase of root resorption was heavily infiltrated with high expression of α7nAChR and IL-1β. α7 nAChR acts as an initiating factor to regulate IL-1β through autophagy in DDPSCs. Mechanical stress can regulate autophagy of DDPSCs through α7 nAChR and thus affect IL-1β expression and inflammatory microenvironment formation in physiological root resorption in deciduous teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain often occurs after root canal treatment due to unavoidable mechanical or chemical damage. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of a nickel-titanium (NiTi) device combined with ultrasonic irrigation and multiple antibiotic creams in the treatment of periapical inflammation of deciduous teeth, so as to improve the understanding of root canal treatment and optimize clinical practice. Evaluation of efficacy was conducted using X-rays and the Visual Analog Scale. This treatment significantly reduced pain and also improved patient compliance and treatment outcomes. The findings of the present study may have scientific and clinical significance for optimizing root canal treatment in pediatric dentistry and requires further in-depth research in clinical practice. These outcomes may provide potential new ideas and directions for improving patients' quality of life and the efficacy of clinical treatment and have further impacts on future related research and medical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: With modern dentistry advancements, children and parents have significantly raised aesthetic expectations in pediatric dentistry. Pediatric zirconia crowns (PZCs) provide a superior aesthetic appearance compared with stainless steel crowns (SSCs), making them a popular treatment option. However, a comparison of the compressive stresses caused by these crowns on the roots of primary teeth and alveolar bones has not been conducted. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of an eight-year-old female patient who experienced premature loss of a primary mandibular left second molar were obtained from a dental hospital database. Rhinoceros 4.0 software was used to process and simulate images. Under simulated chewing forces, stress on the PZC, SSC, and intact primary first molars as control groups, as well as their roots and alveolar bone structures, was assessed with finite element analysis. Statistical Analyses: Depending on whether the descriptive data were normally distributed, the Student t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used. Quantitative variables differ between the two categories of qualitative variables. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis H tests were used depending on standard distribution assumptions. p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance differences. Results: PZCs, SSCs, and cement layers were stressed according to von Mises values, while roots and alveolar bones were stressed according to maximum and minimum stress values. When assessing crowns, SSCs exhibited the highest von Mises stress values, followed by PZCs and control groups (p < 0.001). In the cement layer, SSCs obtained significantly higher values (p = 0.003). In the root area, minimum principal stress values are more critical. The highest values were obtained from the intact tooth, PZC, and SSC, respectively (p < 0.001). Alveolar bones did not differ significantly in minimum principal stress (p = 0.950). Conclusions: Restorative full-coverage crowns exhibited higher von Mises values than intact teeth, as per current research findings. The von Mises values were highest in SSC, while lowest in PZC. As a result of this condition, the cement layer and root areas had higher von Mises stress and compressive stress. Alveolar bones were not affected regardless of restoration type. PZC transmits higher stress due to its properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) has been used as a canal irrigation agent. However, no research has been done on its use as a primary root canal paste mixed with calcium hydroxide in primary teeth. Purpose: This study aims to determine the in vitro antibacterial effect of an experimental canal sealer prepared using OCT and calcium hydroxide (CaOH) on primary root canal pathogens and compare them to zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and iodoform paste (IP). Methods: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streprococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Enteroccus faecalis (E. faecalis) were used as microorganisms to determine their antibacterial effect. A disc diffusion test was applied to the strains of impregnated discs with canal sealer. The number of bacteria was standardized and incubated into the Mueller-Hinton growth medium. At the end of the incubation period, the inhibition zones around the discs were measured in millimeters and recorded. Results: When the diameters of the inhibition zones were compared, the experimental canal paste obtained by mixing OCT and CaOH at a ratio of 2:1 was found to have the highest antibacterial effect against S. aureus, S. mutans and E. faecalis, and the primary tooth canal paste containing iodoform, which is used routinely in clinical practice, had the lowest antibacterial effect. Conclusion: As a result of this study, the antibacterial effect of experimental canal sealer containing OCT-CaOH on S. mutans, S. aureus and E. faecalis was found to be considerably higher than the root canal sealer containing eugenol and iodoform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pain control during endodontic treatment is essential but challenging, particularly in pediatric dentistry. Intraosseous anesthesia (IO) ensures adequate areas are anesthetized for endodontic treatment of the primary tooth with only a single injection site and a small amount of anesthetic solution required. Anesthesia should be delivered slowly to enhance the success rate, minimize pain and, for the IO technique, minimize risk of osteonecrosis. The IO anesthesia delivery system that meets such criteria is computercontrolled local anesthetic delivery (CCLAD). Purpose: To describe the enhancement of pediatric endodontic treatment with minimum risk intraosseous anesthesia using CCLAD. Case: An 8-year-old male patient came to the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic at Padjadjaran University Dental Hospital reporting pain on the lower right second molar deciduous teeth, indicated for vital pulpectomy. Case Management: The procedure of vital pulpectomy was done under local anesthesia. Patient was given intraosseous injection with CCLAD prior to opening access. The point of injection was at two mm apical from distal interdental papillae of the lower right second molar deciduous teeth. The patient remained calm throughout the local injection and vital pulpectomy procedure. Conclusion: Intraosseous anesthesia is beneficial when used for pain control during pediatric endodontic therapy. The use of CCLAD gives comfort to the patient while lowering the risk of necrotizing alveolar bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of dental pulp exposure in horses, focusing on the pathophysiology and diagnostic imaging. It explains that the extent of the problem may not be obvious without further imaging, and discusses the anatomy of the pulp and dentine. The importance of diagnostic imaging is emphasized, and case examples are provided to illustrate its significance. The article also briefly mentions other equine dental issues and highlights the ability of equine teeth to remain vital. [Extracted from the article]

The Early Pleistocene sites of Orce in southeastern Spain, including Fuente Nueva-3 (FN3), Barranco León (BL) and Venta Micena (VM), provide important insights into the earliest hominin populations and Late Villafranchian large mammal communities. Dated to approximately 1.4 million years ago, FN3 and BL preserve abundant Oldowan tools, cut marks and a human primary tooth, indicating hominin activity. VM, approximately 1.6 million years old, is an outstanding site because it preserves an exceptionally rich assemblage of large mammals and predates the presence of hominins, providing a context for pre-human conditions in the region. Research suggests that both hominins and giant hyenas were essential to the accumulation of skeletal remains at FN3 and BL, with secondary access to meat resources exploited by saber-toothed felids. This aim of this study aims to correlate the relative abundance of large herbivores at these sites with their estimates of Carrying Capacity (CC) and Total Available Biomass (TAB) using the PSEco model, which incorporates survival and mortality profiles to estimate these parameters in paleoecosystems. Our results show: (i) similarities between quarries VM3 and VM4 and (ii) similarities of these quarries with BL-D (level D), suggesting a similar formation process; (iii) that the role of humans would be secondary in BL-D and FN3-LAL (Lower Archaeological Level), although with a greater human influence in FN3-LAL due to the greater presence of horses and small species; and (iv) that FN3-UAL (Upper Archaeological Level) shows similarities with the expected CC values for FN3/BL, consistent with a natural trap of quicksand scenario, where the large mammal species were trapped according to their abundance and body mass, as there is a greater presence of rhinos and mammoths due to the greater weight per unit area exerted by their legs. Given the usefulness of this approach, we propose to apply it first to sites that have been proposed to function as natural traps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Pediatric endodontics has become popular due to advancements in cleaning, shaping, and irrigation systems, resulting in faster and effective removal of infected pulp, saving time, and creating a pathogen-free environment. The patented rotary file system, Kedo S, designed for primary teeth, introduced a single file generation for efficient pulp therapy. However, there are currently no studies assessing canal preparation in primary mandibular canine using nano-computed tomography (nano-CT). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of rotary file systems (Kedo S plus, Kedo SG blue) against traditional hand files in root canal preparation of primary mandibular canines using nano-CT. Materials and Methods This in vitro study was performed in extracted primary mandibular canine based on certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Samples were prepared and working length was determined before the preoperative scan using a high-resolution nano-CT device (SkyScan 2214, Bruker, Kontich, Belgium). A single well-experienced pediatric dentist prepared the canals using three file systems: Kedo S plus, Kedo SG blue, and hand K-files. A postoperative scan was performed similar to preoperative scan. Image reconstruction was performed with NRecon software for three-dimensional volumetric visualization and analysis of the root canals. Results Kedo S plus displayed significant alterations in volumetric, surface area, and instrumented areas postpreparation compared with Kedo SG blue and hand files. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in volumetric and surface changes between Kedo S plus and hand files. Conclusion Rotary file systems, especially Kedo S plus, resulted in increased canal volume and surface area with minimal uninstrumented areas, showing promise for primary dentition root canal preparations. Further clinical assessments are warranted to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new genus and species of lysiosquilloid mantis shrimp is described from Australia and Japan. It is unique in Stomatopoda by its unusual telson ornamentation in which the short intermediate and lateral primary teeth, accompanied by a row of short, graded serrations inward of the intermediate teeth, partially overhang a row of minute submarginal denticles. Although distinctive as a new genus and species, Incertasquilla chimera gen. et sp. nov. does not fit clearly into existing lysiosquilloid families as currently diagnosed and, in some respects, shares a mosaic of features present in several families. Incertasquilla chimera gen. et sp. nov. , however, currently fits best into Tetrasquillidae, where it is tentatively placed, although further phylogenetic study may show it belongs in a separate family altogether. In the light of the new character combinations presented by the discovery of Incertasquilla chimera gen. et sp. nov. , a revised diagnosis for Tetrasquillidae and updated key to the genera are provided. The discovery of Incertasquilla chimera gen. et sp. nov. expands the described lysiosquilloid fauna to 14 genera and 30 species in Australia, and 10 and 16 in Japan, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steroid hormones are important modulators of many physiological processes, and measurements of steroids in blood, saliva, and urine matrices are widely used to assess endocrine pathologies and stress. However, these matrices cannot be used to retrospectively assess early-life stress and developmental endocrine pathologies, because they do not integrate steroid levels over the long term. A novel biological matrix in which to measure steroids is primary teeth (or "baby teeth"). Primary teeth develop early in life and accumulate various endogenous molecules during their gradual formation. Here, we developed and validated the first assay to measure steroids in human primary teeth using liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our assay is highly sensitive, specific, accurate, and precise. It allows for the simultaneous quantification of 17 steroids in primary teeth (16 of which have not been examined previously in primary teeth). Overall, steroid levels in primary teeth were relatively low, and 8 steroids were quantifiable. Levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, cortisol, and progesterone were the highest of the 17 steroids examined. Next, we used this assay to perform steroid profiling in primary teeth from males and females. The same 8 steroids were quantifiable, and no sex differences were found. Levels of androgens (androstenedione and testosterone) were positively correlated, and levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone) were also positively correlated. These data demonstrate that multiple steroids can be quantified by LC-MS/MS in human primary teeth, and this method potentially provides a powerful new way to retrospectively assess early-life stress and developmental endocrine pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti‐D antibody is the most common cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Other antigens have emerged, causing significant damage to the newborn. We report a case of a 31‐week dichorionic diamniotic twin born emergently to a mother with anti‐C and anti‐D antibodies who required multiple percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS) and transfusions. Extensive resuscitation at birth was required due to severe anemia, hypovolemia, and prematurity. Ensuing liver damage occurred with subsequent profound coagulopathy, transaminitis, and direct hyperbilirubinemia that required significant support. This patient developed several unique findings including the inability to monitor oxygen saturations due to dermal bilirubin deposits and staining of baby teeth. This case report highlights the importance of early identification of additional Rh antibodies due to concern for development of more severe forms of HDN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of the newly developed pediatric nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary file systems for root canal preparation of primary teeth. Methods: Eighty pediatric NiTi rotary file systems files were used in this study, including 20 EasyInSmile X-Baby (25/0.04), 20 Scope miniScope (25/0.04), 20 EndoArt Pedo Gold (25/0.04), and 20 EndoArt Pedo Blue (25/0.04) files. Static CFR tests; performed on a custom-made stainless steel block with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, an angle of curvature of 60° and a curved artificial canal with a radius of curvature of 5 mm. The test system was filled with distilled water and the temperature was kept constant at 35 ± 1 °C. The files were rotated in the simulated canal until fracture occurred. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) data was recorded, and all the fracture surfaces of the files were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis of the data, and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: EndoArt Pedo Blue showed the highest NCF values (2668.10 ± 755.26), while the miniScope showed the lowest NCF values (453.65 ± 72.51), with a statistically significant difference between all the tested file systems (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in terms of fractured fragment lengths among all tested files (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The EndoArt Pedo Blue file system showed the best CFR performance among the four file systems specifically designed for primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyaluronic acid injection is commonly used clinically to slow down the development of osteoarthritis (OA). A newly developed therapeutic method is to implant chondrocytes/stem cells to regenerate cartilage in the body. The curative effect of stem cell therapy has been proven to come from the paracrine of stem cells. In this study, exosomes secreted by stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and hyaluronic acid were used individually to evaluate the therapeutic effect in slowing down OA. SHED was cultured in a serum-free medium for three days, and the supernatant was collected and then centrifuged with a speed difference to obtain exosomes containing CD9 and CD63 markers, with an average particle size of 154.1 nm. SW1353 cells were stimulated with IL-1β to produce the inflammatory characteristics of OA and then treated with 40 μg/mL exosomes and hyaluronic acid individually. The results showed that the exosomes successfully inhibited the pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, NO, COX-2 and PGE2, induced by IL-1β and the degrading enzyme of the extrachondral matrix (MMP-13). Collagen II and ACAN, the main components of the extrachondral matrix, were also increased by 1.76-fold and 2.98-fold, respectively, after treatment, which were similar to that of the normal joints. The effect can be attributed to the partial mediation of SHED exosomes to the NF-κB pathway, and the ability of exosomes to inhibit OA is found not inferior to that of hyaluronic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the potential benefits and underlying mechanisms of combining SDF with light curing, based on available studies. Materials and methods: A systematic search of publications was conducted with the keywords "silver diamine fluoride" or "silver fluoride" and "dental light curing," "LED curing," "dental laser," and "dental polymerization" in 4 databases: PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify English-language articles published up to March 2023. Duplicate publications were deleted. Two reviewers screened the titles and abstracts and excluded irrelevant publications. The full text of the remaining publications was retrieved. Studies investigating the effect of light-curing on SDF-treated carious lesions were included. Results: The 175 publications initially found included 5 laboratory studies investigating the effects of light curing on 38% SDF-treated dentine carious lesions, but no clinical study was found. Four of these studies were conducted on extracted primary teeth, and one was on extracted permanent teeth. SDF with light curing increased microhardness (n = 3, p <.05) showed a higher mineral density (n = 1, p <.041) and had more silver ion precipitation in infected dentine (n = 1, p <.016) compared to SDF without light curing. Moreover, no significant differences in the antibacterial activity were observed between SDF with light curing and SDF alone (n = 1, p >.05). Conclusion: Drawing from the limited number of laboratory studies, incorporating light curing subsequent to the SDF application yields potential favorable outcomes that include augmented microhardness, elevated mineral density, and heightened silver ion precipitation within infected dentine. Future clinical research is required to confirm or refute the benefit of light curing on SDF-treated carious lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are only a few studies about the effects of toothpastes for children on remineralization and surface roughness of primary teeth. The aim of this study was to examine the remineralization capacity of five different toothpastes for children on primary tooth enamels with artificial initial caries, their effects on enamel surface roughness, and the relationship between their abrasive effects and remineralization. Sixty of 74 samples were allocated for microhardness and AFM analyses (after initialization, demineralization, and pH cycling), and 14 samples were evaluated by SEM. Sixty samples were divided into five groups, with each group representing a different toothpaste brand, as follows: Group 1: Splat; Group 2: Logodent; Group 3: Eyup Sabri Tuncer; Group 4: Naturalive; and Group 5: Buccotherm. Fourteen samples were divided into seven groups, each representing a different processing stage, with two samples in each group, for the initial (sound enamel surface) stage, post demineralization, and after applying the five remineralizing toothpastes. Toothpastes were applied to samples in a 7-day pH cycle. Data were analyzed statistically. Each toothpaste showed increased microhardness values; however, this increase was significant only for Group 4 (Naturalive) and Group 5 (Buccotherm). The highest surface roughness values were obtained after demineralization. The toothpastes reduced surface roughness, but these reductions were not statistically significant among the different types of toothpastes. The correlation analysis revealed that the toothpastes affected surface roughness according to their remineralization potential. The results were supported by SEM images. All toothpastes recovered primary tooth enamels with artificial initial caries, but only two had significant values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED) is a rare congenital syndrome that exhibits defects in two or more ectodermal tissues. Dental manifestations include delayed eruption of permanent dentition, complete absence of teeth or absence of a few teeth, and peg-shaped teeth. This condition is typically diagnosed by a dentist when parents bring their child with complaints of absent/delayed eruption of primary teeth. Hypohidrotic ED with true anodontia is an extremely rare condition, particularly in females. Over the past 50 years, only 11 cases have been reported involving anodontia of primary and permanent dentition in ED. The current report describes a case of a three-year-old female child diagnosed with hypohidrotic ED with anodontia, successfully treated by fabricating complete dentures with proper retention to restore function and aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate hydroxyapatite-silver (HA-Ag) hybrid nanoparticles (NPs), as an antibacterial agent when integrated in self-etch (SE) adhesive. Blue light activated HA-Ag hybrid NP incorporation on mechanical properties, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strength (lTBS). Method: Eighty primary molar teeth have carious lesions reaching the dentin but not involving the pulp. The infected dentin was removed and carious-affected dentin (CAD) was preserved. Forty samples were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. All primary teeth (n = 80) were allocated into four groups based on the incorporation of HAAg hybrid NPs in different concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, and 10%). Group 1: 0% HA-Ag hybrid NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer, group 2: 1% HA-Ag hybrid NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer, group 3: 5 wt% HA-Ag NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer, and group 4: 10 wt% HA-Ag NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer. The survival rate assessment of S. mutans was conducted on 40 inoculated samples. On the remaining primary teeth (n = 40), Clearfil SE bonding agent was applied uniformly via a blue light source. The composite buildup was performed on the samples and lTBS and failure analysis assessed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to assess DC. Survival rates of S. mutans and lTBS among the tested groups were compared using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis. Results: 10 wt % HA-Ag NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer exhibited the highest level of antibacterial efficacy (0.14 -- 0.02 CFU/mL) against S. mutans. The highest lTBS (18.38 - 0.78MPa) at the composite/CAD interface was in group 2 (1 wt % HA-Ag NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer + Clearfil SE bonding agent + activation with a blue light source). The highest DC was observed in the control group with Clearfil SE bond primer + Clearfil SE bonding agent + activationwith a blue light source. Conclusion: 1 wt% HA-Ag hybrid NPs showed enhanced antibacterial effectiveness, DC, and bond strength of the SE adhesive to the primary CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mammals nurse their young through rapid early growth. Most placental mammals bridge the period with a set of small, temporary 'deciduous' or 'milk' teeth. At some point, a mother weans her young, who must then feed independently to survive. How tooth eruption integrates with gestation, birth and weaning is explored here for 71 species in nine mammalian orders. Body weights range from 22 g to 4300 kg and maternal investment (gestation plus nursing) ranges from 6 weeks to more than 7 years. These mammals differ widely at birth, from no teeth to all deciduous teeth emerging, but commonalities appear when infants transit to independent feeding. Weaning takes place with an entire deciduous dentition, closest in time to emergence of the first permanent molars and well before second molars emerge. Adult body size explains less about tooth eruption than expected. Instead, many mammals, from monkey to moose, limit maternal investment (from initial pregnancy to young with first molars) to just under one year, timing infant development to annual cycles. Mammals that invest multiple years in their young include several critically endangered species. Integrating tooth emergence into life history gives insight into living mammals and builds a framework for interpreting the fossil record. The young of toothed mammals must have teeth to reach feeding independence. How tooth eruption integrates with gestation, birth and weaning is examined in a life-history perspective for 71 species of placental mammals. Questions developed from high-quality primate data are then addressed in the total sample. Rather than correlation, comparisons focus on equivalence, sequence, the relation to absolutes (six months, one year), the distribution of error and adaptive extremes. These mammals differ widely at birth, from no teeth to all deciduous teeth emerging, but commonalities appear when infants transit to independent feeding. Weaning follows completion of the deciduous dentition, closest in time to emergence of the first permanent molars and well before second molars emerge. Another layer of meaning appears when developmental age is counted from conception because the total time to produce young feeding independently comes up against seasonal boundaries that are costly to cross for reproductive fitness. Mammals of a vast range of sizes and taxa, from squirrel monkey to moose, hold conception-to-first molars in just under one year. Integrating tooth emergence into life history gives insight into living mammals and builds a framework for interpreting the fossil record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]