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Background: White spot lesions are a widespread undesirable effect, especially prevalent during fixed orthodontic treatments. The study compared the in vitro enamel remineralization potential of undemineralized dentin matrix (UDD) versus chicken eggshell powder (CESP) for artificially induced enamel lesions. Methods: 100 caries-free and sound maxillary premolars were randomly divided into four groups each contain 25 teeth: Group I (Baseline): No treatment was done to the enamel surface. Group II (Negative control): The enamel surface of the teeth underwent demineralization using demineralizing solution to create artificial carious lesions then kept in artificial saliva. Group III (CESP treated): After demineralizing the tooth surface, the teeth have been suspended in the CESP remineralizing solution. Group IV (UDD treated): After enamel demineralization, the teeth were suspended in UDD remineralizing solution. The remineralization potential was assessed by Vickers microhardness testing, scanning electron microscopic examination (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Results: The current study demonstrated an increase in the mean microhardness of CESP and UDD-treated groups; however, It was nearer to the baseline level in the UDD group. SEM imaging revealed greater enamel remineralization in the UDD group compared to the remaining groups. The UDD group disclosed complete coverage for the prismatic enamel compared to the CESP group, which revealed a partially remineralized enamel surface. Interestingly, the Ca/P ratio increased significantly in the CESP group compared to the negative control group. In contrast, a higher significant increase in the mean Ca/P ratios was recorded in the UDD group compared to the test groups. Conclusion: biomimetic UDD and CESP powder should be utilized to treat enamel early carious lesions. However, UDD demonstrated the most significant remineralization potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aged immune system undergoes substantial changes where myelopoiesis dominates within the bone marrow. Monocytic‐MDSCs (M‐MDSCs) have been found to play an important role in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. In this study, we sought to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the osteoclastogenic potential of bone marrow M‐MDSCs during normal aging through transcriptomic and metabolic changes. Using young mature and aged mice, detailed immunophenotypic analyses of myeloid cells revealed that the M‐MDSCs were not increased in bone marrow, however M‐MDSCS were significantly expanded in peripheral tissues. Although aged mice exhibited a similar number of M‐MDSCs in bone marrow, these M‐MDSCs had significantly higher osteoclastogenic potential and greater demineralization activity. Intriguingly, osteoclast progenitors from aged bone marrow M‐MDSCs exhibited greater mitochondrial respiration rate and glucose metabolism. Further, transcriptomic analyses revealed the upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glucose metabolism genes. Interestingly, there was 8‐fold increase in Cd38 mRNA gene expression, consistent with the Mouse Aging Cell Atlas transcriptomic database, and confirmed by qRT‐PCR. CD38 regulates NAD+ availability, and 78c, a small molecule inhibitor of CD38, reduced the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and glucose metabolism and inhibited the osteoclastogenic potential of aged mice bone marrow‐derived M‐MDSCs. These results indicate that the age‐related increase in Cd38 expression in M‐MDSCs bias the transcriptome of M‐MDSCs towards osteoclastogenesis. This enhanced understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of M‐MDSCs and their osteoclastogenesis during aging could lead to new therapeutic approaches for age‐related bone loss and promote healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extrafibrillar demineralization is considered to be an ideal solution for addressing the durability of resin-dentin bonding interfaces. However, its theoretical basis is contradictory to ionization equilibrium of hydroxyapatite dissolution. In this study, various calcium chelators were selected as dentin conditioners to explore the essence of dentin demineralization with chelators and its effect on resin-dentin adhesion. Polyethyleneimine grafted with EDTA and polyacrylic acid sodium (PAAN 450k) larger than 40 kDa, as well as PAAN (PAAN 3k) and EDTA smaller than 6 kDa, were prepared as dentin conditioners. The dentin powder was designed to characterize whether it would demineralize without contact with PAAN 450k. Dentin demineralization effect with four conditioners was evaluated with field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and quantification of hydroxyproline concentration after enzymatic degradation. Micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) test and failure mode analysis were employed to assess the bonding effect of the four chelators in both wet and dry bonding, with H 3 PO 4 wet bonding serving as the control group. Demineralization occurs when PAAN 450k was not in direct contact with the dentin powder. The extrafibrillar demineralization cannot be induced by any chelator regardless of its molecular weight. Complete demineralization including extrafibrillar and intrafibrillar demineralization would occur with sufficient interaction time. Moreover, chelators could not provide a reliable dentin bonding effect under a short interaction time. From the perspective of theory and application, extrafibrillar demineralization is not a reliable strategy, which provides a reminder for exploring new strategies in the future. • Application of chelators to dentin does not cause extrafibrillar demineralization. • Occurrence of demineralization will ultimately cause intrafibrillar demineralization. • Calcium chelators have limited demineralization and act as mild dentin conditioners. Extrafibrillar demineralization cannot provide reliable dentin adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic beverages on the surface topography and elemental composition of human teeth. Methods: A total of five highly acidic beverages (Red Bull, Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi, and Tang Orange) were investigated. The tooth specimens of experimental groups were submerged in each beverage and incubated at 37 °C for 7 days, whereas, the tooth specimens of control groups were placed in distilled water. Afterwards, tooth specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopic (SEM), stereomicroscopic, and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) techniques. Results: All experimental groups revealed a decline in the tooth elements compared to controls, however, such decline was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, comparing the experimental groups, the Red Bull beverage caused a marked reduction in the percentage of both calcium and phosphorus elements compared to the Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi, and Tang Orange beverages but it was insignificant as well in contrast to its control counterpart. All five acidic beverages demonstrated erosive potential under SEM analysis; however, each group of specimens showed a diverse amount of demineralization. In addition, all experimental groups exhibited significant discoloration of tooth specimens compared to their respective control counterparts. Conclusions: Within the limitations of study, all five acidic beverages demonstrated erosive potential in the simulated in vitro conditions under SEM analysis; however, each group of specimens exhibited a different extent of demineralization. In addition, the overall effect of all beverages was insignificant under EDX analysis as no substantial difference was revealed between the elemental composition of experimental and control group specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) is an anticariogenic agent with high remineralizing potential. However, the acidic pH of TiF4 solution can limit its clinical application. The present study aimed to prepare and characterize a new TiF4-dendrimer inclusion complex and evaluate its ability to inhibit enamel demineralization under pH cycling conditions. Methods: PEG-citrate dendrimer and TiF4-dendrimer inclusion complex were synthesized and their molecular structures were evaluated using Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (HNMR), and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) tests. Forty-eight enamel samples were prepared and randomly divided into four groups: distilled water (negative control), TiF4 solution (T), dendrimer solution (D), and TiF4-dendrimer solution (TD). The microhardness of the samples was measured initially. Next, the samples underwent pH cycling, were exposed to the solutions, the microhardness was measured again, and microhardness loss was calculated. EDX analysis was performed on the surface and cross-sectional segments of the samples. Results: The microhardness loss was significantly higher in control (−65.1 ± 6.0) compared to other groups. No significant difference was observed between T (−47.9 ± 5.6) and D (−41.7 ± 12.0) and also D and TD (−40.5 ± 9.4) in this regard. Microhardness loss was significantly higher in T compared to TD group. The TD samples showed similar fluoride and titanium content in both surface and subsurface regions, while the T group had higher concentrations in the surface region. Moreover, the TD solution had a higher pH of 3.4 compared to the T solution's pH of 1.1. Conclusion: No significant difference was observed between the efficacy of TiF4-dendrimer and TiF4 solution in inhibiting demineralization while TiF4-dendrimer solution had the added advantage of having a higher pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the synthesis of graphene oxide from coal or coke and a composite graphene oxide-geopolymer were carried out to produce adsorbents applied to Ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal from water in a laboratory scale. The characterization analyzes of the adsorbent were performed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Zeta Potential (ZP), Particle Size Distribution (PSD), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG/EDS), and RAMAN spectroscopy. Multilayer graphene oxide was identified after coal or coke thermal treatment and ultrasound exfoliation followed by ozone oxidation of the solid surface. A composite produced using phosphate mining residues and graphene oxide incorporation (22 wt%) showed the highest adsorption capacity. Affinity tests showed removal rates for CIP ranging from 15% to 55%. Kinetic studies indicated that the equilibrium time varied between 100 min and 120 min for three different initial CIP concentrations. With regard to the kinetic study, the pseudo-first order model better described the kinetics at the concentration of 0.05 mmol L-1, while the pseudo-second order model better described the kinetics at concentrations of 0.1 mmol L-1 and 0.2 mmol L-1. The studies on adsorption equilibrium showed that the Langmuir model provided the most accurate fit to the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity was found at 45 °C and it was of 0.24 mmol g-1. The possible mechanisms of adsorption are related to electrostatic interactions and covalent bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background White spot lesions are a widespread undesirable effect, especially prevalent during fixed orthodontic treatments. The study compared the in vitro enamel remineralization potential of undemineralized dentin matrix (UDD) versus chicken eggshell powder (CESP) for artificially induced enamel lesions. Methods 100 caries-free and sound maxillary premolars were randomly divided into four groups each contain 25 teeth: Group I (Baseline): No treatment was done to the enamel surface. Group II (Negative control ): The enamel surface of the teeth underwent demineralization using demineralizing solution to create artificial carious lesions then kept in artificial saliva. Group III (CESP treated): After demineralizing the tooth surface, the teeth have been suspended in the CESP remineralizing solution. Group IV (UDD treated): After enamel demineralization, the teeth were suspended in UDD remineralizing solution. The remineralization potential was assessed by Vickers microhardness testing, scanning electron microscopic examination (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Results The current study demonstrated an increase in the mean microhardness of CESP and UDD-treated groups; however, It was nearer to the baseline level in the UDD group. SEM imaging revealed greater enamel remineralization in the UDD group compared to the remaining groups. The UDD group disclosed complete coverage for the prismatic enamel compared to the CESP group, which revealed a partially remineralized enamel surface. Interestingly, the Ca/P ratio increased significantly in the CESP group compared to the negative control group. In contrast, a higher significant increase in the mean Ca/P ratios was recorded in the UDD group compared to the test groups. Conclusion biomimetic UDD and CESP powder should be utilized to treat enamel early carious lesions. However, UDD demonstrated the most significant remineralization potential.

Purpose Evaluation of the efficacy of two novel formulations of arginine and theobromine in remineralizing artificial enamel defects using in vitro testing techniques- Microhardness and SEMMaterials and methods Enamel slabs measuring 3 mm by 3 mm by 1.5 mm were created using 11 healthy premolars that were excised for orthodontic treatment. Group 1 (control, treated with merely a remineralization solution), Group 2 (0.05% arginine in 10 ml distilled water), and Group 3 (2% theobromine in 10 ml distilled water) were the three groups to which the slabs were randomly allocated (n = 7 per group). The pH cycle was run for 14 days, starting with a 72-h demineralization period and ending with 11 days of remineralization in the corresponding solutions. Prior to and during remineralization, microhardness was measured, and surface features were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis, including Paired T Test, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey tests, determined that the mean values were significant at the 0.05 level.Results The control group showed a mean microhardness increase from 192.09 ± 19.30 to 208.58 ± 5.76. The arginine group increased significantly from 217.20 ± 4.24 to 304.00 ± 15.96, and the theobromine group from 214.09 ± 7.67 to 283.14 ± 10.91. Statistical analysis indicated that both arginine and theobromine groups had significantly greater microhardness improvements compared to the control (p

Sunil Mankar,1 Bennett T Amaechi,1 Kannan Kanthaiah,1 Nahid Iftikhar,1 Amos C Obiefuna2 1Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; 2ANCOSTAT Statistical Consulting, San Antonio, Texas, USACorrespondence: Bennett T Amaechi, Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas, 78229-3900, USA, Tel +1 210 567 3185, Email amaechi@uthscsa.eduPurpose: This study investigated the influence of nanohydroxyapatite-containing (nanoHAP) lozenge on plaque pH following sucrose intake.Patients and Methods: Sixteen adult subjects were enrolled in this double-blind crossover study composed of four interventions: (1) 10% w/v sucrose solution, (2) 10% w/v sorbitol solution, (3) nanoHAP lozenge, and (4) 10% w/v sucrose solution challenge followed by nanoHAP lozenge. Following the determination of each subject’s resting plaque pH, the pH was measured at different time intervals from 3 to 30 minutes from the start of intervention, with 7 days interval between the applications of different interventions. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (α < 0.05).Results: While sorbitol produces no change in plaque pH, nanoHAP-lozenge increased the plaque pH from a baseline of 7.0 ± 0.3 (mean ± sd) to 7.8 ± 0.2 (mean ± sd) within 30 minutes. Sucrose lowered the plaque pH from a baseline of 7.0 ± 0.4 (mean ± sd) to the lowest minimum of 5.1 ± 0.1 (mean ± sd) at the 7th minute, rising above the critical pH of enamel dissolution (5.5) at 12th minute and the baseline pH in more than 30 minutes. With lozenge intervention following sucrose challenge, plaque pH rose to 5.5 in 8 min, and to the baseline pH in 24 min. The cH area (Hydrogen ion concentration area) produced by sucrose (1.82 sq. units) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that produced when sucrose was challenged with lozenge (0.48 sq. units).Conclusion: Nanohydroxyapatite-containing lozenge increased plaque pH, reduced plaque pH drop in the presence of sucrose, and facilitated the rapid recovery of plaque pH after sucrose intake.Keywords: dental plaque, nanohydroxyapatite, demineralization, buffering, lozenge

This study aims to optimize chitin extraction conditions by reducing water and chemical consumption using a two-level factorial design approach. Two variables were studied for the demineralization process: the volume of hydrochloric acid (400 to 500 mL) and the demineralization time (1 to 1.5 hours) at room temperature. For deproteinization, the variables examined were NaOH concentration (0.6 to 1 mol/L) and deproteinization time (1 to 1.5 hours) at 70-80°C. The ash and protein contents were measured to evaluate the efficiency of the demineralization and deproteinization processes, respectively. Minitab 18 software was used for the experimental design.The results showed that the best conditions for extracting high-quality chitin are a demineralization time of 1 hour, an HCl volume of 500 mL, a NaOH concentration of 1 M, and a deproteinization time of 1 hour. These optimal conditions reduce the amount of water, time, and chemicals required for chitin extraction. Compared to previous studies, we significantly reduced the amount of water and chemicals as well as the extraction duration.These results are innovative as they offer a more efficient and sustainable solution for chitin extraction, thus filling a gap in current research by proposing an optimized method. By providing these new data and demonstrating their effectiveness, our research makes a significant contribution to improving chitin extraction techniques, addressing an unmet need in the industrial field.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic beverages on the surface topography and elemental composition of human teeth. Methods A total of five highly acidic beverages (Red Bull, Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi, and Tang Orange) were investigated. The tooth specimens of experimental groups were submerged in each beverage and incubated at 37 °C for 7 days, whereas, the tooth specimens of control groups were placed in distilled water. Afterwards, tooth specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopic (SEM), stereomicroscopic, and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) techniques. Results All experimental groups revealed a decline in the tooth elements compared to controls, however, such decline was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, comparing the experimental groups, the Red Bull beverage caused a marked reduction in the percentage of both calcium and phosphorus elements compared to the Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi, and Tang Orange beverages but it was insignificant as well in contrast to its control counterpart. All five acidic beverages demonstrated erosive potential under SEM analysis; however, each group of specimens showed a diverse amount of demineralization. In addition, all experimental groups exhibited significant discoloration of tooth specimens compared to their respective control counterparts. Conclusions Within the limitations of study, all five acidic beverages demonstrated erosive potential in the simulated in vitro conditions under SEM analysis; however, each group of specimens exhibited a different extent of demineralization. In addition, the overall effect of all beverages was insignificant under EDX analysis as no substantial difference was revealed between the elemental composition of experimental and control group specimens.

This study aims to optimize chitin extraction conditions by reducing water and chemical consumption using a twolevel factorial design approach. Two variables were studied for the demineralization process: the volume of hydrochloric acid (400 to 500 mL) and the demineralization time (1 to 1.5 hours) at room temperature. For deproteinization, the variables examined were NaOH concentration (0.6 to 1 mol/L) and deproteinization time (1 to 1.5 hours) at 70-80 °C. The ash and protein contents were measured to evaluate the efficiency of the demineralization and deproteinization processes, respectively. Minitab 18 software was used for the experimental design. The results showed that the best conditions for extracting high-quality chitin are a demineralization time of 1 hour, an HCl volume of 500 mL, a NaOH concentration of 1 M, and a deproteinization time of 1 hour. These optimal conditions reduce the amount of water, time, and chemicals required for chitin extraction. Compared to previous studies, we significantly reduced the amount of water and chemicals as well as the extraction duration. These results are innovative as they offer a more efficient and sustainable solution for chitin extraction, thus filling a gap in current research by proposing an optimized method. By providing these new data and demonstrating their effectiveness, our research makes a significant contribution to improving chitin extraction techniques, addressing an unmet need in the industrial field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Stable isotope analysis of bone provides insight into animal foraging and allows for ecological reconstructions over time, however pre‐treatment is required to isolate collagen. Pre‐treatments typically consist of demineralization to remove inorganic components and/or lipid extraction to remove fats, but these protocols can differentially affect stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values depending on the chemicals, tissues, and/or species involved. Species‐specific methodologies create a standard for comparability across studies and enhance understanding of collagen isolation from modern cetacean bone. Methods: Elemental analyzers coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometers were used to measure the δ13C and δ15N values of powdered killer whale (Orcinus orca) bone that was intact (control) or subjected to one of three experimental conditions: demineralized, lipid‐extracted, and both demineralized and lipid‐extracted. Additionally, C:N ratios were evaluated as a proxy for collagen purity. Lastly, correlations were examined between control C:N ratios vs. historical age and control C:N ratios vs. sample characteristics. Results: No significant differences in the δ15N values were observed for any of the experimental protocols. However, the δ13C values were significantly increased by all three experimental protocols: demineralization, lipid extraction, and both treatments combined. The most influential protocol was both demineralization and lipid extraction. Measures of the C:N ratios were also significantly lowered by demineralization and both treatments combined, indicating the material was closer to pure collagen after the treatments. Collagen purity as indicated via C:N ratio was not correlated with historical age nor sample characteristics. Conclusions: If only the δ15N values from killer whale bone are of interest for analysis, no pre‐treatment seems necessary. If the δ13C values are of interest, samples should be both demineralized and lipid‐extracted. As historical age and specimen characteristics are not correlated with sample contamination, all samples can be treated equally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimThe current study’s aim was to evaluate the potential of various fluoride varnishes to remineralize artificial enamel lesions on primary teeth. Materials and MethodsFor the study, 90 deciduous molar teeth that were implicated for extraction were taken. A window region with a size of 3 × 3 mm was located in the middle of the tooth’s coronal surface. The remaining portion was given a coat of nail polish and given time to dry. A demineralizing solution was used to create the artificial enamel lesion. The samples were randomized into three experimental groups at random, with 30 samples in each group. Group 1: Application of Clinpro White Varnish, Group 2: Application of Duraphat Varnish, and Group 3: Application of MI Varnish. After 14 days, samples from each group were examined under scanning electron microscopy at a magnification of 1000× to determine whether remineralization had occurred. Microhardness was also determined using a microhardness tester. ResultBefore the intervention, the mean demineralized enamel lesion in the Clinpro White Varnish group was 134.44 ± 0.04, in the Duraphat Varnish group was 133.76 ± 0.12, and in the MI Varnish group was 133.89 ± 0.08. After intervention, the maximum remineralized area was found in the MI Varnish group (82.74 ± 0.18) followed by the Clinpro White Varnish group (101.43 ± 0.16) and the Duraphat Varnish group (104.11 ± 0.10). After the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference found between the groups. After the intervention, the maximum microhardness mean value improved in the MI Varnish group (257.03 ± 1.09 to 261.18 ± 1.20) followed by Clinpro White Varnish (258.78 ± 1.64 to 260.10 ± 1.22) and Duraphat Varnish group (255.24 ± 1.51 to 258.02 ± 0.89). ConclusionAccording to the findings of the current investigation, all of the varnishes utilized in this in vitro experiment are capable of correcting early enamel defects on primary teeth. However, MI Varnish group was very effective compared to the Clinpro White Varnish group and the Duraphat Varnish group.

Introduction: Acidic foods including pempek sauce that belongs to Indonesian traditional cuisine may cause demineralization in the teeth, resulting in a decrease in tooth enamel surface hardness. A modified pempek sauce is required to generate a new formula in order to preventing tooth demineralization. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of modified pempek sauce added with cucumber and dried shrimp on tooth enamel hardness value. Materials and methods: This study was an experimental laboratory research with a pretest-posttest design. Thirty extracted maxillary premolars were used in the study and then divided into two groups. Group 1 was soaked in original pempek sauce, while group 2 was immersed in a modified pempek sauce by adding cucumber and dried shrimp. The enamel hardness values were measured before and after soaking the teeth in original and modified pempek sauce. The tooth hardness was measured using a Micro Vickers Hardness Tester. The data were analyzed using a Paired t-test and Mann Whitney test to determine the difference of tooth hardness alteration in the two groups. Results: The original pempek sauce significantly reduced the enamel hardness value, otherwise the hardness value was significantly increased after tooth immersion in modified pempek sauce. Meanwhile, It showed that the enamel hardness score in the original group was significantly lower than the one in the modified sauce. Conclusion: Pempek sauce with the addition of cucumber and dried shrimp could increase the tooth enamel hardness value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world, the largest reserves of low-grade coal or lignite coal are available. Low-ranking coal with high mineral content, sulfur, moisture, and low calorific value (CV) greatly contributes to environmental pollution via the emission of greenhouse gases, Sox, and NOx. To resolve this, the coal must be extracted or reduced of its minerals and sulfur through the processes called demineralization and desulfurization. In this regard, previous studies used different leaching agents to treat low-grade coal; however, their removal efficiencies were lower. Herein, demineralization and desulfurization of coal were carried out using alkali and alkali-acid hybrid treatments. In the first method, the samples were treated solely with alkali while in the second, they were treated with acid followed by alkali. The coal samples were analyzed via SEM, TGA, XRD, and FTIR; their chemical compositions were determined through ONH and SC analyzers. As per the results, the alkali-acid hybrid treatment was more efficient than just the alkali treatment. The hybrid treatment of 100 g/L NaOH followed by 10% HCl exhibited higher porosity, thermal stability, demineralization of 90.9%, desulfurization of 63.46%, and CV of 26585.924 KJ/Kg in the respective coal samples. On the other hand, alkali treatment with 100 g/L NaOH resulted in comparatively lower porosity, thermal stability, demineralization of 63.86%, desulfurization of 49.42%, and CV of 23770.905 KJ/Kg, respectively. When compared with six relevant studies, the coal sample with the least sulfur and mineral content in the present work indicated the lowest impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the visual improvement of resin infiltration of white spot lesions (WSL) during orthodontic treatment with the multibracket appliance (MBA) compared to fluoride varnish. Methods: Patients aged 12–17 years with at least one WSL with an International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) score of 1–2 during an active MBA treatment were included and randomized to receive either resin infiltration (Icon) or fluoride application (Flairesse). Standardized digital images were obtained before, one-day, one-week, one-month, three-months and six-months after treatment using a DSLR camera and a matching polarization filter. A grey reference card was used for color standardization. A Matlab routine was used to measure the color difference between adjacent healthy enamel and treated WSL. The independent-samples t-test was used for intergroup and paired-samples t-test for intragroup comparison. Results: Images of 116 teeth from 36 patients were analyzed. The ΔE for the “Icon” treated WSL was smaller (T1ICON = 5.0 ± 1.4) than in the fluoride group (T1Fluoride = 8.4 ± 3.2). Caries infiltration significantly improved the aesthetic appearance of WSL (p < 0.001), which remained satisfactory at six months (T5ICON = 5.2 ± 1.6). Conclusion: WSL infiltration management during orthodontic treatment was superior to topical fluoridation in not only arresting the enamel lesions but also significantly improving the aesthetic appearance of demineralized regions around the brackets. Clinical relevance: WSL treatment in orthodontic patients is usually initiated after debonding. Research has shown that the earlier WSL is treated, the better the aesthetic outcome. There is limited data on the efficacy of resin infiltration of WSL during orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale, which is separated during the mechanical processing of fish, can be used in in many other different ways besides the production of collagen products. To obtain high-purity natural collagen, it is necessary to remove non-collagenous proteins and perform demineralization of fish scales. Therefore, the aim of this study is to achieve collagen isolation from common carp (Carasobarbus luteus) scales for the production of collagen products with higher efficiency and quality. The demineralization of the scales was optimized using response surface methodology. Experimentally, approximately 89.92±1.10% of the mineral was removed, which closely matched the value predicted by the model. The protein content of the fish scales was increased from 23.12% to 86.16% after the applied procedures. At the end of all the processes, 20.54% of the protein and 3.56% of hydroxyproline (Hyp) were lost. However, the Hyp concentration in the fish scale samples increased from 23.85 to 56.13 mg/g scale, and the Hyp/pro ratio increased from 4.49% to 6.51%. The effective removal of mineral matter, the increase in the amount of Hyp in fish scales, and the increase in the Hyp/pro ratio demonstrate that the applied procedures successfully separate non-collagenous components and achieve collagen isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-stage reverse osmosis (RO) processes with intermediate concentrate demineralization (ICD) provide an efficient strategy to treat brines with high CaSO4 contents and reduce concentrate discharge. In this paper, an SRO concentrate is treated using ICD to remove CaSO4 and then mixed with a PRO concentrate for further desalination in SRO, thereby reducing the discharge of the concentrate. We investigate the selection and degradation of scale inhibitors, as well as seeded precipitation in the two-stage RO process with ICD, to achieve a high water recovery rate. A scale inhibitor is added to restrain CaSO4 crystallization on the membrane surface, and the optimized scale inhibitor, RO-400, is found to inhibit calcium sulfate scaling effectively across a wide range of the saturation index of gypsum (SIg) from 2.3 to 6. Under the optimized parameters of 40 W UV light and 70 mg/L H2O2, UV/H2O2 can degrade RO-400 completely in 15 min to destroy the scale inhibitor in the SRO concentrate. After scale inhibitor degradation, the SRO concentrate is desaturated by seeded precipitation, and the reaction degree of CaSO4 reaches 97.12%, leading to a concentrate with a low SIg (1.07) for cyclic desalination. Three UVD-GSP cycle tests show that the reused gypsum seeds can also ensure the effect of the CaSO4 precipitation process. This paper provides a combined UVD-GSP strategy in two-stage RO processes to improve the water recovery rate for CaSO4-contained concentrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Enamel plays an essential role in protecting the underlying layers of the human tooth; therefore, preserving it is vital. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the potential ability of L. brevis to counteract the action of a demineralizing agent on dental enamel morphology and mineral composition in vitro. Methods. The sample consisted of 12 healthy human posterior teeth. The coronal portion of each tooth was subdivided into two equal parts longitudinally. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: artificial saliva, L. brevis suspension, demineralizing agent (DA), and DA plus L. brevis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate the surface micromorphology and the mineral content, respectively. The statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results. SEM analysis did not highlight significant changes in the enamel microstructure of L. brevis-treated specimens compared to the control. DA-induced damage to the enamel structure was drastically reduced when the specimens were contextually exposed to the probiotic. The treatment with DA substantially reduced the weight % of crucial enamel minerals, i.e., Ca and P. Notably, the probiotic was able to reverse the demineralization process, bringing Ca and P weight % back to basal levels, including the Ca/P ratio. Conclusions. The findings indicate that L. brevis is able to efficiently protect the dental enamel surface from the damage caused by DA and increase the enamel resistance to demineralization. Overall, L. brevis confirms its efficacy in preventing or counteracting the action of carious lesions through a novel mechanism that protects the tooth surface under a chemical challenge that mimics the caries process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The identification of acid-resistant proteins, including hemoglobin (Hb), within the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) led to the proposition of the "acquired pellicle engineering" concept, which involves the modification of the AEP by incorporating specific proteins, presenting a novel strategy to prevent dental demineralization. Objective: Combining in vivo and in vitro proof-of-concept protocols, we sought to reveal the impact of AEP engineering with Hb protein on the biofilm microbiome and enamel demineralization. Methods: In the in vivo studies, 10 volunteers, in 2 independent experiments, rinsed (10 mL,1 min) with deionized water-negative control or 1.0 mg/mL Hb. The AEP and biofilm formed along 2 or 3 h, respectively, were collected. AEP was analyzed by quantitative shotgun-label-free proteomics and biofilm by 16S-rRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS). In in vitro study, a microcosm biofilm protocol was employed. Seventy-two bovine enamel specimens were treated with (1) phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), (2) 0.12% chlorhexidine, (3) 500 ppm NaF, (4) 1.0 mg/mL Hb, (5) 2.0 mg/mL Hb, and (6) 4.0 mg/mL Hb. The biofilm was cultivated for 5 days. Resazurin, colony forming units (CFU), and transversal microradiography were performed. Results: Proteomics and NGS analysis revealed that Hb increased proteins with antioxidant, antimicrobial, acid-resistance, hydroxyapatite-affinity, calcium-binding properties and showed a reduction in oral pathogenic bacteria. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the lowest Hb concentration was the most effective in reducing bacterial activity, CFU, and enamel demineralization compared to PBS. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Hb could be incorporated into anticaries dental products to modify the oral microbiome and control caries, highlighting its potential for AEP and biofilm microbiome engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The objectives of this study were to determine the fluoride release from a giomer after 24 h, 1 week, and 1 month) and to examine the recharge ability of the giomer after recharge with two different topical fluoride materials and two different durations. Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro study that involved the use of 72 specimens of the tested material; the specimens were divided randomly into three main groups (24 h., 1 week, and 1 month group). Each group consisted of 24 specimens, out of which 12 specimens were recharged with fluoride varnish (six specimens for 12 h and six specimens for 24 h.) and 12 specimens were recharged with APF gel (six specimens for 1 min and six specimens for 4 min). First fluoride release was measured from the tested specimens, and then all of the tested specimens were recharged with different topical fluoride materials with different durations. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test were used to determine the significant differences among the groups. The statistical results were considered significant at P = 0.05. Results: The statistical ANOVAs showed there were no statistical significant variations in the mean values of release of all specimens in the 24-h and 1-week group, but there was a highly statistically significance difference in the mean values of release of all specimens in the 1-month group, and after recharge with FV (12 h; 24 h) and APF gel (1 min; 4 min), there was a highly statistically significance difference in the mean values of fluoride release after recharge in the groups (24 h, 1 week, and 1 month). Conclusions: The amount of fluoride released from the giomer was more in the 24-h. group than in other groups. Recharge with APF gel released more fluoride than fluoride varnish. Increasing the time of giomer contact with the recharging material resulted in a greater uptake of fluoride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resin infiltration is an effective method to mask vestibular white spots. If needed, external bleaching is usually recommended before infiltration, whilst in clinical practice, this sequence may not always be feasible. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of bleaching after resin infiltration regarding surface roughness and color using bovine incisors. Unlike for the untreated specimens (control, n = 25), artificial caries lesions were created within the test group (n = 25) using a demineralization solution at 37 °C for five days (pH = 4.95). The lesions were subsequently infiltrated using a resin infiltrant (Icon, DMG, Hamburg, Germany), followed by polishing. Afterwards, all specimens were bleached with a 10% carbamide peroxide gel (Opalescence, Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) for 8 h/day over a ten-day period. Between bleaching treatments, specimens were stored in an opaque container with moistened paper tissues at 37 °C. Surface roughness was measured using a profilometer, and color in the L*a*b* space was assessed spectrophotometrically before and after bleaching. Bleaching increased the L*-values of both infiltrated (mean ± SD; ΔL* = 3.52 ± 1.98) and untreated (control) specimens (ΔL* = 3.53 ± 2.30) without any significant difference between the groups (p = 0.983). Bleaching also induced a significant increase in the mean surface roughness of both infiltrated (p < 0.001) and untreated (p = 0.0134) teeth. In terms of clinical relevance; it can be concluded that bleaching resin-infiltrated enamel is as effective as bleaching sound enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the in vivo and in situ effect of different types of lasers in prevention of enamel demineralization in high caries risk cases (around orthodontic brackets, around restoration and in caries susceptible pits and fissures). PubMed was searched using the following keyword sequence; (Laser therapy OR laser irradiation OR laser application) AND (enamel caries prevention OR enamel demineralization OR enamel remineralization OR early enamel caries OR early-enamel caries OR enamel resistance OR enamel decalcification OR white spot lesions WSLs OR incipient lesion OR enamel decay OR enamel Dissolution OR enamel microhardness) AND (clinical trial OR Randomized clinical trial OR In situ study). The latest literature search was ended by "30 January 2023". PubMed was used as a primary data base for study selection. Scopus, EBSCO, and Google scholar are checked in our study after results of systematic search on PubMed. Only duplicates were found. Two meta-analyses were carried out. The first, clinical meta-analysis on incidence of white spot lesions (WSLs) following CO2 laser irradiation of enamel. The second meta-analysis on ex-vivo/in situ effect of CO2 laser on microhardness of enamel. In each meta-analysis three studies were included. Risk of bias was assessed. The search identified eight studies (four ex-vivo and four clinical trials). Regarding the clinical meta-analysis, the overall standardized mean difference was 0.21 [ 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15–0.30, p < 0.00001]. This indicates that the incidence of new WSLs in patients who received low power CO2 laser treatment was highly significantly lower than placebo groups. The heterogeneity was considerable (I2 = 71%). In the second meta-analysis, the overall standardized mean difference was 49.55 [ 95% confidence interval (CI): 37.74, 61.37, p < 0.00001]. This indicates that microhardness of enamel receiving low power (0.4–5 W) CO2 laser irradiation is highly significantly lower than control untreated enamel. The heterogeneity was substantial (I2 = 48%). Within the limitations of this study, Low level laser therapy concept with CO2 laser seems to be effective in preventing enamel caries. Prospero registration number: CRD42023437379 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pH cycling study aimed to investigate the effects of l-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA2P) salts of Mg, Zn, Mn, Sr, and Ba on the surface microhardness, compressive strength, diametral tensile strength (DTS), and solubility of root canal dentin. 186 cylindrical dentin specimens from 93 teeth were fortified with optimal concentrations of AA2P salts of Mg (0.18 mM), Zn (5.3 µM), Mn (2.2 × 10–8 M), Sr (1.8 µM), and Ba (1.9 µM). Saline was used as the control group. These dentin specimens underwent a 3-day cycling process simulating dentin caries formation through repeated sequences of demineralization and remineralization. Surface microhardness at 100 and 500 µm depths (n = 10/subgroup), scanning electron microscopy (n = 3/group), compressive strength (n = 10/group), DTS (n = 6/group), and solubility (n = 5/group) tests were performed to analyze the dentin specimens. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov, one-way ANOVA, and Post Hoc Tukey tests (p < 0.05). The control group had significantly lower microhardness at both depths (p < 0.001), reduced DTS (p = 0.001), decreased compressive strength (p < 0.001), and higher weight loss (p < 0.001) than all other groups. The Sr group had the highest compressive strength and microhardness among all the groups. The microhardness was significantly higher for the 500 µm depth than the 100 µm depth (p < 0.001), but the difference in microhardness between depths across groups was not significant (p = 0.211). All fortifying solutions provided some protection against artificial caries lesions. Therefore, these elements might have penetrated and reinforced the demineralized dentin against acid dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The acidic component of liquid medicinal syrups used by pediatric patients may cause erosion and partial demineralization. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cheese and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on erosive lesions of primary teeth enamel following exposure to amoxicillin and ibuprofen syrups. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 noncarious deciduous molars were used. After measuring the surface microhardness of the samples, they were randomly separated into two groups and immersed in either amoxicillin or ibuprofen for 1 min three times per day. CPP-ACP, cheese, and artificial saliva were then applied to each of the three subgroups (n = 10). After each immersion time, 10 min of therapy was given. Between treatment intervals, the samples were kept in artificial saliva. The microhardness was remeasured after 1 week. Data were analyzed using SPSS software through repeated-measures ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results: All samples' microhardness reduced considerably after immersion in liquid pharmaceuticals (amoxicillin [84.9 kgf/mm²] and ibuprofen [75.1 kgf/mm²]), but increased significantly following exposure to therapeutic solutions. There was no difference between the amoxicillin-cheese and amoxicillin-CPP-ACP subgroups (P = 0.975). A statistically insignificant difference was found between the ibuprofen group and the ibuprofen-CPP-ACP subgroup (P = 0.499). Conclusion: As a result, cheese and CPP-ACP can be utilized to remineralize erosive lesions caused by amoxicillin or ibuprofen exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste biogenic materials derived from seafood exploitation represent valuable resources of new compounds within the blue bioeconomy concept. Here, we describe the effectiveness of Raman technology implementation as an in-line tool for the demineralization process control of crustaceans or gastropods. Transparent chitin polymeric foils and calcium acetate by-products were obtained from three waste crustacean shells (C. sapidus, S. mantis, and M. squinado) using a slow, green chemical approach employing acetic acid. Progressive mineral dissolution and increasing of the Raman characteristic signal of chitin is shown in a time-dependent manner using NIR-Raman spectroscopy, while resonance Raman shows intact carotenoids in reacted shells after 2 weeks. Chitin foil products are species-specific, and the demineralization bath of the waste shell mixture can be effectively tracked by Raman tools for solvent control and decision making for the recovery of calcium acetate by-products. Comparatively obtained calcium acetate from Rapana venosa snail shells, the subject of Raman analyses, allowed assessing by-product identity, hydration status, purity, and suitability as recrystallized material for further use as a pharmaceutical compound derived from different crustaceans or gastropod species. Cross validation of the results was done using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM-EDX techniques. A hand-held flexible TacticID Raman system with 1064 nm excitation demonstrated its effectiveness as a rapid, in-line decision making tool during process control and revealed excellent reproducibility of the lab-based instrument signal, suitable for in situ evaluation of the demineralization status and solvent saturation control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the effects of different fluoride-releasing restorative materials on dentin microhardness. The process involves demineralization and remineralization cycles with topical fluoride application, with the hypothesis that these materials affect the mineral content and thereby the microhardness of dentin. Four groups were established based on the type of restorative material used. Group 1 used Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC), Group 2 used Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC), Group 3 employed Equia Forte and Group 4 used Cention N. Each group consisted of 30 samples. The methodology included applying dentin conditioner, restoration and light curing. The microhardness of root dentin was measured at distances of 100 μm, 200 μm, and 300 μm from the restoration interface after pH cycling using a Knoop indenter. Results: The results showed a significant difference in dentin microhardness among the groups. For instance, at 100 μm from the restoration interface, Group 1 showed a microhardness of 45 KHN, Group 2 showed 50 KHN, Group 3 showed 60 KHN, and Group 4 showed 48 KHN. Similar trends were observed at 200 μm and 300 μm, indicating varying levels of remineralization efficacy among the materials. Conclusion: Equia Forte exhibited superior anticariogenic potential compared to the other materials. The use of topical fluoride agents was found to enhance the efficacy of these restorative materials, with GC Tooth Mousse Plus out performing Colgate Total. The study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate restorative materials in caries-prone individuals but also highlights the need for further in-vivo research to simulate more complex oral conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate and compare the demineralization of goldstripe sardinella (GS; Sardinella gibbosa) scales, a major by-product in the canned fish industry prevalent in East Africa and Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand. The study focused on conventional and alternative demineralization methods, assessing the yield and quality of the demineralized scales. After removing minerals, fish scales have potential value as an alternative source of collagen and gelatin. For the strong acid treatment using hydrochloric acid (HCl), the effects of HCl concentrations (0.2-1.5 M) and treatment times (30-120 min) on demineralization efficiency were assessed. The results from RSM indicated that HCl concentration was the only treatment factor that significantly affected demineralization yield, HCl concentrations at or above 0.82 M gave a demineralization efficiency of e” 99%, independent of treatment time (P 0.0001). A preliminary investigation into high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) treatment of GS scales (at 10 bar for 1 to 4 h) showed comparatively lower demineralization efficiency. Within the studied parameters, the highest demineralization efficiencies for both methods were 99.89±0.06 and 16.13±1.92%, respectively. SEM images and EDX analysis confirmed the complete removal of minerals (primarily Ca and P) after HCl treatment using HCl 0.85 M for 30 min. Conversely, HPCD-treated scales exhibited altered structure and physical damage.

Pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) is a solid by-product of tyre pyrolysis that contains various contaminants from the tyre additives. These contaminants limit the use of CBp as a carbon source for energy storage applications such as supercapacitors. This study aims to improve the physicochemical, morphological, and electrochemical properties of CBp by applying different chemical treatments and activation methods. The chemical treatments include acid (HCl), base (NaOH), acid-base (HCl/NaOH), and desulphurization (NaOH in xylene) processes to remove impurities such as sulphur, zinc, and silicon. The treated CBp samples are then activated by KOH impregnation technique to increase the surface area and porosity. The characterizations of the treated CBp samples are performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Brunner Emmett Teller (BET). The electrochemical performance of the treated CBp samples are evaluated using galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the chemical treatments significantly reduce the impurity levels and enhance the electrochemical performance of CBp. The desulphurized CBp sample exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 218 F/g among the treated CBp samples. The findings of this study suggest that CBp can be effectively utilized as a potential carbon source for supercapacitor electrodes by applying suitable chemical treatments and activation methods. This will create a circular economy to valorize CBp.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of the bioactive glass (BAG)-Bonds to inhibit the demineralization surrounding the orthodontic brackets when being exposed to an in vitro caries challenge and also simultaneously evaluate the physical and mechanical properties in order to be accepted as an orthodontic bonding agent. Materials and Methods: Preparation of mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) used an improved sol-gel method, combining with sacrificial liquid template to MBGs with controllable particle size. Tetraethyl orthosilicate, triethyl phosphate, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, ethanol absolute, ethyl acetate, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, deionized water, and ammonium hydroxide were used. The microstructure was analyzed using a field emission gun-based scanning electron microscope (SEM). The debonding and adhesion characteristics were analyzed using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Results: SEM analysis shows that the prepared MBG particles possess spherical morphology with generally uniform size. Novel orthodontic bonding material (BG) provides adequate mechanical and physical properties in order to be accepted as an orthodontic bonding agent since its bond strength both at the time of bonding and after 6 months in simulated salivary conditions is significantly higher than conventional bonding resin (TBXT). The bond strength was also evaluated both initially at the time of bonding as well as 6 months after being kept in simulated salivary conditions. Conclusion: These novel adhesives result in reduced demineralization surrounding orthodontic brackets and possess optimal physical and mechanical properties to be accepted as an orthodontic adhesive.

Bovine bone is an animal‐origin matrix rich in type I collagen (COL I) and it necessitates prior demineralization and makes COL I available. This study investigated the ossein–hydroxyapatite physicochemical properties evaluation as a result of processing and solubilization by acids and revealed the bone matrix demineralization and making COL I available. The tibia residue from bovine sources was processed, ground, and transformed into bone matrix powder. The bone matrix was solubilized in acetic acid followed by lactic acid. The bone matrix was evaluated as a result of processing and solubilization by acids: ossein and hydroxyapatite percentages by nitrogen and ash content, mineral content, particle size distribution, Fourier‐transformation infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. For the obtained residual extracts, pH and mineral content were evaluated. The solubilization by acids affected the ossein–hydroxyapatite physicochemical properties, and the bone matrix solubilized by acetic and lactic acid showed the preservation of the ossein alongside the loss of hydroxyapatite. The processing and the solubilization by acids were revealed to be a alternative to bone matrix demineralization and enabling the accessibility of bone COL I. Practical Application: Bovine bone is an abundant type I collagen source, but processing maneuvers and demineralization effect present limitations due to the rigidity of the structural components. Exploring methodologies to process and demineralize will allow type I collagen to be obtained from the bone source, and direct and amplify the potentialities in the chemical and food industries. The research focused on bone sources and collagen availability holds paramount significance, and promotes repurposing agribusiness residues and development of protein–base products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotechnology and artificial intelligence have sparked a revolution in dentistry, with a focus on restoring natural tissue functions. This transformation has given rise to bioactive materials, inspired by biomimetics, aimed at replicating the processes found in nature. As synthetic biology advances, there is a heightened focus on signaling systems crucial for bio-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Dentistry now harnesses synthetic proteins for tissue regeneration and dental material enhancement. A current research priority is bacterial biofilm inhibition, vital for dental health. Given the role of Streptococcus mutans in dental caries, the development of synthetic antimicrobial peptides targeting this bacterium is underway. The balance of dental enamel between demineralization and remineralization impacts caries formation. Factors such as the presence of hydroxyapatite and salivary peptides influence enamel health. Recent studies have spotlighted salivary protein-inspired peptides for enhanced remineralization. In the realm of bone regeneration, synthetic proteins like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have been spotlighted, earning FDA approval. Research is currently delving into peptides such as cementum protein 1 peptide (CEMP-1-p1) and parathyroid hormone variants like PTH (1-34), underscoring their potential in advancing dental and bone health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral mucosa inflammation can cause severe pain and interfere with eating, reducing quality of life. However, few options for self-care are available. An oral liquid bandage forms a protective film over the affected area. We aimed to assess the acid erosion risk when a newly developed oral liquid bandage (ORAPLA) is accidentally deposited on teeth and to examine the relative acid erosion risk at multiple time points of the maximum recommended duration of continuous use. ORAPLA was applied to both enamel and dentin blocks from 45 bovine anterior mandibular teeth, and an acid challenge was performed in a simulated oral cavity with artificial saliva, with one exposure cycle lasting 6 h. The enamel showed substantial defects and a decrease in Vickers hardness after nine cycles, with no change in surface roughness. Dentin showed an increase in parenchymal defects and surface roughness and a trend toward decreased Vickers hardness with increasing exposure time. We found no significant acid corrosion in enamel after up to nine times the upper limit of normal use time or in dentin after up to six times the upper limit. We conclude that the acid erosion risk due to accidental attachment to teeth is low, and in the human oral cavity with salivary buffering and remineralization, likely even lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin and its derivative, chitosan, have diverse applications in fields such as agriculture, medicine, and biosensors, amongst others. Extraction is primarily conducted from marine sources, such as crustaceans, which have been the focus of process optimization studies. However, there are other sources that are more readily available, such as insects, where insufficient research has been conducted. The house cricket (Acheta domesticus) is a promising source for chitin extraction because of its high chitin content, availability, and short lifespan. Modern chemical chitin extraction methods have not been standardized due to the use of different reagents, molar concentrations, temperatures, and reaction times across publications. Therefore, in this study, the composition of Acheta domesticus cricket flour was determined: 2.62% humidity, 4.3% ash content, 56.29% protein, 13.35% fat, 23.44% carbohydrates, and 15.71% crude fiber content. After a drying, defatting, demineralization, deproteinization, and bleaching process, chitin extraction was performed, and chitosan was obtained via a deacetylation reaction. The demineralization process was standardized at 30 °C for 3 h using HCl 2 M, resulting in 95.85 ± 0.012%. The deproteinization process was optimized at 80 °C for 45 min using NaOH 2.56 M, yielding 43.23 ± 1.25%. Finally, the identity and physicochemical characteristics of the compounds were confirmed and determined through characterization with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the remineralization potential of varying concentrations of two plant-based extracts of Cocos nucifera on white spot lesions using SEM and EDAX in vitro testing methods. Materials and Methods: The pulp was freshly obtained from coconut and divided into two. Then, coconut milk was obtained by blending, while the next portion was freeze-dried and lyophilized. Third molar teeth were processed into tooth slabs (N = 40) and split equally into five groups by block randomization. After demineralization, one tooth slab was taken from each, and SEM analysis was done. Remineralization was then performed among the various groups that included Group 1, which acted as a control and consisted of the remineralization solution. Groups 2 and 3 comprised 1:1 and 2:1 concentrations of the coconut milk, whereas Groups 4 and 5 consisted of 1:1 and 2:1 concentrations of the lyophilized extract. SEM and EDAX testing were done post-remineralization. Ca and phosphate values were tabulated, and statistical significance was determined for the obtained values using ANOVA. Results: Among the control and treatment groups, surface remineralization was better observed in 1:1 coconut milk and 2:1 coconut milk than in the 2:1 lyophilized coconut, control, and 1:1 lyophilized coconut. Between the control and treatment groups, Ca and phosphate percentages (P < 0.001) showed statistical differences. The lowest value of 2.3% was noted in the 2:1 lyophilized coconut group. Conclusion: Coconut extracts exhibit remineralization potential on the artificial carious lesion. Coconut milk exhibited significant improvement in the surface properties than lyophilized coconut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chitin and chitosan biopolymers are extremely valuable because of their numerous industrial and pharmacological uses. Chitin and chitosan were extracted from the exoskeleton of Periplaneta americana (cockroaches) and termites using various acid and alkali techniques. The extraction process involves an initial demineralization step, during which integument dry powder was subjected to 500 mL (2.07 mol/L) of concentrated HCl at 100 degrees Celsius for 30 min, followed by meticulous rinsing with distilled water to restore the pH to its baseline. Deproteinization was conducted at 80 degrees Celsius using 500 mL (1 mol/L) of NaOH solution, which was repeated for 24 h. A total of 250 mL (0.06 mol/L) of NaOH was added at 100 degrees Celsius for 4 h to obtain chitosan, followed by extensive washing and subsequent drying. FTIR analysis was used to identify the functional groups in Periplaneta americana and termites. The crystallinity of these biopolymers, which have a face-centered cubic structure, was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. This study assessed the analgesic properties of chitin and chitosan via an acetic-acid-induced writhing test in mice, revealing a significant reduction in writhing behavior following the chitin and chitosan extract. Notably, chitin exhibits the highest degree of analgesic activity compared to chitosan. Both chitin and chitosan show anti-inflammatory effects, with chitosan absorbing proton ions at sites of inflammation, while chitin effectively inhibits ear edema and elicits an analgesic response in mice. Furthermore, the present study revealed antipyretic activity, with termite chitin demonstrating the most significant effect at a concentration of 500 µL/mL, followed by chitosan and chitin at 100 µL/mL. These findings indicate the potential of using chitin and chitosan derived from termites and Periplaneta americana as natural anti-inflammatory compounds, implying prospective uses in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The costs of fine coal cleaning cannot surpass the fetched recuperation within the included clean coal to be financially practical. In this present study, percentage of ash and yield of the agglomerated coal, Percentage of OMR (Organic matter recovery) and AR (Ash rejection) have been calculated for the coal slurry of size ranges from 0.07 mm to 0.3 mm. The result of the three parameters (ash, yield, and fixed carbon) were calculated by varying particle size, type of oil (sunflower oil, castor oil, and kerosene oil), amount of oil doses and the speed of the impeller. The results show an increase in value of fixed carbon percentage, decrease in the value of ash percentage of the agglomerated recovered clean coal. But the value of yield and quality of the recovered clean coals are almost around 10% and more than 95% and also are independent of the agitation speed of the impeller. The estimated values of ash rejection by the proposed techniques were between 97% and 99% with an increase in the calorific value of 88%. which is a promising technique and can be applied for the pilot scale unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: Managing caries is imperative in a rapidly aging society. Current diagnoses use qualitative indices. However, a quantitative evaluation of hardness in a clinical setting may lead to more accurate diagnoses. Previously, hardness meter using indenter with light for tooth monitoring (HAMILTOM) was developed to quantitatively measure tooth hardness. Herein, the physical interpretation of dentin hardness measured using HAMILTOM and the dentin hardness measurement mechanism are discussed. Aim: This study evaluates the mechanism of dentin hardness measurements using HAMILTOM physically and compare the invasiveness to dentin by HAMILTOM with those using a dental probe for palpation. Approach: Eleven bovine dentin samples were used to create caries models. HAMILTOM measured the dark areas, and its indentations were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Also, its invasiveness was evaluated by comparing the results with those from dental probe palpation. Results: The indentation areas were smaller than the dark areas in HAMILTOM, which may be due to exuded water from the dentin sample and the elastic recovery of dentin sample. Additionally, the dental probe indentation was deeper than the HAMILTOM indentations. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the indentation areas were smaller than the dark areas measured by HAMILTOM, which might contain the influence of exuded water and the deformation of dentin sample. Also, HAMILTOM is less invasive than dental probe palpation. In the future, HAMILTOM may become a standard hardness measuring method to diagnose root caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extrafibrillar demineralization is an etching technique that removes only minerals from around the collagen fibrils for resin infiltration. The intrafibrillar minerals are left intact to avoid their replacement by water that is hard for adhesive resin monomers to displace. The present work reported the synthesis of a water-soluble methacryloyloxy glycol chitosan-EDTA conjugate (GCE-MA) and evaluated its potential as an extrafibrillar demineralization agent for self-etch dentin bonding. Glycol chitosan-EDTA was functionalized with a methacryloyloxy functionality. Conjugation was confirmed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The GCE-MA was used to prepare experimental self-etch primers. Extrafibrillar demineralization of the primers was evaluated with scaning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The feasibility of this new self-etch bonding approach was evaluated using microtensile bond strength testing and inhibition of dentin gelatinolytic activity. The antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of GCE-MA were also analyzed. Conjugation of EDTA and the methacryloyloxy functionality to glycol chitosan was successful. The functionalized conjugate was capable of extrafibrillar demineralization of mineralized collagen fibrils. Tensile bond strength of the experimental self-etch primer to dentin was comparable to that of phosphoric acid-etched dentin and the commercial self-etch primer Clearfil SE Bond 2. The GCE-MA also inhibited soluble rhMMP-9. In-situ zymography detected minimal fluorescence in hybrid layers conditioned with the experimental primer. The GCE-MA was noncytotoxic and possessed antibacterial activities against planktonic bacteria. Synthesis of GCE-MA brought into fruition a self-etch conditioner that selectively demineralizes the extrafibrillar mineral component of dentin. A self-etch primer prepared with GCE-MA achieved bond strengths comparable to commercial reference adhesive systems. • The light curable chitosan derivative selectively demineralizes extrafibrillar dentin. • Experimental primers prepared with the chitosan derivative achieved high dentin bond strengths. • The chitosan derivative exhibits antibacterial and anti-gelatinolytic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Correction of bone volume loss after tooth extractions, periodontal lesions or trauma is performed by augmentation procedures using various biomaterials used to fill bone defects. Tissue engineering searching, often using a combination of stem cells, particles and growth factors, is making significant progress in this field. An alternative is the use of autologous tooth hard tissue grit obtained from extracted teeth. During the demineralization of the grit, the organic components of the tooth tissue, the dentin matrix, which has a confirmed high osteogenic effect, is exposed. This work evaluates the stimulatory effect of some demineralization procedures on the exposure of the dentin matrix and thus on the improvement in their osteogenic properties. The issue of bone volume loss is playing an increasing role in bone tissue engineering. Research has focused on studying the preparation and use of different types of human or xenogenic materials and their osteogenic properties. An alternative source for this purpose could be autologous extracted teeth. The simple preparation protocol, minimal immune response, and rapid organizing of the newly formed bone with optimal mechanical properties predispose autologous hard teeth tissues (HTTs) as a promising material suitable in the indication of augmentation of maxillary and mandible defects, comparable to other high-end augmentation materials. The aim of this study was to experimentally evaluate the osteogenic potential of ground native autologous HTTs prepared by different demineralization procedures, aimed at potentiating the osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties of their organic components. The results indicate that the most effective preparation process for HTT stimulation is the application of Cleanser for 10 min followed by exposure to 0.6 N HCl for 5 min with a wash in phosphate-buffered saline solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aim. The length of tooth enamel conditioning time and the size of bracket bases are some the factors influencing the bond strength between the two adherents. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) between two different types of bonded metal brackets and acid-etched enamel surface in two different times. Material and methods. Forty extracted human premolars were randomly divided into four groups. In groups 1 and 2, metal brackets Topic (Dentaurum, Germany) were bonded after etching with 37% phosphoric acid (Gel, Reliance, USA) for 15 s and 30 s, while in groups 3 and 4, metal brackets Equilibrium mini (Dentaurum, Germany) were bonded after etching for 15 s and 30 s. Brackets were bonded using flowable composite Heliosit Orthodontic (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) and light-cured using a LED lamp. The SBS was measured by an electronic dynamometer at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. Results. Statistical analysis revealed that SBS is affected by both bracket type (t = 10.62; p < 0.01) and etching time (t = 2.81; p = 0.008). The Equilibrium mini brackets with previous enamel etching for 30 s showed the highest SBS values of 10.8 ± 0.75 MPa, while the Topic brackets with previous enamel etching for 15 s showed the lowest values of 4.85 ± 0.53 MPa. Conclusion. Increasing the etching time of tooth enamel leads to higher values in bond strength, especially when using a bracket with a smaller base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and physio-chemical properties of biochar are crucial to determining biochar's quality and the adequate application. Specifically, the large porosity of biochar has been known as a favorable feature, especially for environmental remediation. In this regard, physical and chemical modifications have been used to improve biochar's porosity which requires high-energy consumption and involves chemical agents. The objective of this study was to prepare biochar with developed porosity using mild treatments. Arundo donax and olive stone were demineralized by a water-washing method. Treated and non-treated biomasses were pyrolyzed, and part of the derived samples was subjected to wet ball milling. Samples were characterized with proximate, Fourier transform infrared, particle size, and physisorption analyses. The effect of demineralization depended on the biomass type, as ash reduction only influenced Arundo donax-derived biochar, which was attributed to the difference in initial ash content that was relatively low for olive stone. The carbonization yield decreased by 46% for the Arundo donax biomass after demineralization. Moreover, demineralization expanded the surface area and total pore volume of the Arundo donax biochar. The ball milling was effective in producing micro-sized biochar particles with a mean size ranging between 30 ± 2 µm and 42 ± 2 µm and between 13 ± 1 µm and 22 ± 2 µm for Arundo donax and olive stone without and with demineralization, respectively. Ball milling increased the surface area of non-demineralized Arundo donax by 47% and demineralized Arundo donax by 124%. Additionally, ball milling increased the surface area of non-demineralized olive stone by 65% and demineralized olive stone by 62%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many orthodontic clinics have problems with patients who have dental demineralization. This study aimed to evaluate “the shear bond strength (SBS)” of braces after being bonded to demineralized teeth treated with herbal materials. Our study samples were divided into five groups. The first group was left with no treatment. The surfaces of the second, third, and fourth groups were first treated with a demineralizing solution. The second group was left after being demineralized without any subsequent treatment; the third group was treated with rosemary oil; the fourth was treated with ginger–honey. Casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride paste (CPP–ACPF) was applied to the fifth group. A universal testing machine evaluated the SBS. A stereomicroscope was used to determine the adhesive remnant index (ARI). The enamel surface changes were observed using surface microhardness (SMH) testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) to determine the element percentages. Our data revealed that the values of both SBS and SMH were significantly (p < 0.05) increased after remineralization. Rosemary and ginger–honey significantly enhanced the SBS and SMH of the demineralized teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate possible mineral losses in mandibular first premolars after the use of twin-block appliance, by enamel microhardness measurement method. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients (12 females, 8 males; mean age=12.21±1.12) indicated as fixed orthodontic treatment with mandibular first premolar extraction after functional treatment with twin-block were included in the study. The twin-block appliance was used continuously (excluding meals) for 12 months. The appliance used in this research, which is a split-mouth study, was designed to cover the first premolar only on one side of the mandible, leaving the opposite the first premolar tooth exposed. After the extraction of the mandibular first premolars, two groups were formed: the teeth outside the appliance (Group I) and the teeth inside the appliance (Group II). Hardness measurements were calculated using Vicker's microhardness measuring device on the buccal and lingual regions of the both groups. 200 g load was applied to specimens for 10 sec. Two Independent Sample t test used in the statistical analysis of the data. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the hardness values of the buccal and lingual tooth regions of Group I and Group II (p <0.05). Group II showed statistically significantly lower hardness values on both tooth regions (buccal region and lingual region) than Group I. In both groups, the hardness values on the buccal regions of the teeth were found to be significantly lower than the hardness values on the lingual regions (p <0.05). Conclusion: There is a possibility of mineral loss in the teeth remaining inside the appliance in treatments using the twin-block appliance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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