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Product proposals developed within the scope of design studio courses, which are the backbone of the curriculum in industrial design education, are presented to jury evaluation through presentation boards prepared in printed or digital format. Presentation boards function as the ultimate visual communication tool between the designer and the client in professional life and between the student and the jury in educational life. In addition to the quality of the design proposal, the quality of the presentation board in terms of form and content is also effective in the final evaluations of the customer or jury. With the aim of increasing industrial design students' awareness of the importance of presentation quality, the Presentation Board Analysis Module was designed within the scope of the ENT 382 Portfolio course in the 3rd-year curriculum of Gazi University Industrial Design Department. In this module, designed as a three-week workshop, students were first asked to create a visual material pool of presentation board samples. Then, they were expected to subject this pool to content analysis in groups. This study aims to reveal the criteria that need to be considered to prepare effective and successful presentation boards in industrial design. It proposes a constructivist pedagogical approach in which the student constructs the knowledge of the criteria. As a result of the study in which a total of 156 different product presentations were analyzed, three basic categories have been reached in the criteria that should be considered to design effective presentation boards: (1) criteria arising from the context in which the presentation will be made, (2) criteria related to the components and content of the presentation boards, and (3) criteria for the visual composition established with the components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First-generation intervertebral disc prostheses (IDPs) have well-established design fea-tures, but an inconsistent functional performance and they are not entirely accepted for clinical use. Currently, second-generation IDPs aim to overcome first-generation problems. Design features and performance of IDPs are related from first- to second-generation, but the relationship is unclear. In 1990, Hedman et al. determined design criteria for the first generation, but the lit-erature has not reported any further criteria for the second generation. This paper is focused on design criteria for second-generation prostheses, clarifying the relationship between the design features and performance of IDPs. We analyzed biomechanical prop-erties of natural intervertebral discs and technological evolution of IDPs to characterize functional performance. A group of functional parameters were identified. A comprehensive review of the literature regarding design criteria showed inconsistent and ambiguous criteria. So, a structure of criteria based on information content is proposed to avoid these conflicts. The criteria are structured into three parts including the functional parameters. In a straight relation to functionality, three design criteria are sufficient to evaluate holistically the features of the second-generation IDPs. The criteria avoid the absence or incongruence of information of the design features and relate the performance of IDP to its features in the route to overcome functional problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By virtue of the intrinsic safety and cost‐effectiveness, aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs) have gained increasing attention in the realm of energy storage. In spite of the promise of Zn anode, challenges like dendrite growth and side reactions persist as hurdles to be overcome. Addressing this, the rational design of Zn anode current collectors (ZACCs) is an effective solution. Recent years have witnessed the significant strides in the construction of ZACCs, yet the precise pathways for ZACC development remain unclear, lacking a set of specific criteria to guide progress. In this comprehensive review, acknowledging the concerns surrounding Zn anodes, six criteria—electrical conductivity, zincophilicity, orientational deposition inducibility, chemical stability, mechanical durability, and scalability—are innovatively put forward as pivotal benchmarks for the design of ZACCs. Each criterion is accompanied by tailored optimization strategies and corresponding challenges. Furthermore, future trend in ZACCs development is envisaged, along with potential application scenarios for AZIBs. This review will expedite the advancement of ZACCs and contribute to the flourishing landscape of AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Asian countries have not yet established a local high-speed railway standard system. Countries where the "the Belt and Road Initiative" cooperation projects are located, such as Indonesia Yavan High-speed Railway and Thailand Bangkok-Nakhon Ratchasima high-speed railway, are all based on the technical standards of China's high-speed railway. Due to different national conditions, China's high-speed railway standards cannot be directly applied to high-speed railway projects in Southeast Asia. Based on the specific cases of Indonesia Yavan High-speed Railway and Thailand Bangkok -Nakhon Ratchasima High-speed Railway Project, this paper analyzes the adaptability of China's high-speed railway track design standards in Southeast Asia from the aspects of the main design principles, engineering materials, rail sizing, track structure selection, prefabricated track slab, and continuous welded rail. The main conclusions are as follows: (1)The reinforcement and concrete can be made of local materials, which should be reasonably selected by comparing the strength, chemical element content and other characteristics. (2) The steel rails in Southeast Asian countries and regions are generally imported from China. Therefore, the sizing of rail needs to take into account the influence factors such as port hoisting infrastructure, existing marine conditions, overseas road and railway transportation, and 50 m rail is recommended. (3) In combination with local climate conditions, the ballastless track structure shall be reasonably optimized from the perspective of economy, and the ordinary reinforced concrete track slab can be used. (4) The technology of China/s seamless line technology can fully adapt to the line conditions in Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental analysis on small-scale models is widely used to predict the dynamic responses of full-scale structures subjected to impact loads. However, due to manufacturing constraints, achieving a perfectly scaled model under a large scaling factor is challenging, leading to the use of distorted scaled models as a compromise. This paper introduces an improved similarity law that ensures distorted scaled models accurately replicate the dynamic responses of prototype stiffened plates under impact loads. The proposed similarity law meticulously considers both the distorted attached plate thickness and variations in stiffener configuration. Double input parameters involving the load case and geometry are formulated to govern the dynamic responses of integrated stiffeners. Additionally, an approximate method rooted in elastic–plastic theory is developed to assess the dominant behaviors of stiffened plates during impact. Consequently, the distorted stiffener configuration of scaled models is designed through a methodology primarily centered on capturing dominant behaviors. Comprehensive numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the behavior of stiffened plates subjected to impact loads. The results compellingly demonstrate that the proposed similarity law adeptly compensates for geometric distortions, ensuring reliable predictions of dynamic responses in distorted scaled models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the understudied role of privately financed ecosystem service provision in biodiversity conservation, focusing on the example of wildflower strips in Germany. Using qualitative methods, it investigates the diversity of private financing schemes, stakeholder involvement, scheme implementation and farmers motivations to engage in private schemes. The results draw on literature-based stakeholder analysis and expert interviews, including ecologists and practitioners, in three German federal states: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and Lower Saxony. Findings include a stakeholder map, the identification of four types of private financing schemes, and the formulation of 17 design criteria covering ecological, economic, and social aspects. These criteria aim to guide providers and sponsors and to emphasise the diverse nature of private wildflower strip financing schemes and their role as crucial links among farmers, the private sector, and society. The study highlights private schemes as viable alternatives to public funding but raises concerns about quality control and coordination with public measures. Combining publicly funded agri-environment schemes with private financing is controversial among stakeholders. Government intervention could formalise the private market, improving control and protection, possibly limiting private sector flexibility and attractiveness due to higher levels of bureaucracy. In any case, transparency in management and financial structures is crucial. Policy recommendations overall include incentivising private sector conservation involvement, offering tax credits for private financing, improving government mechanisms, streamlining coordination of public and private conservation at the landscape level and fostering stakeholder networking. Consequently, this study lays a foundational framework for further exploration into the realm of private financing in biodiversity conservation.

Statistics indicate that cases of multiple sclerosis (MS), which can cause mobility and sensory disabilities, are increasing worldwide. While design criteria for educational built environments that meet MS students' needs have been researched, the creation of holistic design guidelines (DG-MS) has rarely been investigated. This study uses holistic DG-MS to create an educational building performance assessment tool (MS-BPAT) to evaluate the suitability of educational built environments for meeting MS students' needs. A multimethodological approach is used in which academic and medical experts evaluate the MS-BPAT for its importance, affiliation, and clarity. The MS-BPAT is then tested by assessing two high school buildings in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that the MS-BPAT tool can accurately assess the fulfillment of MS-DG design criteria in educational built environments and detect the design barriers. The MS-BPAT's validity as an assessment tool is confirmed by comparing its results with field visits, interviews, and student satisfaction. The MS-BPAT is then finalized, and recommendations are made for improving educational built environment performance to meet the needs of students with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the electric vehicles studied, the driven wheels and the differential, which are responsible for the transfer of power and rotational motion, are connected by half-shafts. The failure of two half-shafts in the rear gearbox of a three-wheeled electric vehicle, popularly known as a Tuk Tuk, is examined and evaluated in this research. Therefore, the primary goal of this work is to look at the factors that contribute to the failure of the aforementioned components. Visual examination and fractographic analysis were performed utilizing optical and scanning electron microscopes to investigate the half-shafts' mode of failure. Samples from both half-shafts were obtained for tensile testing, metallographic examination, chemical composition analysis, and fracture surface analysis. According to visual examination, reversed bending fatigue, occurring simultaneously with torsion loading, caused the fracture in the half-shaft to the left of the differential (rear view). Analysis of the fracture surface of the half-shaft to the right of the differential revealed that it resulted mainly from bending fatigue loading. Moreover, regarding the mechanical design safety of the half-shafts, calculations were performed considering different trajectories, limit speeds, and different design criteria. Finally, some recommendations are drawn to improve the design safety of this mechanical component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of the study, an urban-metaphor relationship focused on Potsdam Square through Berlin, where the most devastating and shocking events of the 20th century were experienced. In this study, in which the transformation and change of Potsdam Square and its surroundings in the last two centuries are read in the context of metaphorical design approaches, the focus is on forming different components of the space. The metaphorical backgrounds of the approaches applied while designing points such as urban patterns, transportation setup, open green spaces, feasibility and city center were evaluated. The square, which has been examined in studies focused on urban transformation and economy, has been reconsidered with a holistic view of the region’s change, transformation, political importance and economic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore wind farms on the east offshore of Korea to produce multi-GW power from floating wind platforms are being planned. The objectives of the present study are to develop a new TLP-type floating wind platform with a 15 MW turbine for the planned site and to confirm the feasibility of the TLP design under extreme typhoon environments. The concept design of the 15 MW TLP floating platform was completed for installation at a water depth of 137 m. The platform was vertically moored with highly pretensioned wire rope tendons. The platform and tendons were designed to withstand extreme conditions for up to 50 years. Additionally, a platform with an integrated turbine was designed to be wet-towable from the quayside without dedicated vessels to minimize the pre-service cost and risk. An extreme response analysis was conducted to evaluate the platform motion, acceleration, airgap and tendon tension for wave variation, intact and damaged condition of the tendon, environment heading change, and water level variation. The platform design results were validated using the design criteria from the industry standards and recommendations, and the design was verified to comply with the design requirements for the planned sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architected materials comprising periodic arrangements of cells have attracted considerable interest in various fields because of their unconventional properties and versatile functionality. Although some better properties may be exhibited when this homogeneous layout is broken, most such studies rely on a fixed material geometry, which limits the design space for material properties. Here, combining heterogeneous and homogeneous assembly of cells to generate tunable geometries, a hierarchically architected material (HAM) capable of significantly enhancing mechanical properties is proposed. Guided by the theoretical model and 745 752 simulation cases, generic design criteria are introduced, including dual screening for unique mechanical properties and careful assembly of specific spatial layouts, to identify the geometry of materials with extreme properties. Such criteria facilitate the potential for unprecedented properties such as Young's modulus at the theoretical limit and tunable positive and negative Poisson's ratios in an ultra‐large range. Therefore, this study opens a new paradigm for materials with extreme mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the struggle against diseases, the development of nano-therapy has certainly been a tremendous progression owing to the various superiority, and chitosan is no doubt a kind of prominent biopolymer material with versatility for applications in disease treatments. For the rational construction of chitosan-related nano-biodevices, it is necessary to pay full attention to the material itself, where it is the material properties that guide the design criteria. Additionally, the well-matched preparation methods between material carriers and therapeutic agents draw much attention to the final construction since they seem to be more realistic. In detail, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advances in rational construction of chitosan-related nano-therapies with respect to material-property-oriented design criteria and preparation methods in the current review article, based on the foundation of continuous investigations. Based on this review, a portion of the various uses of chitosan-related nano-biodevices for biomedical applications are specifically discussed. Here, the strategies demonstrate the versatility of chitosan well, and the concept of being simple yet effective is well illustrated and vividly communicated. Altogether, a fresh concept concerning multi-functional chitosan and its derivative-related drug delivery systems for nano-therapy is proposed in this review, and this could be applied to other materials, which seems to be a novel angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of immersion has been widely used for the design and evaluation of user experiences. Augmented, virtual and mixed-reality environments have further sparked the discussion of immersive user experiences and underlying requirements. However, a clear definition and agreement on design criteria of immersive experiences remains debated, creating challenges to advancing our understanding of immersive experiences and how these can be designed. Based on a multidisciplinary Delphi approach, this study provides a uniform definition of immersive experiences and identifies key criteria for the design and staging thereof. Thematic analysis revealed five key themes – transition into/out of the environment, in-experience user control, environment design, user context relatedness, and user openness and motivation, that emphasise the coherency in the user-environment interaction in the immersive experience. The study proposes an immersive experience framework as a guideline for industry practitioners, outlining key design criteria for four distinct facilitators of immersive experiences – systems, spatial, empathic/social, and narrative/sequential immersion. Further research is proposed using the immersive experience framework to investigate the hierarchy of user senses to optimise experiences that blend physical and digital environments and to study triggered, desired and undesired effects on user attitude and behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioretention cells in the Toronto region are usually sized to accommodate runoff from the 90th percentile storm, which has a depth of about 25 mm. This research examines the water quality control performance and cost of bioretention cells sized to satisfy alternative design criteria ranging from 5 to 50 mm. The long-term average runoff-capture efficiencies provided by representative bioretention cells are determined, and their capital as well as operation and maintenance costs are estimated. Results indicate that the current design criterion of 25 mm is probably too high and not cost-efficient. In fact, above some threshold levels, little improvement in runoff-capture and pollutant removal performances may be achieved if the design criterion is increased further, but cost would still linearly increase. Presented here is a methodology that can be used to properly consider both the performance and cost of bioretention cells for establishing a more cost-efficient design criterion. It is shown that a more cost-efficient design criterion for Toronto could be lower than the current one, and significant cost savings can be realized if a lower design criterion is implemented. Some inappropriate ways of quantifying the effective volume of storage provided by bioretention cells are also identified in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of appropriate technology (AT) has become the Indonesian government strategy to increase productivity of agricultural commodities due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, the current utilization of AT remains suboptimal mostly due to design deficiencies that insufficiently account for human factors and user experience. In response, the aim of this study is to establish comprehensive AT design guidelines for sustainable AT utilization, focused on agricultural processing machines. An intensive observation was initially conducted in a rural community in Indonesia, to summarize difficulties faced by AT users. Supported by an exhaustive review of literature, a total of 44 human factors related design criteria were defined. Subsequently, these criteria underwent rigorous validation through a questionnaire administered to 197 respondents, consisting of AT designers, experts, and users. Employing the framework of principal component analysis (PCA), novel dimensions of AT design criteria were suggested, encompassing safety and error prevention, functionality and economics, user-friendly, low physical effort, physical workspace compatibility, and perceptible information. To augment the insights gleaned from the PCA, a matrix of importance-performance analysis was created, affording a map of the relative significance and concurrent performance of the defined criteria. The implications of this study are further discussed.

Experimental analysis on small-scale models is widely used to predict the dynamic responses of full-scale structures subjected to impact loads. However, due to manufacturing constraints, achieving a perfectly scaled model under a large scaling factor is challenging, leading to the use of distorted scaled models as a compromise. This paper introduces an improved similarity law that ensures distorted scaled models accurately replicate the dynamic responses of prototype stiffened plates under impact loads. The proposed similarity law meticulously considers both the distorted attached plate thickness and variations in stiffener configuration. Double input parameters involving the load case and geometry are formulated to govern the dynamic responses of integrated stiffeners. Additionally, an approximate method rooted in elastic–plastic theory is developed to assess the dominant behaviors of stiffened plates during impact. Consequently, the distorted stiffener configuration of scaled models is designed through a methodology primarily centered on capturing dominant behaviors. Comprehensive numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the behavior of stiffened plates subjected to impact loads. The results compellingly demonstrate that the proposed similarity law adeptly compensates for geometric distortions, ensuring reliable predictions of dynamic responses in distorted scaled models.

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are a critical component of thermal management systems, with efforts being made to improve their thermal conductivity (k) to enhance their thermal-management performance in electronic devices. However, the heat flow management ability should be the key factor for determining thermal-management performance, instead of the k of the TIMs alone as commonly assumed. Systematically looking for what factors will affect the heat flow management ability and understanding how they can influence the thermal-management performance is urgent. In this work, we combined both experiments and simulations to clarify this issue in a TIM-based thermal management system. The heat flow management ability of TIMs was classified into two categories based on the heat flow directions: the heat transport ability, responsible for transferring heat from the chip to heat sink in through-plane direction; and the heat flow dispersion ability, pertaining to the in-plane dispersion of heat flow within the chip. These two kinds of ability of TIMs were found to be affected by different properties beyond just k: the former was proportional to the thermal resistance of TIMs and the contact area between TIMs and chips, while the latter was influenced by the area and anisotropic k of TIMs. Through systematic analysis of heat flow, a clear understanding of the heat flow management ability was obtained, leading to the proposal of design criteria grounded in the perspective of heat flow management. These criteria aim to guide the development of efficient materials design and further enhance thermal-management performance.

Abstract Architected materials comprising periodic arrangements of cells have attracted considerable interest in various fields because of their unconventional properties and versatile functionality. Although some better properties may be exhibited when this homogeneous layout is broken, most such studies rely on a fixed material geometry, which limits the design space for material properties. Here, combining heterogeneous and homogeneous assembly of cells to generate tunable geometries, a hierarchically architected material (HAM) capable of significantly enhancing mechanical properties is proposed. Guided by the theoretical model and 745 752 simulation cases, generic design criteria are introduced, including dual screening for unique mechanical properties and careful assembly of specific spatial layouts, to identify the geometry of materials with extreme properties. Such criteria facilitate the potential for unprecedented properties such as Young's modulus at the theoretical limit and tunable positive and negative Poisson's ratios in an ultra‐large range. Therefore, this study opens a new paradigm for materials with extreme mechanical properties.

The frequency variation problem of a classical beam with a rotationally restrained internal hinge arbitrarily located is studied intensively. The characteristic equations of the natural vibration are derived rigorously upon the corresponding boundary conditions and the compatibility conditions at the interconnecting point such that the effects of both the rotational restraint stiffness and the hinge position on the natural frequencies and mode shapes are described comprehensively. In the context, the critical locations of an internal hinge are investigated extensively to obtain the extreme values of a natural frequency of the beam system, and the associated requirements are explored in depth. It appears that the essential conditions for obtaining the critical points with regard to the maximum or minimum frequency come, respectively, from the same compatibility relation of the rotational flexibility in view of the opposite criteria. Numerical results are provided with two representative uniform beams to show the variations of their dynamic characteristics and to gain new insights into the transition conditions in the two distinct cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality control bioretention cells are usually sized so that they are large enough to provide storage of runoff generated from its catchment resulting from the water quality control design storm of the location of interest. A bioretention cell can have three parts where runoff may be temporarily stored: (1) the depressed surface ponding area, (2) the growing media layer, and (3) the storage layer. In this study, the detailed sizing calculation methods adopted by 21 jurisdictions in the US and Canada were reviewed and compared. It was found that for satisfying the required storage volume to store runoff generated from the water quality control design storm, some jurisdictions only allow the storage provided by the surface ponding area to be counted, whereas other jurisdictions allow the sum of the storages provided by two of the three or all of the three parts to be counted. These differences can result in significant differences in the sizes and performances of bioretention cells. By examining and analyzing the detailed hydrologic processes involved in the operation of bioretention cells, it was demonstrated in this study that many of the adopted sizing calculation methods are flawed or inappropriate. Presented here are a summary of the findings and the recommended sizing calculation method. The possible degrees of over- or underdesigns resulting from some of the incorrect sizing calculation methods are also estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of selecting building materials is a complex process that is affected by many restrictions, criteria and considerations. Often, the process is carried out spontaneously without considering the design criteria and neglects the building's function. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the key criteria impacting material selection. Design criteria vary based on a building's intended purpose and location, leading to distinct considerations. This study identifies five main design criteria: physical, cultural-social, environmental, economic, and technical. Experts in architecture participated in a survey, with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) used to assign weights to these criteria. The research findings highlight that material select for a building's envelope depend on its function and context. In religious buildings, cultural criteria are vital, regardless of historical or modern contexts. Historical residential buildings prioritize cultural criteria, while modern ones lean toward economic considerations. Commercial buildings have historically been influenced by physical factors but are now more influenced by technical criteria. This study highlights the importance of considering a variety of design criteria when selecting building materials to ensure effective adaptation to the building's use and context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPowered hand exoskeletons are an emerging technology that have shown promise in assisting individuals with impaired hand function. A number of hand exoskeleton designs have been described in the literature; however, the majority have not been supported by patient-oriented criteria.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to define preliminary end-user needs and expectations for an assistive hand exoskeleton.Study designExplorative interview and case series.MethodsSix clinicians and eight individuals with impaired hand function were interviewed in small groups or individually. A standardized list of questions was used to elicit feedback on specific design criteria or promote the discovery of new criteria. In addition, three participants with impaired hand function returned for a second session where hand characteristics, such as range of motion and force required to flex/extend fingers, were recorded to further quantify design requirements.ResultsInterview responses indicated that there was general consensus among participants on criteria relating to important grasp patterns, grip strength, wear time, and acceptable bulk/weight. However, interview responses and hand characteristics also revealed important differences between individuals with impaired hand function.ConclusionQualitative and quantitative data were collected to develop an understanding of end-user design requirements for assistive hand exoskeletons. Although the data collected were helpful in identifying some preliminary criteria, differences between participants exist and identifying a universal set of criteria applicable across individuals with impaired hand function is challenging. This work reinforces the importance of involving users of rehabilitation technology in the device development process.

Currently, the big number of companies, and specifically in Russia, is engaged in designing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). It is caused by the tendency to reduce human labor in various fields of activity, in particular, associated with a great risk to life and health. All these factors lead to the steady growth of different-type missions for the UAV application. Urgency of the research generates considerable interest towards the issues of the UAV application. As part of developing a method for determining UAV design parameters, the author analyzed the results in this domain, considering the operation in a group of aircraft. In order to propose a conceptual aircraft solution for designing a model, the analysis of target objects for the UAV group application was conducted. The article considers various target objects for the application of UAV groups. The result of the analysis for target objects can form the basis for the conclusion involved with the imposed requirements for the design of this UAV class. Compared to other specialists’ articles, this paper is distinguished by synthesizing the achievements in the sphere of group-operated UAV design, as well as by establishing the basic trends for their application while conducting warfare.

Wire-wrapped screens have been established as one of the primary sand control devices in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) wells due to the high open-to-flow area and superior plugging attributes. However, their design is still a point of interest for thermal operations. Generally, existing approaches rely on one or more particular points of reservoir sands’ particle size distribution (PSD) and rules of thumb inferred from other devices like the slotted liners. This study used Sand Retention Testing (SRT) to analyze the performance of WWS under various testing conditions, which were neglected in the current design criteria. The experimental investigation leads to a set of graphical design criteria that provide an optimum aperture size window. The results show that the sand retention performance of WWS is highly dependent on the flow velocities of the wetting phase. Moreover, the testing showed satisfactory plugging performance of WWS even with narrow aperture sizes, proving a superior performance for low-quality oil sands.

In the electric vehicles studied, the driven wheels and the differential, which are responsible for the transfer of power and rotational motion, are connected by half-shafts. The failure of two half-shafts in the rear gearbox of a three-wheeled electric vehicle, popularly known as a Tuk Tuk, is examined and evaluated in this research. Therefore, the primary goal of this work is to look at the factors that contribute to the failure of the aforementioned components. Visual examination and fractographic analysis were performed utilizing optical and scanning electron microscopes to investigate the half-shafts’ mode of failure. Samples from both half-shafts were obtained for tensile testing, metallographic examination, chemical composition analysis, and fracture surface analysis. According to visual examination, reversed bending fatigue, occurring simultaneously with torsion loading, caused the fracture in the half-shaft to the left of the differential (rear view). Analysis of the fracture surface of the half-shaft to the right of the differential revealed that it resulted mainly from bending fatigue loading. Moreover, regarding the mechanical design safety of the half-shafts, calculations were performed considering different trajectories, limit speeds, and different design criteria. Finally, some recommendations are drawn to improve the design safety of this mechanical component.

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)