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The paper aims to unveil the interdependent nature of the studio’s physical settings, the design challenges presented, and the interactions between its inhabitants. This examination seeks to contribute to the enhancement of architectural education by providing insights into the potential improvements in studio-based learning, thereby supporting a more effective and comprehensive educational model in the field of architecture. The scope of this study focuses on three parameters that define the design studio. These are the studio environment, design problems and inhabitants. The study elucidates the significance of these parameters in issuing a case study of a fourth-year architectural studio focusing on historical sites in Izmir, Turkey. The method of the research adopts a co/autoethnographic approach to explore how these elements influence the learning experience and outcome. As a result, this study investigates the dynamics within architectural design studios, emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between the learning environment, the interaction among students and instructors, and the design problem.

The The real world is characterized by deep similarity and interdependence with ill-defined problems, observable in different contexts. Every day, thousands of ill-defined problems are analyzed by people in various sciences, and among the solutions, one is chosen for implementation. Addressing such questions requires a unique ability, and this feature creates a distinction between professionals and beginners in the relevant field. Therefore, the ability to identify such problems is very important, because solving these problems with a limited vision may lead to an inadequate and incomplete solution, which sometimes leads to irreparable consequences in various fields. For this purpose, educational design models were examined in this research. This study was conducted according to the characteristics of the design problem, with the aim of choosing a suitable model to address and solve ill-defined problems in different areas of the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms "problem and solution" are omnipresent the world over in various design disciplines and designers often position themselves as problem solvers. Through a rigorous exploration of different perspectives on the problem-solution model and its impact, this article revisits how designers define, perceive, and consequently practice design. It closely explores how frequently propagated terminology and perceptions can impact designers and their work—educationally and professionally. The article also presents alternative approaches to thinking about and practicing design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of design is associated with the notion of constraint as a limiting factor, and the search for the constraint in the design process is essential in design research. This study applies the ontological method to define the domain and scope of constraints, their classes and subclasses, and how to apply them. We concluded that there are two types of constraints in design: inside the designer’s mind or internal constraint and outside it or external constraint. Each of these is classified into two subclasses: internal constraints can be divided into deduced and subject constraints, and external constraints are categorised into imposed and intrinsic constraints. In the end, we proposed a model that shows that designers can identify, choose, manage, and even generate constraints in the design process to facilitate the restructuring of the design problem, which helps them solve the design problem.

The actual energetic situation has several challenges such as pollution, the rarefaction of fossil fuel and the dangers of nuclear. Renewable sources are proposed as a solution and suggested, such as a cost-effectiveness system. The paper deals with the problem of feeding a domestic load with electricity which should respect the ecologies factors, so this work is a design problem of the hybrid renewable energy systems; PV/biomass, PV/diesel/battery, PV/wind/diesel/battery, and wind/diesel/battery to choose the best one of them which feed the load with the lowest cost. The study’s goal is to design a microgrid system by the minimization of the total investment cost with respect to the required technical factor, the minimum allowed renewable energy fraction, and the minimum allowed availability factor. The methodology flowed utilizes frameworks based on a recent algorithm called Movable damped wave algorithm (MDVP). The proposed optimization algorithm is compared with other algorithms to prove its efficacy which are; the artificial electric field algorithm (AEFA), harris hawks optimization (HHO), and the grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The project case study is investigated in Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia. The contribution of this work is implementing a recent algorithm that proves its efficacy and finding the best microgrid configuration following many investigations and comparisons. The results confirm that the MDVP is better compared to the other algorithms, its computational time is fast, and its convergence is good; otherwise, the PV/biomass is considered the best configuration in the area of study with a size of 237.698 m2 from PV panel and 954.097 t/year of biomass, which obtained the best Net Present Cost (NPC) of $299504, and a cost of energy (LCOE) assumed as $0.228/kW. A sensitivity analysis is applied to prove the effect of size variation on project factors. The simple observation, by the way, is that any change in the PV size affects the output factors.

The concept of design is associated with the notion of constraint as a limiting factor, and the search for the constraint in the design process is essential in design research. This study applies the ontological method to define the domain and scope of constraints, their classes and subclasses, and how to apply them. We concluded that there are two types of constraints in design: inside the designer's mind or internal constraint and outside it or external constraint. Each of these is classified into two subclasses: internal constraints can be divided into deduced and subject constraints, and external constraints are categorised into imposed and intrinsic constraints. In the end, we proposed a model that shows that designers can identify, choose, manage, and even generate constraints in the design process to facilitate the restructuring of the design problem, which helps them solve the design problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software design patterns have a considerable impact on the software development life cycle. Design pattern (DP) is a reliable and reusable solution provided by software experts to obtain quality software design. However, due to the large number of design patterns, selecting the appropriate one is quite difficult. To overcome this difficulty, several approaches with different methods have been presented to suggest the appropriate DP. Despite conducting a number of studies that have explored some aspects of this field, such as design pattern selection tools and techniques, there is a need for a deeper understanding, analysis, classification, and thorough review of the design pattern selection process. So far, no systematic review of design pattern selection approaches is available. This paper aims to classify existing approaches, provide several criteria for comparing approaches, analyze each one, and identify and analyze the most important elements in this field, including open issues, data sets, and so on. The present investigation paper will help future research to employ the existing approaches taking into account the specification of each one and it also raises awareness about the approaches used in previous research and their potential limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a great deal of effort has been made to present systematic models of design process, in practice, a lot of designs still proceed through unsystematic methods. It seems that the reason for this is too much emphasizing on describing the final design (product) and little attention to the design process; such that, there is no clear method so as to research-based design. This led to illustrate a distinct pattern from configuration of "design protocol" in terms of research-based design process. The aim of this study is to develop a model that can be used in the architecture educational system. So at first step, the readers of this research are architecture students, and designers can also benefit from it in the next steps. So that all the readers of this research using this model, in a logical process, can recognize the right information for design and ultimately achieve an optimal architectural design. In this research, our preferred context is architecture, and the focus is on research-oriented design; therefore, any given example would be in the field of architecture. In this paper, the proposed process is the result of experience gained from five years teaching architectural design (2) in master's degree that includes three milestones as follows: 1) Statement of problem 2) The scheme and 3) Design protocol. "Statement of design problem" is obtained from people's concerns about "design subject" integrated in its "bed". The scheme, itself, constitutes the expectations, goals and mission representing two sets of information (cognitive and distinction) about design that finally leads to establish a "spatial-body program" of the project. As proceeding from the onset of diagram into the end, we passed from "analyze" into "synthesize" phase. In fact, in «analyze» phase, designer decides to collect and analyze information; however, as the process goes forward, he/she combines the information from the previous phase in order to achieve novel findings. Finally, we hope that by taking advantage of the proposed process, designers can find the best way to accomplish their design projects within a defined framework.

Based on a line of inquiry initiated by Dorst, this article explores Foucault's work as a philosophical inspiration for design research and practice. In terms of foucaultian problematization, notions of discourse and problematization— instead of notions of design problems— is an alternative way of dealing with design situations. It is argued that through the problematization of the discourses interwoven in a design project, the designer takes on a critical and political dimension of their own work. In this way, through the project, designers can have the option to critically choose between reinforcing discourses— in case of agreement with them, or subverting discourses— in case of disagreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Developers often have to locate design problems in the source code. Several types of design problems may manifest as code smells in the program. A code smell is a source code structure that may reveal a partial hint about the manifestation of a design problem. Recent studies suggest that developers should ignore smells occurring in isolation in a program location. Instead, they should focus on analyzing stinkier code, i.e., program locations—e.g., a class or a hierarchy—affected by multiple smells. There is evidence that the stinkier a program location is, the more likely it contains a design problem. However, there is no empirical evidence on whether developers can effectively identify a design problem in stinkier code. Developers may struggle to make an analysis of inter-related smells affecting the same program location. Besides that, the analysis of stinkier code may require proper tool support due to its analysis complexity. However, there is little knowledge on what are the requirements for a tool that helps developers in revealing stinkier program locations. As a result, developers may not be able to identify design problems due to tool issues. Method To address this matter, we aimed at achieving three goals. In the first case, we proposed Organic—a tool supporting the analysis of stinky code. In the second case, we applied a mixed-method approach to analyze if and how developers can effectively find design problems when reflecting upon stinky code—i.e., a program location affected by multiple smells. We conducted a study with 11 software professionals. Finally, in the third case, we aimed at understanding if Organic could be used by developers to identify design problems. To achieve this goal, we used a method from the Semiotic Engineering theory. This method enabled us to evaluate what are the tool issues that may hinder the identification of design problems in stinky code. Result Our study revealed that only 36.36% of the developers found more design problems when explicitly reasoning about multiple smells as compared to single smells. Moreover, 63.63% of the developers reported much lesser false positives when using the first approach as compared to the latter. The second study, in its turn, showed that most developers may be unable to identify design problems in stinky code without proper tool support. Conclusion Our experiences, in particular the second study, helped us to refine the features of Organic for better supporting developers in reflecting upon stinkier code. For example, analyses of stinky code scattered in class hierarchies or packages is often difficult, time-consuming, and requires proper visualization support. Moreover, without effective support, it remains time-consuming to discard stinky program locations that do not represent design problems.

This article addresses the concept of complexity and its effect on the logic of the design problem. It argues that the competing interpretations of complexity represent a logical antinomy (in the Kantian sense), and that this prevents the concept's further elaboration. It is necessary therefore to address the conditions that have produced this antinomy. Using the Hegelian category of the determination of reflection, complexity is then reconsidered as the effect of the circular logic by which a social system is defined. The complexity of the design problem is then redefined on the basis of this elaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lesson plan is a design problem for a teacher. The desired solution to this problem is to design an instructional process that can guide students in constructing an understanding of scientific concepts through their own thinking. This article demonstrates a practical approach to designing an effective lesson plan. The approach has five phases: listing the concepts in a lesson, proposing questions that can be answered by each concept, sequencing the questions according to the logic of student cognitive development, selecting resources and designing tasks to create learning situations, and applying knowledge to scientific research and real life. A meiosis lesson from a high school biology course serves as an example for understanding the solutions to problems that may arise in each phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulating and solving engineering problems and designing solutions that meet the established requirements are important skills that graduating engineering students need to possess. However, there are noticeable gaps in the literature with respect to understanding how the formulation of design problems and establishment of requirements affect the final design solution in undergraduate design education. This paper is an initial step to understand the influence of the content volume of the problem statement and requirements on the content volume of the final solution in capstone design projects. Content volume was used as a measure for this study as it provided a more objective way to measure the relation between problem statement, requirements, and final solutions as compared to other measures such as quality that are more subjective. In doing so, a document analysis of final reports from capstone design class collected over a period of 10 years is conducted. The findings of this research indicate that a low content volume of problem statement and requirements leads to no greater than a medium content volume in the final solution, whereas, a high content volume of final solution is more likely to result from either a high or medium content volume of problem statement and requirements. These findings are used to make several recommendations. Incorporating these recommendations while teaching capstone design classes can help students to improve the content volume of the problem statement and requirements. Thus, this assists in improving students' skills of formulating detailed problem statements and establishing requirements for their projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the design problem of the linear sliding variable‐based sliding mode controllers of descriptor systems via output information. A generalised regular form, which is the counterpart of that for normal systems, is first recalled. Then a static output feedback sliding mode control strategy is developed to stabilise the descriptor system under consideration and the result is further improved by a reduced‐order observer‐based sliding mode control strategy. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived such that the resulting sliding motion is regular and asymptotically stable. It is shown that the main merit of the static output feedback sliding mode control method is the simplicity and that of the reduced‐order observer‐based sliding mode control method is the elimination of a restrictive assumption frequently used in the static output feedback sliding mode control method. Finally, two connected one‐mass oscillators model is numerically simulated to testify the validity of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Inverse problems are solved to design the heat flux manipulating devices. • Thermal cloaking and shielding problems are reduced to control problems. • Particle swarm optimization is used to solve control problems. • Optimal solutions give simple rules of designing easily manufactured devices. Abstract Inverse problems associated with designing cylindrical thermal layered shielding and cloaking shells are studied. Using the optimization method these inverse problems are reduced to corresponding control problems. Thermal conductivities of the shell layers play the role of passive controls. A numerical algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization is proposed and the results of numerical experiments are discussed. Important properties of optimal solutions are established. Based on these properties simple design rules are formulated allowing to design cloaking and shielding shells which possess the best cloaking or shielding performance in addition to easy manufacturability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study solves a new fault detection strategy for vehicle active suspension systems in finite‐frequency domain. Three fault detection filters are constructed in different finite frequency domains, which ensure that the error between residuals and faults is minimum. The H∞ filter problem is used to figure out the design problem of fault detection. The conditions of residual systems meeting H∞ performance are obtained by considering generalised Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov lemma and stability theory. The problem of filter design is solved by an optimisation algorithm. Illustrative examples are given to show the proposed design method's effectiveness and potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Research Cares With Examining The Nature Of The Architectural Image That Resulting From Contemporary Local Architecture Practice, After Becoming ICT And In Particular (The Internet) Is A Major Source Of The Information Required In Solving Design Problems. The Research Begins Interpretation Of The Origin Of The Design Problem, It Is The Existence Of A Human Need Updated Due To Man's Relationship To Its Environment And Other Individuals Within The Same Temporal And Spatial Environment, The Human Thought As (A Process Mentality To Present Information In Order To Reach The Desired), Represent The Basic Machine In The Production Of Architectural Form. Based On An Pilot Study Conducted By The Researchers, Were Identifier's Dialectical Image Prevalent In Contemporary Analogy, For The Production Of Local Architectural Forms, That Reflect The Demands Of Contemporary Identities, And Here Figured The Research Problem Of As (There Is No Clear Perception Of A Model For The Image Of The Controversy In The Local Thought After The Entry Of Information And Communication Technology As A Main Source Of Architectural Information). The Research Study The Domestic Practices In Order To Establish The First Model To That Image And Then Review The Information Contemporary Studies In Order To Determine The New Image Parameters And Install The Findings And Conclusions, Which Represents The Addition Of Contemporary Local Architectural Knowledge.

The design process proceeds spatial formation and embraces retrofitting, revitalization, preservation, degree of life, and prosperity. Designers strive to create novel good-looking forms compatible with the environment considering human being, culture of the society, norms, behaviors, and characteristics of each community and ethnicity. The design problematics in rural fabric starts to complicate when traditional forms and designerly novelty are both equally significant. In many cases, there is a gap between already existing environment and the rather new expectations of individuals and groups residing in these rural fabrics. This problem can be considered as a specific problem to be addressed by decision-makers. The initiation of the problem-solving design process requires appropriate understanding of design problem by the designer. When the problem is well defined and the data gathering method is clear, finding a solution is straightforward. However as the information about the problem becomes more extensive, shortcomings in knowledge will surface. Rural design problems are environmentally wicked and the design process requires a relevant understanding of design problematics by the designer. However, in real design circumstances, however, not all design problems are initially well defined and is very unlikely for all the factors influencing the design to be clarified and analyzed at the beginning of the design process. In Rural design process, problems surface as studies focus on partial solutions to resolve specific issues. Conventional designerly problem seeking and solving, focuses on very specific issues in an analytic reductionist manner. This rarely leads to appropriate identification of the factors affecting design and analysis of the issues relevant to the rural design decision making. In addition, the result of partial solutions on other design issues is often neglected. It appears that this issue is rooted in lack of awareness and insufficient knowledge of problem seeking and problem solving in the design process by design practitioners. The present research sets out to investigate the nature of problems challenging designers during the design process and their various properties. In addition, factors modifying the relationship between design problems and solutions are further sought. The main attempt was to descriptively and analytically ways to better identify problems and problem-solving based on the literature review in the context of rural fabric design. Considering the fact that design problems often involve intricate, complicated and irregular structures, the present research focuses on three types of design problems: the well-defined or well-structured, the ill-defined or ill-structured, and the wicked. Some design problems are vaguely-defined type, which can be explored using the spirit of the time and a creative approach. The results of the present research show that recognizing all issues facing rural design does not necessarily lead to an ideal design but it is necessary for an optimal design. Furthermore, the results also suggest that problem-focused and solution-focused orientations are not totally independent but rather are coevolving processes. Therefore, proposing a solution for specific problems modifies the understanding of other problems involved in the design process. This makes it necessary for problems to be reevaluated at every problem-solving cycle particularly designing in a rural fabric.

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