Search

During the worst year of the Great Irish Famine, ‘Black ’47’, tens of thousands of people fled across the Irish Sea from Ireland to Britain, desperately escaping the starvation and disease plaguing their country. These refugees, crowding unavoidably into the most insalubrious accommodation British towns and cities had to offer, were soon blamed for deadly outbreaks of epidemic typhus which emerged across the country during the first half of 1847. Indeed, they were accused of transporting the pestilence, then raging in Ireland, over with them. Typhus mortality rates in Ireland and Britain soared, and so closely connected with the disease were the Irish in Britain that it was widely referred to as ‘Irish fever’. Much of what we know about this epidemic is based on a handful of studies focusing almost exclusively on major cities along the British west-coast. Moreover, there has been little attempt to understand the legacy of the episode on the Irish in Britain. Taking a national perspective, this article argues that the ‘Irish fever’ epidemic of 1847 spread far beyond the western port of entry, and that the epidemic, by entrenching the association of the Irish with deadly disease, contributed significantly to the difficulties Britain's Irish population faced in the 1850s.

The hypnotic repetition of passages between white containers in the refugee camp in Eleonas, in Athens, heightens the temporality experienced by the refugees in the camp – a sense of life in temporary suspension or perpetual deferment. Passage Variations uses eight images taken from a film that documents the passageways in the camp and their variation owed to human inhabitation. The stills are accompanied by a textual collage of immigrants’ testimonies, literary excerpts on the subject of migration and some instances in the history of the area as a notional edge of the city. The linear, arduous and open-ended migrant journey is contrasted to the monotonous and closed spatial experience of the camp. The essay that follows reflects on these accounts and negotiates the temporal and geographical distance between them – a newly found space of tolerance amid reconciled fragments of histories, experience and collective memory.

This paper explores Lorenzo Ghiberti’s approach to perspective in early fifteenth century Florence, demonstrating the manner in which his treatment of light, vision, colour and gesture where closely inter-twined in the representation and perception of space. The investigation argues that Ghiberti’s artistic practice directly influenced his theoretical understanding of perspective (revealed in his unfinished 3rd Commentary), which constitutes a rather different approach compared to Alberti’s codification of costruzione legittima. The paper highlights interesting parallels between Ghiberti’s luminous treatment and Nicholas Cusanus’ model of communing geometric space in perspective (De vision Dei), demonstrated in the spatial and iconographic features of the Gates of Paradise which are examined in the context of the rituals of baptism and the processions/ceremonies associated with Florence Baptistery.

The experience of the consumerist environment in contemporary society is so pervasive and intrusive in our daily lives (through mass advertising, internet shopping and the corporatisation of civic spaces) that it is difficult to appreciate its peculiarly and uniquely modern characteristics. What distinguishes these from earlier forms of commercial activity and transaction, whether in the ancient or early modern worlds, is the manner in which consumerism today creates conditions of amnesia – situations of individual and collective forgetfulness – which are reinforced by the insularity and placelessness of its built form. In this paper I attempt to demonstrate how this phenomenon is manifested spatially through the development of the modern shopping mall and commercial street. The creation of large retail zones in cities and out-of-town mega-complexes for mass consumerism invokes a certain pathological behavior among the general public. This is revealed in the innate ‘passivity’ of modern consumerism – its tendency to be experienced as a form of ‘therapy’ in urban and suburban life - in contrast to the participatory involvement of consumers/shoppers in the civic and religious spaces of pre-modern marketplaces. In summary, the paper examines consumerism through the history of markets, with specific focus on how they have served various social and cultural functions, from Renaissance fairs (located in the heart of cities) to the contemporary out-of-town shopping mall.

This chapter examines the way in which Irish fiction has engaged with one of the most persistent features of Irish history over the last 200 years, the migration of its people to England. In doing so, it highlights how novels and short stories have played a role in mediating the experiences of Irish migrants in England and how writers have used fiction to fashion a means by which to articulate a sense of Irish cultural identity abroad. The analysis demonstrates how, over two centuries of fiction about the Irish in England, there has been a discernible shift of emphasis away from matters of primarily public concern to those of a more private dimension, resulting in works that illuminate latent as well as manifest features of the diasporic experience and its attendant cultural allegiances and identities.

This article reflects on a community oral history project, ‘The Lost Trades of Islington’. The project was led and coordinated by Age UK Islington in partnership with Islington Local History Centre and London Metropolitan University. The project aimed to promote wellbeing, social interaction and learning, through recalling work and life in the London Borough of Islington from the mid twentieth century. The article is concerned with how the project framed the narratives of those interviewed and how the narratives reimagined Islington. It examines the significance of loss and place in the project.

Russian Cosmopolitan was founded in 1994 as the first international women’s magazine published in Russia following the Soviet collapse. It’s a profitable entity unto itself – with a strong Western influence - and has managed to survive several owners, even when the Russian Anti-Monopoly Service rejected a proposal to acquire it from Hearst.While it's still (partly) about sex, times have changed. With more magazines on the market, not to mention a wealth of content for women on the Internet, it has half the circulation it had in the post-Soviet mid-late 1990s. And the content is starting to look decidedly different than it did just a few years ago.

This substantial co-authored chapter examines the influence of early 20th century debates on Humanism on developments in architecture and spectacle in Fascist Italy. During a time when eminent philosophers and historians of Renaissance culture were engaged in disputes about the meaning and philosophical value of Renaissance Humanism, parallel architectural developments were taking place (specially in Italy) on the inter-relationships between modernism and classicism. These alliances were subject to much disagreement among architectural pundits (both practitioners and academics) that also drew heavily on the legacy of humanism; perceived by some as a distinctly Italian intellectual and creative movement. The chapter focuses on a number of key disputes in both Germany and Italy during the interwar period (specifically between Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile and Martin Heidegger and Ernesto Grassi) that provided the basis of a fertile intellectual milieu for articulating arguments about the role of humanism in architectural creativity. Among the many architects discussed, Giuseppe Terragni, Gustavo Giovannoni and Giovanni Michelucci are the main sources, each presenting very different notions of 'Romanitas' during the period of Fascism.

Using the idea that architectural representation is best understood as a participatory act, this chapter aims to re-contextualise the continuity of 'communicative' or 'poetic' thought in relation to architectural discourse from antiquity to the quattrocento by tracing themes that were also evident in the medieval world.

This is the first comprehensive study of the reception of classical architecture in different regions of the world. Exploring the impact of colonialism, trade, slavery, religious missions, political ideology and intellectual/artistic exchange, the authors demonstrate how classical principles and ideas were disseminated and received across the globe. By addressing a number of contentious issues, highlighted in some historical surveys of architecture, the chapters presented in this volume question long-held assumptions about the notion of a universally accepted ‘classical tradition’ and its broadly Euro-centric perspective. Featuring thirty-two chapters written by international scholars from China, Europe, Turkey, North America, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand, the book is divided into four sections: 1) Transmission and re-conceptualisation of classical architecture; 2) Classical influence through colonialism, political ideology and religious conversion; 3) Historiographical surveys of geographical regions; and 4) Visual and textual discourses. This fourfold arrangement of chapters provides a coherent structure to accommodate different perspectives of classical reception across the world, and their geographical, ethnographic, ideological, symbolic, social and cultural contexts. Essays cover a wide geography and include studies in Italy, France, England, Scotland, the Nordic countries, Greece, Austria, Portugal, Romania, Germany, Poland, India, Singapore, China, the USA, Mexico, Brazil, New Zealand and Australia. Other essays in the volume focus on thematic issues or topics pertaining to classical architecture, such as ornament, spolia, humanism, nature, moderation, decorum, heresy and taste.\ud \ud An essential reference guide, The Routledge Handbook on the Reception of Classical Architecture makes a major contribution to the study of architectural history in a new global context.

Discussion of articles in an edited book about representations of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Sonderkommando.

During the Great Famine (1845-51) hundreds of thousands of Irish refugees fled to Britain, escaping the hunger and disease afflicting their homeland. Many made new lives there, but others were subsequently shipped back to Ireland by poor law authorities under the laws of Settlement and Removal. This article explores the coping strategies of the Famine Irish in Britain, and the responses of poor law authorities to the inflow of refugees with a particular focus on their use of removal. We argue that British poor law unions in areas heavily affected by the refugee crisis adopted rigorous removal policies, and that the non-settled Irish consequently only applied for relief when they required urgent medical attention, or after alternative sources of support (charity, employment, kin) were unavailable or inadequate. Consequently, the true scale of Irish hardship was hidden from the official record. The article also explores, for the first time, the experiences of those sent back to Ireland, a country suffering from the devastating effects of Famine. The controversial combination of heavy Irish immigration to Britain and large-scale removals back to Ireland created a tense political situation between British and Irish port towns, as both sides felt aggrieved by the inflow of destitute Irish. At the centre of all this were the Irish paupers themselves; uncertainty, dislocation and hardship was often their experience as a result.

The theme of this issue of Architecture and Culture is “Architecture, Festival and the City.” Our aim has been to posit and to explore the relationship between festivals and their settings, in order to ask what constitutes festival in the contemporary city - what allows a traditional festival to endure, and how can a new festival become meaningful?

This chapter examines a series of instances how repair has been reframed in design discourse over the decade that followed the 2007 financial crisis. This period saw the launch of a number of initiatives including networks, and regular repair events in which expert ‘fixers’ meet members of the public to provide both entertainment, empowerment, and enlightenment. Geographically, these initiatives found a hatching ground in Western Europe and North America, even though they celebrated and re-contextualized language and methods adopted from repair traditions that developed over a longer period and in a less vocal fashion in scarcity economies including Cold-War Eastern Europe, Latin America and South Asia. Their narrative of bettering of the world through repair took new momentum once the cultural milieu of the 2007 crisis in Europe and North America provided the conditions for presenting this practice as providing a sphere of activity that is suspended from the unpredictable and de-personalized arena of market economy. To a greater or lesser extent, repair initiatives also share several rhetorical tropes with those that go under the rubric of design activism in their criticism of repetitive consumption and opposition to a policy environment that favours orthodox application of classical economy principles such as the ability of the market to self-manage itself and the neutrality of the state in economic policy matters. However, they also consistently place a hard emphasis on the opportunity of repair. Repair is presented as a way to unlock resources, and this language of expansionism sometimes seems at odds with a practice that promotes containment.

By exploring the processes and the effects of transculturality and co-creation on the transforming identities of Italy and/in Asia and vice-versa, we aim to go beyond both the scholarship on Orientalism and the J’accuse of the Post-modern critique, which often seem to recreate a dichotomous vision of the European-style Othering of Asia. We intend to offer instead a new approach to understanding the dynamics behind the multiple encounters and the uncanny enchantment (or disenchantment, perhaps) with Italy-in-Asia and Asia-in-Italy. Extending from the original French word and concept of Chinoiserie (the Eighteenth-century European ‘fascination for China’), this special issue introduces the concept and analytical-interpretive paradigm of Italianerie. Italianerie has been taken both as a possible theoretical framework and as an intellectual provocation for our contributors to analyse the relation between Italy and Asia, as well as the intrigue of Italy in Asia and vice-versa. We argue that the ‘fascination for Italy’ and its specific cultural materiality go both ways, from Italy to Asia and vice-versa, shedding light on the multiple connections, comparisons and circulations of people, goods and ideas through a global, interconnected method of inquiry.

This chapter uses the emergence, evolution, and persistence of the Calcio Storico football match in Florence as a means to discuss the manifestation of festive order in relation to historic architectural settings. Although this particular competition emerged alongside the retreat of feudal and communal power in the thirteenth century, it continues to be fought between the historic districts of the city and because it continues reveal the conflict, violence, and disorder that often exists at the heart of democratic, agonistic institutions, and it retains some relevance to contemporary Florentine civic life.\ud \ud Over time the game has often been adapted and co-opted to reflect the representational requirements necessary for the ruling order but in this process of change many aspects of the game have remained resistant to political manipulation. Consequently, the fact that an event such as the Calcio Storico still retains much of its original iconography is an important reference point for understanding both the idea of festival in Florence as well as, more broadly, the relationships that can exist between festival, architecture, and civic order.

Over the past 20 years creative nonfiction has emerged around the world as a genre highly popular with both publishers and readers. Some compelling examples have helped redefine how experience and actuality can be imaginatively narrated and have freed nonfiction writers from previous constraints. As a reader I relish these innovative texts; as a writer I have tried to make use of some of the new freedoms. Most of the controversy surrounding the genre has centred on accuracy and ethics in memoir: now that the boundary between fiction and nonfiction is no longer so heavily policed, how far can a writer go? Indeed, does anything now go? This paper explores outstanding recent examples of life writing but also disturbing instances; it also examines a variety of views among memoirists about the role of the imagined in life writing. While recognising that the notion of a unitary and stable self is a fiction, I take issue with what I see as postmodern legitimisation of assumed identities and argue that, when this is extended even to fake Holocaust memoirs, it risks fuelling Holocaust revisionism and denial.

By the time Giles Slade’s book “Made to Break” appeared a decade ago to recount the story of planned obsolescence in the United States in the twentieth century, the consolidated narration saw it as an industrial practice that spontaneously emerged at the end of the nineteenth century, first as an adaptation to the purchasing needs of the newly urbanised masses, and then as a method of industrial competition. The logical consequence of the consolidated narrative on planned obsolescence would want the design of short-lasting products to be intrinsic to free-market economies and laissez-faire economic policies. Yet, the very assumption that planned obsolescence is a strategy integral to product development in capitalism offers an interesting paradox. If products manufactured in a free-market environment are designed to be short-living, the logical consequence would be that products manufactured in collectivist or planned economies should be longer- lasting, because they were free from the strictures of for-profit-only modes of production and marketing. Or were they? The twentieth century has accidentally provided several laboratories that grant us the opportunity to look for an answer to this paradox. The one perspective presented here is offered by the case of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), where during the 1970s a lively debate on lifespan and patina took place among designers, theorists, and readers around the question how long things should last.

This book chapter examines the early developments of perspective in 15th century Florence, arguing that the conception of pictorial space in the Early Renaissance both drew upon late Medieval notions of luminary space and anticipated the 'geometrisation' of space in Modernity. The paper demonstrates this intermediate position (at once reflective and anticipatory) through an examination of the ideas of Nicolas Cusanus, Filippo Brunelleschi, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Leon Battista Alberti, all of whom presented different 'models' of perspective in the light of their own artistic predilections and architectural interests. A shared view however of the role and significance of perspective at this time concerns its capacity to redefine pictorially the civic and religious dimensions of the actual city. This is demonstrated in both Brunelleschi's perspective 'experiments' and Ghiberti's composition and spatial articulation of the 'Gates of Paradise' for Florence Baptistery. In the final section of the paper, I examine a photograph by Le Corbusier in which I demonstrate how his visual recording of his studio (articulated in a drawing by Peter Carl) applies similar methods of luminary and geometric relationships found in Renaissance pictorial space.

Since the late 1870s when the first legal moves were made to protect Britain’s built heritage many buildings and monuments have been set aside for special treatment. The system, devised to monitor and assess eligibility for this protection determines a hierarchy of value but is limited by the fact that it places buildings from radically different eras in one classification system. Using the example of Caruso St John’s recent work to the Tate Britain Gallery in London, this chapter questions the current rules that determine the way architectural heritage is protected and adapted, suggesting that more flexibility should be afforded to architectural work undertaken on existing listed structures.

'How can anything ever present itself truly to us since its synthesis is never completed? How could I gain the experience of the world, as I would of an individual actuating his own existence, since none of the views or perceptions I have of it can exhaust it and the horizons remain forever open?' (M. Merleau-Ponty, 'Phénoménologie de la Perception (Paris, 1945, pp.381). \ud \ud Merleau-Ponty’s meditation on incompleteness provides an important reference in this investigation of the unfinished in building. His argument that it is impossible to gain a complete ‘picture’ of the world, on account of the inexhaustibility of our perceptions and experiences, prompts us to question the assumption of architecture’s 'closure', with respect to its creative processes and its experiential presence. The transformations of the city are perhaps the most visible and pervasive demonstration of this condition, with their multiple systems of management and control. Drawing upon Merleau-Ponty's argument in a series of investigations of built examples from the both historic and modern settings, I argue that the unfinished in architecture is a crucial 'barometer' of the life of cities, serving as a material expression of continuity and collective memory. At the same time, I demonstrate how unfinished work has enriched the creative imagination of architects by offering found situations for urban and cultural renewal ('renovatio urbis').

This paper examines a dispute between Martin Heidegger and his former student Emmanuel Levinas concerning the nature and meaning of mitsein ('being with'), a neologism that forms a key element in Heidegger's phenomenology ('Being and Time'). I argue that the dispute provides a useful theoretical framework for rethinking the ethical dimensions of space, in the way mitsein serves as a 'receptacle' for collective being. The paper first unpacks the meaning(s) of the term in Heidegger's philosophy, and then examines the dispute in question in which Levinas accuses Heidegger of not developing an ethical underpinning to being-with; specifically with regard to fellow human beings. This 'shortcoming' opens up a field of study about the spatial dimensions between 'face-to-face' and 'side-by-side' relationships in architecture, highlighted by an examination of historical examples, most notably a poetry competition on the subject of friendship ('Certame Coronario') held in Florence Cathedral in the early 15th century. The concluding part of the paper argues that the decline in the meaning and purpose of civic and religious space in the contemporary world (the basis of collective participation in previous ages), requires us to rethink fundamentally the architectural contexts of social interaction, where questions of mitsein can be re-evaluated. A guiding reference in this investigation is Richard Sennett's book 'Together: The Rituals, Pleasures & Politics of Cooperation', that similarly argues that social bonds need to be strengthened in an age of increasing fragmentation and insularity, and that architecture is central to this 'recovery'.

This chapter is concerned with alterations to the cathedral and city of Lincoln undertaken during the episcopate of Bishop Grosseteste (1235-1253) compared to the development of the city and cathedral of Salisbury begun under bishop Richard Poore (1217-1228, and bishop of Durham 1229-1237), and how these modifications may relate to Grosseteste’s written oeuvre as well as the processional, liturgical and administrative innovations of the period.

The papers presented in this book originate from an international symposium, “Architecture as Cosmology: Lincoln Cathedral and Bishop Robert Grosseteste (1235–53),” hosted by Lincoln Cathedral on the 21st and 22nd January 2012, and funded by the Paul Mellon Education Programme and the Faculty of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of Lincoln. Supported by the Bishop and Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral, the symposium (and subsequent published work) constitute the culmination of a more extended research project begun by Nicholas Temple in 2003 and published in his Disclosing Horizons: Architecture, Perspective and Redemptive Space (Routledge, 2007), and further developed by John Hendrix in his two books, Robert Grosseteste: Philosophy of Intellect and Vision (Academia Verlag, 2010) and Architecture as Cosmology: Lincoln Cathedral and English Gothic Architecture (Peter Lang Publishing, 2011). The papers in this volume develop, or challenge, the arguments presented in these earlier publications and research projects, by examining relationships between the scientific and cosmological ideas of Robert Grosseteste and the design and symbolism of Lincoln Cathedral. The central area of contention, in the chapters of this edited volume, is whether the cathedral (famous for its rose windows and innovative Gothic design) actually influenced the cosmological theories of its bishop, in particular his highly original theories of light and geometry. Contributors to the volume include many eminent historians and architectural theorists (who also presented papers at the international symposium), such as Professor Cecilia Panti (authority on Grosseteste and Medieval optics, and Professor Dalibor Vesely (renowned architectural theorist and philosopher) and Professor Christian Frost (noted authority of Salisbury Cathedral).

Extensive research has been carried out into the causes of the 1916 Easter Rising with commensurate investigations into the actions of the main personalities involved; Thomas J. Clarke is an exception. Research by historians into his role in 1916 has not been thorough, rigorous or sustained. The purpose of this study, which is based new and underused primary source material, is to investigate Clarke's position and influence in the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) 1907-1916; also his early life, influences and the foundations of his Fenianism (1858-1907) will be examined. The chronology of events in this thesis acts as a skeleton round which the important themes of his life, early development, growing republicanism, imprisonment and his time in America, can be arranged and discussed. These themes influenced Clarke's and the IRB's preparations for insurrection after he returned to Ireland in late 1907. From 1908 onward, Clarke used his status as the living embodiment of Fenianism in conjunction with his experience of working for Clan na Gael in America to re-galvanise the IRB. He achieved this through a policy of selective recruitment that limited the possibility of betrayal while avoiding diminution of his control over the organization.\ud \ud After the declaration of War in 1914, he brought together a group of people to form the Augmented Executive of the IRB; this faction was largely responsible for the instigation, planning and implementation of the Easter Rising, 1916. This is significant, because hitherto, historians attributed planning for rebellion to the IRB Military Council; there is very little source evidence, pre-1916 to support the existence of this group. Also, new primary source material indicates that Clarke was more heavily involved in the formation of the Volunteers and in the Howth gunrunning than previously thought. This thesis will attempt to place Tom Clarke in a more central role in events leading up to 1916, by utilizing untapped and underused primary source material.

This paper examines the concept of 'centre' in the design and symbolism of the new St Peter's Basilica, executed by Donato Bramante in the early 16th century. Drawing upon theological and philosophical notions of centre in late Medieval and Renaissance culture (specifically Nicolas Cusanus), the study argues that Bramante's drawings for the project reveal a particular understanding of centre, and its constellations of sub-centres, that broadly follow Platonic cosmological principles highlighted in the Timaeus. The paper considers how this understanding of space was also communicated in the iconography of the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican Palace, executed by Raphael at the same time as Bramante's design for the new basilica, in which Bramante is also credited as the author of the perspective construction.

The study of ritual in architecture has recently attracted renewed interest by anthropologists and architectural historians. This attention, no doubt, has been partly a response to a growing recognition of the importance of ritualized space in deepening our knowledge of cultural practices and belief structures. Important questions inevitably arise from such enquiries about the role architecture has played historically in shaping, even defining, ritual itineraries. Perhaps the most familiar question is the following: to what extent can architecture be understood as ‘frozen ritual’? Or to put it another way, when certain religious or civic ceremonies are no longer performed, but their architectural and iconographic legacies remain, can these physical and visual references serve as repositories of the earlier rituals, which can in turn be made legible in some way? The question could be likened to an analogous argument that certain period instruments preserve their own musical traditions and heritage, even when that music is no longer performed. \ud \ud In this study I do not aim to address this question directly but rather to examine a broader related issue concerning what knowledge and understanding we can gain from examples of the past when considering the question of ritual space today. My reliance here on a comparative method of investigation, to elicit the key aspects of ritual space, draws inspiration from Lindsay Jones’s seminal study of ritual in sacred architecture. The intention of this hermeneutical enquiry is to draw upon examples from the period of Early Christianity to explore the idea of a syncretic ‘morphological pattern’ of ritual architecture, not, however, in the sense of the stylistic or formal characteristics of a building, but rather in the inter-relationships between spaces and the actions that take place within them. As Jones states, in the context of sacred architecture, a hermeneutical understanding of ritual space must ‘of necessity, be constituted (or problematized) in terms of what I term ritual-architectural events rather than in terms of static constructional entities’.

This thesis considers the political thought that has been threaded throughout the history of loyalist paramilitary activity in Northern Ireland since the outbreak of the modern troubles in the mid-1960s - a political voice that would often speak in more radical tones than anything else emanating from within a fractured Ulster unionism since the collapse of Stormont in 1972. The overview is grounded upon the historical experiences of the various political fronts associated with the Ulster Volunteer Force and Ulster Defence Association and will provide an original and gauged interpretation of the reasons for their comparative lack of success despite considerable promotion and encouragement from external parties. There will be particular focus throughout on the effect of Protestant public antipathy to loyalist paramilitary organisations and to their standard modus operandi regarding both targeting and criminal endeavour.

Despite extensive critical debate, a positivist view of historical research which aspires to a dispassionate engagement with sources is still rife. Yet certain types of traumatic material, such as survivors' testimony and the Scrolls of Auschwitz, evoke powerful emotions and can stimulate in the researcher various kinds of phantasy. Is there some way that we can address these issues without ‘psychologising’ the Holocaust and Holocaust research? Can we simultaneously respect the historical material, the memory of the victims and the often unruly feelings that Holocaust research can excite? Can rigorous analysis sit comfortably alongside a more psycho-dynamically reflexive stance, and might the process of research be enriched by it? \ud \ud This paper discusses these issues through the concept of a ‘chain of testimony’ into which the researcher is inserted, thereby becoming in some sense a surrogate witness. It reflects upon the psycho-social dimensions of my own work and that of other children of Holocaust survivors, as well as other researchers in the field, including those examining the Scrolls of Auschwitz.

This thesis is a contribution to the patient-centred history of medicine. It takes the historical agenda established by Dorothy and Roy Porter in their work on the Georgian middling sort and applies it to working-class men in nineteenth-century Britain. Thus it uses working men's autobiographies to explore conceptions of health, plebeian aetiology, the subjective experience of sickness, lay medicine and the doctor-patient relationship.\ud The relationship between the poor and the medical establishment forms an underlying theme of an examination of working-class attitudes to public health, and the clinical encounter. As such this study contributes to debates about the power relationships central to the wider history of professionalisation. Rather than assuming a dominant role for the medical establishment this study explores the degree to which resources such as mutual aid within the family, community and workplace and alternative belief systems offered challenges to professional dominance of health matters. Just as the Porters' work was rooted in the burgeoning social history of the consumer world of Georgian Britain, so this study is a contribution to the social history of the British working-class. In this respect it has two main aims: the first is to add something to our understanding of plebeian masculinity and the gendered nature of class formation. \ud Secondly, it links the history of medicine and the history of masculinity through the history of the body, in particular by problematising what can be termed the metanarrative of the disciplinary project of modernity which charts a revolution in embodied subjectivity, in which an undisciplined premodern body is gradually rendered docile by a variety of disciplinary processes and effects.

The motto for Stepney was a magnis ad maiora (from great things to greater) and this thesis attempts to assess how far the area achieved such improvements, and against what odds, during the first half of the 20th Century. The First World War is the starting point of this thesis as it was to have long-term implications for Stepney. Arthur Foley Winnington-Ingram, Bishop of London, in his Easter sermon of 1918 first used the slogan 'They Shall Not Pass'. For Stepney, this was to become a significant slogan during the Battle of Cable Street, eighteen years later, in 1936. Another event in the First World War, which was to have an affect on the country's preparations for the Second World War, was the death of 18 schoolchildren when Upper North Street School was directly struck during a zeppelin raid. This event was one of the main reasons, according to Philip Ziegler, for the later evacuation of schoolchildren from cities across the country. The overall theme for this thesis is the politics of the labour movement during the first half of the 20th Century. What makes Stepney distinctive during this period is its political diversity with the rise of the Labour, Communist and Fascist parties. The politics of the labour movement are addressed through relevant local issues such as housing and ethnicity. Stepney also had a diverse community. During the First and Second World War tensions were heightened within the area due to the internment of military aged 'alien' males. However in the inter-war years there was the significance of the integration of the Jewish community, in particular, into the politics of the labour movement. For Stepney, housing was also an ever-present issue. Poor quality housing characterised Stepney. Throughout the period covered by this thesis, housing was a persistent issue on the borough council. Both the First and Second World War saw a halt to building work, and the subsequent post-war periods saw election campaigns promising that the housing issue would be effectively addressed. A test of the promises in the 1945 election campaign was the Live Architectural Exhibition for the Festival of Britain, which saw the Lansbury estate presented as a pioneering example of modern architecture. This thesis aims to address two further issues which have generally been overlooked by other historians. The first is the tendency of historians to try and encompass the entire East End, which is often undefined, or vague, in their work. This thesis is focused on a specific study of the Stepney area. Secondly historians have often concentrated on the late 19th Century up to the outbreak of the First World War. This research begins with the First World War and climaxes with the Festival of Britain thus aiming to add to our collective knowledge.

The general aim of the thesis is concerned with the development of industrialisation in the Irish Republic from the opening up of the economy in the late-1950s to the present. 1982 has been chosen as a watershed as it was then that the Irish government commissioned the Telesis Consultancy Group to do an in-depth analysis of Irish industrial policy. Using Telesis' findings as a reference point, subsequent policy measures have been examined to ascertain whether the Irish state has been successful in creating an industrial base capable of sustained indigenous industrial growth. The focus of the study therefore, will be on the development of indigenous industry but will also have to include an analysis of the continuing role of direct foreign investment in the Irish economy.\ud \ud The specific aim of the thesis is to ascertain the degree to which the theories of Global Fordism/Regulation in general and Peripheral Fordism in particular provide an adequate framework for an evaluation of the development of industrialisation in Ireland in that period. If they do provide an adequate framework, then to what extent do they do so? Do they provide an all-embracing or a partial explanation of it? These questions will be considered in the light of different views of industrialisation in the periphery particularly Amsden's model of late-industrialisation. An examination of the historical background to some of the theories that have inspired Amsden's model will also be presented. But to begin to answer these questions it will be necessary to look at the relative development of Irish Industrialisation.\ud \ud Therefore, after the theoretical areas have been addressed the study will continue with an analysis of the manufacturing sector and as to how it relates to the trajectory of policy measures subsequent to Telesis. This research of secondary material will be used in conjunction with the empirical research in an attempt to validate the survey findings on which the empirical research is based.\ud \ud Ultimately, the objective will be to produce an evaluation of the state of manufacturing in Ireland and which will provide a constructive evaluation of the relevance of the two main contrasting theories.

Having emerged onto the stage of international relations ten years ago, independent Ukraine could not but affect them due to the magnitude of the transformation which it was undergoing since the breakup of the Soviet Empire. At the same time its relations with other states, particularly with the major powers, to a large extent influenced the course of its own nation-state formation. As this was the second attempt at state-building in Ukraine's history, the first one being a short-lived struggle for independence from Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the thesis aims to provide a comparative analysis of the two periods in which Ukraine pursued its goal of national statehood. It focuses on how and to what extent the latter was affected by external factors, above all by the policies of the two key players in international relations, Great Britain and the United States of America.\ud \ud Part I of the thesis examines the bilateral relations, political and diplomatic, between the two Western powers with Ukraine during the first period, namely from 1917 till 1921 when Ukraine was finally absorbed by Bolshevik Russia. Part 2 provides an account of these relations from the time Ukraine declared independence from the USSR in August 1991 until the end of 1994, a year in which the major stumbling-block to Ukraine's co-operation with the West, its possession of the nuclear arsenal inherited from the disintegrated Soviet Union, was removed and the two Western states in question alongside Russia signed a number of international agreements guaranteeing Ukraine's sovereignty. Finally, the comparative analysis of the two periods under consideration assesses the difference between the principles underlying relations of Great Britain and the United States with Ukraine at the end of World War I and in the early nineties and the ways these relations affected the process of nation-state formation in the Republic.\ud \ud The research is based on original sources and data. Although some of the primary sources, mainly relating to the first period, had been published previously in collections of documents, many of them are introduced and analysed for the first time. While a great number of monographic studies and journal articles have been written on Ukraine, the sphere of its international relations has so far not been properly explored. The thesis thus contributes to the general study of Ukraine's foreign relations and for the first time closely examines the interconnectedness between its state-building performance and external factors.

The central aim of this thesis is to pioneer an in-depth study of the Irish in the largely unstudied East Midlands town of Leicester, and to do so across the half-century c. 1841-9 1. The Irish migrant and settler experience in Leicester is contextualised against current historiographical debates about the Irish in nineteenth century Britain; and the Leicester Irish experience is contrasted with that of Irish settlers elsewhere, including where relevant the wider diasporic framework. The work addresses social, economic, political and cultural agendas, and attempts to do so within a wide-ranging analysis which locates local developments within a national context. The thesis examines both direct and indirect patterns of migration, with reference to diachronic decennial analysis and the issue of transience. The thesis addresses: the centrality of prejudice experienced by the Irish via a prejudiced media and the mobilisation of popular anti-Catholicism; the social structure of the migrant and settled community (re: housing, health and poverty); occupational patterns in relation to class, gender, ethnicity and generation; the important but ignored contribution of Irish males and females to local Catholic growth, especially in terms of leadership, personnel, infrastructure and resourcing in education; patterns of criminal behaviour, including variations occasioned by differing religious and gender backgrounds and the situation of second as opposed to first generation Irish-, and finally the community's political development vis-à-vis both local as well as national agendas. The Irish community is identified in a wide sense, as this is felt to be a more valid way of evaluating progress or lack of it. This approach also facilitates comparisons between the Irish-born sector and the wider (or "effectively") Irish community when appropriate.\ud \ud The analysis presented is based on an extensive and specially compiled database which includes relevant identifiable entries from the censuses for Leicester from 1841 to 1891 inclusive. The data includes all the census fields, and deliberately conjoins not just the Irish-born but spouses and siblings bom outside Ireland. Extensive integrated use is made of data from prison, poor law, corporation and other sources.\ud \ud The thesis concludes that, whilst the Irish were, and remained, a minority, with very little expansion in relation to the host community's growth, this did not deter positive developments in the areas identified above. Whilst a Protestant and anti-Catholic culture permeated the town, and probably intersected with economic factors to limit in-migration, it was not powerful enough to deter the models of religious and political internal community development that were taking place in other Irish communities in Britain at that time. By c. 1891, the Leicester Irish had not been assimilated; they did achieve levels of integration which in employment terms reflected the situation of c. 1841, when there had been some small representation in jobs outside the unskilled sector. In ethnic and cultural identity terms the Irish in Leicester experienced upturns and downturns throughout the period. This was especially the case via formal education, Which materially assisted the processes of incorporation and denationalization, and took place despite the hibernophilic attitude of the local Catholic leadership from c. 1875. An identifiable Irish Protestant dimension existed, and this group may have been more widely represented in Leicester than elsewhere.

The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act led to the first national system of education for approximately 50,000 indoor pauper children each year in a decade of early initiatives on working class education to combat social unrest and political protest. Pauper schooling involved central supervision, inspection and local management and was inextricably linked with Poor Law strategies to depauperise and to administer strict relief policies. Poor Law organisation and administration are discussed in terms of the attitudes and motives of politicians and administrators. Kay Shuttleworth's ideas on pauper training and social control were acknowledged as an effective means to break the chain of pauperism, crime and social unrest. A specific Poor Law curriculum evolved in which gender differentiation became deeply entrenched. The development of pauper schooling, as part of the tensions of central-local government, is examined in the three Shropshire unions of Atcham, Bridgnorth and Ellesmere. An analysis of the type of pauper schooling, quality of teaching and nature of the curriculum has been undertaken, as well as an appraisal of the reputation of Atcham and Quatt as exemplars of nineteenth century pauper training. At Atcham, a model workhouse school was part of Baldwin Leighton's thirty-year strict relief policy. At Quatt, William Whitmore was closely identified with the establishment of one of the few successful rural District Schools. In Ellesmere, limited Poor Law schooling was developed by farmer guardians under the chairmanship of Robert Slaney, actively concerned with urban social reform. The local controversial Poor Law Schools Inspector, Jelinger Symons' advocacy of agricultural training is discussed as part of an evaluation of his role. An assessment of the hitherto neglected area of outdoor pauper children, who annually numbered 200,000-300,000 reveals more educational provision than previously described by the Webbs. Finally, the gradual and partial merging of pauper schooling into elementary education after 1870, and other changes in educational provision, are examined.

It is often said, in academic circles, that no thesis ever turns out in quite the way it was envisaged at the commencement of the study. The following pages do not upset that general rule: which has been a surprise to me, if not to my supervisors. Most theses are undertaken on a topic about which the student inevitably has limited knowledge and experience: the purpose of the study is to advance the state of knowledge in a limited area which has not previously been explored in depth. My subject, the Exchequer in the later twelfth century, has been well worked over many times before. My own interest in it was aroused more than a quarter of a century ago, when I had occasion to consult and search printed Pipe Rolls for references to the minting and exchanging of money in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. As a professional accountant I was intrigued by the clumsy and crude form of the accounts which make up those rolls. On joining the Pipe Roll Society, in 1964, a conversation with its then Treasurer, H.C. Johnson, pointed me to the unpublished materials in the Public Record Office, which contained much of interest to me, both for their occasional references to the subject I was then researching, and for the glimpses they gave of detail underlying the formal accounts. Purchase of C. Johnson's edition of the Dialogue of the Exchequer, and the first edition of Madox's History and Antiquities of the Exchequer, threw much light on what was previously obscure, whereas Hall's Antiquities and Curiosities of the Exchequer was quite obviously at variance, in many places and in many respects, with what I had observed from the original records. Round's essay on 'The Origins of the Exchequer' provided some valuable insights into how the Exchequer worked.\ud \ud These sources were my main guides for several years, while continuing spasmodically with desultory researches into the original records. Later, more modern articles and books which referred to the medieval Exchequer came my way, through largely unplanned wider reading, but these were usually unsatisfactory to some degree by comparison with what the records themselves indicated. By chance, one of the last books I came to was R. L. Poole's The Exchequer in the Twelfth Century, and that made much plain. Poole's clarity of expression justifiably made a great impact on his contemporaries, and his work has been the textbook of succeeding generations of historians. No matter that some of his conclusions, some of his facts, have been criticised and corrected; those emendations have largely languished in the byways while constant recourse was made to Poole's very readable, and very quotable, text. \ud \ud This present study therefore started with the intention of re-writing Poole in the light of my own researches, and with the benefit of such subsequent work as has been published on particular aspects or details. Good intentions are often ill defined, and, after several false starts, that proved to be the case here. Poole's influence was too strong, pervading almost all subsequent published work, which, even when re-examining some points, relied implicitly on others. The following pages now, therefore, seek to examine, and discuss in depth, the fundaments of the early Exchequer as disclosed by the surviving records and illuminated by Richard fitz Nigel's contemporary account of its operation.

This thesis attempts to describe and explain the spatial changes which occurred in the development of coalmining in Northumberland between 1600 and 1850. The explanation is derived from an examination of primary and published sources of various types, of which colliery records, documents and plans have been the most important. The study is divided into two main parts. The first is concerned with the movement of mining away from the outcrops into areas of deeper coal culminating in the colonisation of the remoter coalfield. It begins in the early seventeenth century when mining was confined to a few manors on the banks of the Tyne and traces chronologically the great changes in the nature, scale and location of the industry which occurred during the ensuing two-and-a-half centuries. The second part analyses the major influences which controlled the location and movement of mining, dealing primarily with the roles of land and colliery ownership and of changing technology. In conclusion an attempt is made to evaluate the predictability of the mining process and to assess its amenability to model-building and generalisation.

This thesis offers an examination of the feminism and political radicalism of Helen Taylor. Despite the growth of interest in the political and social campaigns of nineteenth century women, Helen Taylor has remained a marginal figure of historical enquiry, referenced mainly in terms of her relationships with her contemporary English feminists and step-father, John Stuart Mill. Divisions in the women’s suffrage movement have been blamed on her difficult personality with no examination that it was her socialist anti-imperial feminism which was at the heart of the antagonism. Her important contribution to Victorian social and political life has been largely ignored. The study will examine the significance of her work across a wide range of political and social organisations from 1876 onwards; namely the London School Board, the Irish question, land reform, the Social Democratic Federation, her attempt to become the first woman MP and her membership of the Moral Reform Union. This work will illustrate how the political ideology of her feminist mother Harriet Taylor and her step-father John Stuart Mill remained at the heart of Helen’s political throughout her public life. It will further consider how the organisations she joined were gendered and how she attempted to negotiate and contest this. It will ask why she was able to successfully resist the middle class ideal of separate spheres for men and women. Finally it offers further evidence to challenge the claim made by some historians that all British Victorian feminists were imperialist in nature.

This thesis focuses upon the under-researched history of the Ladies’ Orange Association of Scotland from 1909-2013. Challenging prevalent assumptions that Orangewomen are overwhelmingly working-class, it demonstrates a small - yet significant - core of female luminaries to be occupationally middle-class. The desire to articulate dual Scottish and British patriotic - rather than diasporic Irish Protestant - identities is also acknowledged as an emergent subjective shift in women’s motivations for joining. The sisters' apparent complicity with their unequal institutional standing is accounted for chiefly in terms of their desire to promote a unified public image of Orangeism as a ‘family’ institution. Orangewomen however, also actively resisted gendered ‘equal but different’ organisational discourses by using familial networks to sway male voting, appropriation of charitable work to showcase their abilities, subversive contributions to organisational literature and mobilisation of national press to lobby for the reversal of their subordinate status. This thesis represents a rare academic exploration of gendered Orange ritual symbolism, interpreting female rites as both spiritual legitimation of patriarchal subordination and, conversely, as a celebration of sisterly love. Additionally, this study exposes the one-dimensionality of media representations of Orangewomen which obscure, rather than divulge, individual subjectivities. It is argued that Orangewomen adaptively prioritised their class, gender, and ethno-religious identities, according to the differing contexts in which they operated, to support a disparate profile of benevolent causes and political campaigns. Appropriating oral history testimony and archival sources, this work not only updates findings of existing research, but also engages unexplored aspects of female Orangeism to illustrate Orangewomen’s considerable diversity.

The War After (Karpf, 1996), a family memoir about the psycho-social effects of the Holocaust on the children of survivors, attracted considerable attention when first published. 20 years later, Karpf argues, it can be read as an example of post-postmemory. Hirsch (2012) defined postmemory as those memories of the Holocaust that the 'second generation' had of events that shaped their lives but took place before they were born. Post-postmemory, Karpf suggests, is the process whereby such narratives are themselves modified by subsequent events and re-readings brought about by three kinds of time - personal, historical and discursive. Although inevitable, such re-readings run the risk of encouraging Holocaust revisionism and denial. Nevertheless, Karpf claims, they are essential to maintain the post-memoir as a living text.

Certain sectors of the heritage and tourist industry argue that cities with art historical significance should be re-categorized as ‘museum cities’ because visitors intent on acquiring particular limited ‘consumer’ experiences outnumber the local population. Using the Feast Day of San Giovanni in Florence, Italy, as a focus this article questions this assumption. By evaluating the form of the fest day events and their relationship to the urban landscape, some of the historical conditions that have shaped the city are revealed. These conditions, understood as civic praxis, are accessible to everyone (to different degrees) and suggest Florence is anything but a museum.