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Hyejin Chun,1 Gi Dae Kim,2 Miae Doo3 1Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51767, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Miae DooDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Daehak-Ro 558, Gunsan, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of KoreaTel +82-63-469-4635Fax +82-63-469-2085Email miae_doo@kunsan.ac.krBackground and Objectives: To assess whether the consumption of dietary macronutrient could change metabolic syndrome (MetS) related to vitamin D deficiency according to menopausal status.Methods and Study Design: In a cross-sectional study of 8326 Korean women from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2010– 2012), we investigated the combined interaction effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and menopausal status on MetS-related variables.Results: The prevalence rates of 25(OH)D deficiency (vitamin D < 50 nmol/L) among premenopausal and postmenopausal women were 84.5% and 67.9%, respectively. Significant differences in MetS-related variables such as body mass index (P< 0.001), waist circumference (P=0.005), fast glucose (P=0.048), triglycerides (P=0.001), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.027) based on 25(OH)D concentration were observed among postmenopausal women but not among premenopausal women. Among the postmenopausal women with high consumption of dietary carbohydrate, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (95% CIs)] of MetS among participants with 25(OH)D deficiency increased 1.380-fold (95% CI = 1.086– 1.753) using the 25(OH)D-sufficient group as a reference. In contrast, the participants with 25(OH)D deficiency showed an increased risk of MetS [OR (95% CI) = 1.313 (1.041– 1.655)] with low-fat consumption. However, the aforementioned findings did not differ among premenopausal women.Conclusion: Thus, MetS due to 25(OH)D deficiency among postmenopausal women may be modified by the consumption of dietary macronutrient.Keywords: dietary macronutrient, Korean national health and nutrition examination survey, menopausal status, metabolic syndrome, vitamin D

The goal of this research was to determine the effect of dietary macronutrient composition on peripheral neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced changes in adipose tissue dynamics in chicks. Chicks were fed one of three isocaloric diets from the day of hatch: high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF), or high protein (HP). On day 4 post-hatch, 0 (vehicle), 60, or 120 µg/kg BW of NPY was injected intraperitoneally, and subcutaneous, clavicular and abdominal adipose tissue samples were collected at 1 and 3 h post-injection. The effect of NPY was most pronounced in chicks fed the HF or HP diet. In the subcutaneous fat at 1 h post-injection, 60 µg/kg BW of NPY was associated with an increase in NPY receptor 2 (NPYR2) mRNA in chicks fed the HP diet and a decrease in 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2) mRNA in chicks fed the HC diet. In response to 120 µg/kg BW of NPY, there was greater AGPAT2 mRNA in the clavicular fat of chicks that consumed the HP diet and less CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha in the abdominal fat of chicks that were provided the HF diet. There were no gene expression changes in the abdominal fat at 3 h post-injection, whereas there were decreases in AGPAT2, adipose triglyceride lipase, fatty acid binding protein 4 and NPY mRNA in the clavicular fat of chicks fed the HP diet. Results demonstrate that diet affects exogenous NPY-dependent physiological effects in a time- and depot-dependent manner in chick adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine how dietary macronutrient composition and exogenous neuropeptide Y (NPY) affect mRNA abundance of factors associated with lipid metabolism in chick adipose tissue. Chicks were fed one of three isocaloric (3000 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg) diets after hatch: high carbohydrate (HC; control), high fat (HF; 30% of ME from soybean oil) or high protein (HP; 25% crude protein). On day 4 post-hatch, vehicle or 0.2 nmol of NPY was injected intracerebroventricularly and abdominal and subcutaneous fat depots collected 1 h later. In abdominal fat, mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) increased after NPY injection in HF diet-fed chicks. NPY injection decreased expression of PPARγ and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1) in the subcutaneous fat of HC diet-fed chicks, whereas SREBP1 expression was increased in the subcutaneous fat of HF diet-fed chicks after NPY injection. An acutely increased central concentration of NPY in chicks affects adipose tissue physiology in a depot- and diet-dependent manner. The chick may serve as a model to understand the relationship between diet and the brain-fat axis' role in maintaining whole body energy homeostasis, as well as to understand metabolic distinctions among fat depots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]