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This article explores the sex differences in the treatment of arterial hypertension, focusing on the influence of sex hormones on the effectiveness and side effects of antihypertensive drugs. It notes that thiazide diuretics are more effective in women but may cause more adverse effects. The article also discusses the higher rates of treatment and control of arterial hypertension in women compared to men, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, older women have lower control rates, and the reasons for these differences are not fully understood. The text emphasizes the need for further research and evidence to optimize treatment for women, particularly menopausal women. [Extracted from the article]

In Korea, marriages between Korean men and foreign women have surged since the late 1990s, resulting in public interest in the psychosocial adjustment of their children. This study examined the mediating effects of immigrant mothers' school involvement, adolescents' school adjustment, and bicultural acceptance on the relationship between the mothers' acculturative stress and adolescents' depression, as well as whether the structural relationships differed by the sex of adolescents. Data were collected from 1238 dyads of first-grade students (605 boys, 633 girls; age = 12.97 ± 0.35 years) in Korean middle schools and their immigrant mothers (age = 43.52 ± 5.13 years) who participated in the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study. The structural equation modeling analysis revealed that mothers' acculturative stress was indirectly and positively related to adolescents' depression through (1) the serial mediations of mothers' school involvement and adolescents' school adjustment and (2) the individual mediation of adolescents' school adjustment. Furthermore, the multigroup analysis indicated that the relationships between adolescents' school adjustment and depression and between adolescents' bicultural acceptance and depression significantly differed between male and female adolescents. The study provides directions for schools and communities to increase immigrant mothers' school involvement and to facilitate their children's school adjustment and bicultural acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multimorbidity represents a challenge for public health because as populations age, its prevalence increases. The objectives were to describe by sex the multimorbidity patterns from 2001 to 2018 in a cohort of people ≥50 years and in a subcohort with multimorbidity to describe the trajectories and transitions. Materials and Methods: Secondary analysis of the cohort of adults ≥50 years in the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Sociodemographic, health, functionality, and mortality were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was performed, estimation of prevalence by sex and trajectories, and transitions of the multimorbidity patterns with alluvial diagrams. Results: In the full cohort, 53.3% were women and in the subcohort with multimorbidity 66.1%. In both sexes, more cases with multimorbidity were observed among people without schooling, without a job, with a fair or bad economic situation, and with fair or bad self-perception of their health. The chronic diseases (CDs) with the highest prevalence were diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), and arthritis and the most prevalent multimorbidity patterns were HT+arthritis and DM+HT. Higher proportion of men transited early to death and the women to other patterns more complex. Conclusion: Women always had higher prevalence of multimorbidity from an early age and with more complex combinations of CDs, but men with multimorbidity died prematurely. It is important to analyze multimorbidity not only from a biological approach but also from a perspective that considers sex inequalities and allows for the development of specific interventions adapted to the particular needs of men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This descriptive-comparative study had the aim of examining if there were differences between sexes with respect to a number of psychopathological variables and other issues among adolescents who are victims of dating violence. There were 757 participants, adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age; 59% were female (and 41% male), from 15 different secondary education institutions in two intermediate-sized cities in Colombia. The following instruments were used: the Spanish version of Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), the Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents -self-report version- (BASC-S3), the Symptoms Checklist SCL-90- R and a self-report, psychological variable questionnaire. The boys surveyed reported having received more relational and physical aggression. However, the girls demonstrated a significantly higher frequency in terms of psychopathological symptoms, more severe clinical and personal maladjustment, and bad relationships with peers and relatives. This indicates that the girls who are victims of these forms of violence suffer more difficulties, an aspect that should be taken into consideration in the prevention and intervention campaigns related with this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies indicated the importance of certain environmental and genetic factors in the development of empathy. in the study, both aspects were considered, aiming to analyze the role of perceived parental empathy (maternal and paternal), sex and being a monozygotic twin or not, in the prediction of children's self-perceived empathy. Method: the non-probabilistic sample consisted of 114 argentine adolescents and young adults of both sexes, between 16 and 30 years old. the sample was divided into two groups: (1) 61 monozygotic twins (Meane = 23.49; SD = 4.23), of which 46 were female and 15 male; (2) 53 non-twin siblings (Mean = 23.57; SD = 3.38), of whom 40 were female and 13 male. Results: block regression analysis indicated that perceived parental empathy, sex, and being a monozygotic twin predicted 39% of the variance of empathy. the variables that had the greatest predictive weight on the empathy of the young were maternal empathic joy (β = .38; p = .002), sex (β = .494; p <.001) and being a twin sibling or not (β = .20; p = .029). Conclusions: this study highlighted the importance of positive maternal empathy in the development of children's empathy, as well as the role of sex and being a monozygotic twin or not in the prediction of that variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the differences (in men and women) and the relationship between emotions and coping strategies in university students when they fail an exam at the beginning of the school year. Method: The study was non-experimental and cross-sectional with multiple continuous variables, in which 1,774 Mexican university students participated (54% women and 46% men) of mean age 20.72 years (SD = 2.27). Two tools were used. The first one was the "Emotions scale when you fail": displeasure, guilt, shame, sadness, fear, frustration, anger, anguish, and indifference (α = 0.94), and the second tool was "Coping strategies when you fail": yelling, blaming someone else, reflecting, failing the exam, seeking advice, avoiding talking about it, avoiding thinking about it, pretending to be fine, using social media, listening to music, hanging out with friends, going out alone, talking to family (α = 0.88). Results: In the tool "Emotions scale when you fail," significant differences were found between men and women in every factor and its intensity. The most commonly used coping strategies for women (M = 2.96, SD = 0.66) and men (M = 2.69, SD = 0.67) were assertive and self-constructive, and the least commonly used were aggressive-defensive. As for the evasion strategies, although they did not show differences between men (M = 2.00, SD = 0.78) and women (M = 2.11; SD = 0.84) in the general sample correlations, those strategies were the ones that had the highest scores with emotions (r = 0.53 **), followed by the search for solutions (r = 0.38 **) and assertive and self-critical (r = 0.42 **). When performing the contrast analysis among women (r = 50 **) and men (r = 0.56 **), evasion strategies were the ones that showed the highest correlation with emotional factors (r = 0.50 **). Conclusions: Although statistically significant differences were found between men and women in emotion intensity, women being the ones that showed greater intensity, no differences were found in aggressive-defensive coping strategies, evasion, and support seeking. Requesting help is an indicator that women are (1) able to recognize that they have a problem that is currently beyond their abilities to solve independently and (2) able to ask for help in order to solve problems. Knowing which emotions university students experience and the coping strategies they use when they fail, gives the support staff in charge a chance to implement actions that help strengthen them and move forward with their academic journey. It is important to support students, because the coping strategies that showed the highest correlation with emotions were the evasion strategies, which can have further negative consequences such as going from failing an exam to failing the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the ranges of total protein values in cerebrospinal fluid by age groups and their relationship with sex. Methods: A descriptive analytical study was carried out. Total protein concentration was quantified (Lowry's procedure) in 930 cerebrospinal fluid samples with an electrophoretic pattern of normal cerebrospinal fluid, evaluated at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery over a period of 11 years. Sex and age of the patients were recorded. The mean, median, minimum and maximum, standard deviation and 25-75 percentile of the concentration of total proteins in cerebrospinal fluid by age group were reported. Student's t-statistic was used for comparisons between adults and children and between sexes; ANOVA test was used to compare means of total proteins between age groups; Kruskal Wallis test determined differences between adult-age groups, and Mann-Whitney test analyzed the differences between sexes by age groups. The level of significance was p< 0.05. Results: Reference values of total proteins in cerebrospinal fluid were determined by age groups; there were significant differences among them. The information previously reported on the association between higher values of total proteins in cerebrospinal fluid with advancing age was confirmed, with the exception of patients< 1 year. The total proteins of younger adults showed significant differences with respect to those of older. Higher values were evidenced in male adults; statistical significance was at the ages ranging 20 to 49 years. Conclusions: Age and sex are essential in the analysis and interpretation of total protein values in cerebrospinal fluid. However, age and sex stratification is more relevant in patients older than 50 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the differences in cancer incidence between boys and girls. The incidence data for pediatric cancers were retrieved from the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer project (1990–2015). Poisson regression was applied to detect the sex differences in cancer incidence at global and regional levels. Boys were more susceptible to childhood cancers than girls, with a global boy-to-girl incidence rate ratio of 1.27 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26, 1.28) for leukemia, 1.48 (95% CI: 1.46, 1.51) for lymphomas, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.11) for central nervous system neoplasms, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.13) for neuroblastoma, 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.09) for retinoblastoma, and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.45) for hepatic tumors. Incidence among girls was predominant only in renal tumors (incidence rate ratio = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.92). Significant sex differences were observed in childhood cancers based on global-scale cancer data. The most pronounced disparities were observed mostly in developing countries, highlighting that data registration quality should be improved and that attention is needed for health-care access and service utilization for girls in these regions. Additionally, given the limited exposures to environmental risk factors in children, the differences might be mainly attributable to some endogenous risk factors and warrant further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High urate levels have consistently been associated with lower Parkinson's disease (PD) risk among men, but the association is less clear among women. In this study we prospectively investigated the association between high uric acid levels and PD, evaluating potential differences by sex and age.Methods: This historical cohort study included the entire Norwegian population alive and at least 18 years old on 01/01/2004. We retrieved use of urate-lowering drugs, a marker of high urate levels/gout, from the Norwegian Prescription Database, and followed individuals from 01/01/2005 to PD onset, emigration, death, or end of follow-up on 31/12/2013. We identified 4523 incident PD cases during follow-up, and used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRadj) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for sex, age, and level of education. We also tested for effect modification by sex and age.Results: Exposure to urate-lowering drugs was associated with a significantly lower PD risk (HRadj = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68-0.95). The association was more marked in men (HRadj = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.63-0.94), compared to women (HRadj = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.65-1.22), but the difference was not significant (p for effect modification = 0.61). The association varied significantly by age among women (p = 0.01) with a protective effect suggested only at higher age (above 70 years) when urate levels are higher than premenopausally (HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.41-1.03), but not in men (p = 0.61).Conclusion: These findings suggest that urate may be protective against PD in both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the period from 1990 to 2012, there were 32,855 suicides registered in Serbia, i.e. an average of 1428 deaths per year (18.9 per 100.000 inhabitants). The suicides were the most frequent in the early 1990s, less frequent during the 2000s, and least frequent in the last three years of the observed period (2010-2012 - an average of 1237 suicides per year). Objective: The goal of this paper is to evaluate the seasonal variations of suicides in Serbia in the period of 1990-2012, their changes, as well as the accordance with findings from other countries. Method: In the paper are used "classical" statistical methods of evaluating cyclical variations (χ2-test, Edwards' test) as well as some frequently used newer methods (e.g. the peak-low ratio). It also introduces a new indicator of the intensity of monthly variations in suicides (the magnitude of trimester variations of /12/ moving consecutive months index - the MtMV index). Seasonality of suicides is also observed by sex. Results: The results of the research of seasonality confirm that certain cyclical variations in mortality due to suicide are also present in Serbia. Observed by season, suicides are most frequent in spring and summer and less in winter. The cyclical nature was also clearly confirmed by month. Suicides are most frequent in "warm" months (April-August) and far less frequent in "cold" months (December-February). By month, suicides are most frequent in May, while the maximal average number of suicides per day was calculated for June (21 % higher than the average for 1990-2012). December is singled out as the month with the lowest number as well as lowest daily average of suicides (25 % lower than the average). Conclusion: The cyclical nature of suicides is clearly notable during the entire observed period and no significant fluctuations or decrease in the intensity of the variation were observed. Regardless of the method of analysis, the resulting conclusions are identical regarding the cyclical nature of the variations and the temporal characteristics of suicides in Serbia at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. At the aggregate level there are no significant differences in seasonal variations of suicides committed by men and women. Changes also developed in parallel and in the same direction for both sexes. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 47006: Istraživanje demografskih fenomena u funkciji javnih politika u Srbiji]

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