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Background/Objectives: Human milk is the optimal source of nutrition and protection against infection for infants. If breastfeeding is not possible, standard and hydrolyzed infant formulas (IF) are an alternative. Extensively hydrolyzed IFs (eHFs) contain bioactive peptides, but their activities have rarely been evaluated. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the bioactive peptide profiles of different eHFs and standard IFs before and after in vitro digestion. Methods: Two forms, liquid and powder, of intact protein formula (iPF) and eHF were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, mimicking a young infants gut (age 0-4 months) and an older infants gut (>6 months). Bioactive peptides of in vitro digested and undigested formulas were analysed with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: In all samples, a variety of peptides with potential bioactive properties were found. Immuno-regulatory peptides, followed by antimicrobial and antioxidative peptides were most frequent, as were peptides promoting wound healing, increasing mucin secretion, regulating cholesterol metabolism, and preventing bacterial infection. Peptides typically found in yoghurt and colostrum were identified in some formula samples. Conclusions: The high amounts of bioactive peptides with various properties in eHFs and iPFs indicate a possible contribution to infection protection, healthy gut microbiomes, and immunological development of infants. eHFs showed similar compositions of bioactive peptides to iPFs, with intermittently increased peptide variety and quantity.

The total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay has been extensively used for detecting PFAS pollutants that do not have analytical standards. It uses hydroxyl radicals (HO•) from the heat activation of persulfate under alkaline pH to convert H-containing precursors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) for target analysis. However, the current TOP assay oxidation method does not apply to emerging PFAS because (i) many structures do not contain C-H bonds for HO• attack and (ii) the transformation products are not necessarily PFCAs. In this study, we explored the use of classic acidic persulfate digestion, which generates sulfate radicals (SO4-•), to extend the capability of the TOP assay. We examined the oxidation of Nafion-related ether sulfonates that contain C-H or -COO-, characterized the oxidation products, and quantified the F atom balance. The SO4-• oxidation greatly expanded the scope of oxidizable precursors. The transformation was initiated by decarboxylation, followed by various spontaneous steps, such as HF elimination and ester hydrolysis. We further compared the oxidation of legacy fluorotelomers using SO4-• versus HO•. The results suggest novel product distribution patterns, depending on the functional group and oxidant dose. The general trends and strategies were also validated by analyzing a mixture of 100000- or 10000-fold diluted aqueous film-forming foam (containing various fluorotelomer surfactants and organics) and a spiked Nafion precursor. Therefore, (1) the combined use of SO4-• and HO• oxidation, (2) the expanded list of standard chemicals, and (3) further elucidation of SO4-• oxidation mechanisms will provide more critical information to probe emerging PFAS pollutants.

Non-specific amplification (NSA, amplification in the absence of a target analyte) in bioanalytical rolling circle amplification (RCA) assays, especially those involving pre-synthesized circular DNA (cDNA), affects its analytical sensitivity. Despite extensive development of RCA-based bioanalytical methods, the NSA in RCA remains uncharacterized in terms of its magnitude or origin. NSA may originate from inefficient ligation or succeeding cDNA purification steps. This study comprehensively quantifies NSA across several ligation and digestion techniques for the first time since the innovation of RCA. To quantify the NSA in RCA, cDNAs were prepared using self-annealing, splint-padlock, or cohesive end ligations. The cDNAs were then subjected to nine different exonuclease digestion steps and quantified for NSA under linear as well as hyperbranched RCA conditions. We investigated buffer compositions, divalent ion concentrations, single or dual enzyme digestion, cohesive end lengths, and splint lengths. The optimized conditions successfully mitigated absolute NSA by 30–100-fold and relative NSA (normalized against primer-assisted RCA) to ∼5%. Besides understanding the mechanistic origin of NSA, novel aspects of enzyme–substrate selectivity, buffer composition, and the role of divalent ions were discovered. With increasing bioanalytical RCA applications, this study will help standardize NSA-free assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet shapes the gut microbiome, which in turn influences host phenotype. Accordingly, there is much interest in leveraging diet to modulate gut microbial communities and host biology. However, recent approaches have not fully appreciated that hosts and gut microbes experience diet differently. Whether dietary nutrients reach the gut microbiota, which primarily resides in the colon in humans and other hindgut fermenters, depends on nutrient absorption in the small intestine. That gut microbes utilize the fraction of diet that escapes host-driven digestion creates a paradigm where host nutrient status is decoupled from, and often negatively correlated with, gut microbiota nutrient status. Here, we present a framework based on this concept of decoupled nutrient status (DNS), which can be used to understand distinct host and gut microbial phenotypes that are ultimately mediated by the small intestinal digestibility of the diet. We evaluate our framework against existing research employing diets of varying digestibility and demonstrate convergence of host phenotypes and gut microbial signatures across studies. Further, we highlight that gut microbial signatures predicted by DNS manifest most strongly in humans living industrialized lifestyles and in captive animals that habitually consume diets with high host-driven digestibility. We posit that the evolutionary decoupling of nutritional status between hosts and their gut microbiota has likely been especially pronounced in humans due to our intensified pursuit of calorie-rich, easy-to-digest diets. We conclude by proposing future research directions to better capture diet as it appears to gut microbes, a perspective likely to deliver new understanding of diet-microbiome interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipophilic micronutrients with health-promoting effects are highly sought after globally. Encapsulation protects these lipophilic micronutrients from oxidative degradation and enables controlled delivery at the targeted absorption site. Pickering emulsion, a particle-stabilized emulsion, has garnered research interest due to its excellent stability and surfactant-free properties. This review provides an up-to-date overview of bio-based Pickering emulsions stabilized by protein-, polysaccharide-, and protein/polysaccharide-based Pickering emulsifiers in delivering lipophilic micronutrients. Firstly, recent developments of bio-based Pickering emulsions in delivering lipophilic micronutrients are presented. The delivery performances of bio-based Pickering emulsions in terms of lipid digestibility and bioaccessibility are highlighted. The pros and cons of the latest characterization techniques for determining the lipid digestion profile and bioaccessibility by using in vitro digestion models of bio-based Pickering emulsions are also presented where the multi-stage static digestion model has advantages such as its ease of operation and relatively cheaper cost over dynamic digestion models. Lastly, the research gaps and suggestions for future research are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Engineering plant-based microgel particles (MPs) at a molecular scale is meaningful to prepare functional fat analogues. We hypothesize that oat protein isolate (OPI) and κ-carrageenan (CA) have synergy in MPs formation, using MPs with controllable structure, and further to fabricate fat analogues with adjustable characteristics is feasible. Their digestion fate will also be possibly modulated by interfacial coatings. OPI-based conjugated MPs with tunable rigidities by changing crosslinking densities were designed. The relationship between microgel structures, and emulsion gel properties was explored through spectroscopy, microstructure, rheology and tribology. The delivery to lycopene, as well as inhibiting digestion behaviors of fat analogues was evaluated in a simulated gastro-intestinal tract. The rigidity of conjugated MPs could be tailored to optimize the performance of fat analogues. OPI-1 %CA MPs could stabilize emulsions up to 95 % oil fraction with fine texture. Tribological behaviors had a dependence on microgel elasticity and interfacial coatings, medium hard MP-stabilized emulsion was less disrupted without coalescence after oral processing. Digestion was delayed by denser and harder MPs by softening the interfacial particle layer or limiting lipase accessibility. Softer conjugated MPs possessed better flexibility and were broken down more easily leading to a higher rate of lipid digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of trace components in dolomite on the morphology of vaterite calcium carbonate is studied in the CaCl2‐NH3‐CO2 system, with a focus on the effect of cations (Mg2+, Fe3+, Si4+, and Al3+) in the solution. Ca2+, NH4+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Si4+, and Al3+ in the digestion solution are proportionally prepared into a solution by analyzing the calcium rich digestion solution which is obtained by digesting dolomite with ammonium chloride solution. Under the optimal conditions, NH3 is introduced at a rate of 0.5 L min−1 for 1 h, CO2 is introduced at a rate of 0.5 L min−1 for 1 h and rotation speed of 500 r min−1 to prepare the vaterite calcium carbonate. The results show that the addition of Mg2+, Fe3+, Si4+, and Al3+ can promote the growth of vaterite calcium carbonate. Among them, adding Mg2+ and Si4+ can promote the dispersion of vaterite, Fe3+ and Al3+ can cause agglomeration of vaterite. Material Studio software is used to predict the crystal morphology of vaterite calcium carbonate under ideal conditions, and the calculation results are basically consistent with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holocene accumulations of rodent bones digested by raptors have been found in El Bolsón, a high-altitude valley in Catamarca, Argentina. Yet, so far there were no relevant taphonomic frames of reference to account for them. We thus studied a modern accumulation in Los Viscos rockshelter from a taphonomic perspective. The rockshelter is used for roosting, and the surface is covered by rodent skeletal remains. The analysed sample (NISP = 421) is dominated by remains of Phyllotis vaccarum, and also comprises other cricetid species, cavids, ctenomids and abrocomids. The anatomical, breakage and digestion patterns were compared to data on different predators. The most probable predator related to this accumulation is a Strigiformes (Aves) species. Most variables, including digestion, suggest a low-intensity modifier, probably Tyto alba, an individual of which was spotted around. Although Athene cunicularia may produce similar bone breakage, the prey taxa are not compatible with its diet. Alternatively, intense fragmentation may relate to postdepositional processes such as trampling. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the formation of the zooarchaeological and palaeontological record in the area, as well as for helping assess the global variability of Tyto alba taphonomic signature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of preheat treatment (70–100 °C) and syringic acid (SA) grafting on the antioxidant, antibacterial, and physicochemical properties of black soybean protein isolate (BSPI) before and after in vitro digestion. The results revealed that both preheat treatment and SA grafting increased the digestibility and the absolute zeta potential value of BSPI. However, as the preheating temperature increased, the antioxidant ability of BSPI decreased, which was improved by SA grafting. During in vitro digestion, the absolute zeta potential and antioxidant activities of preheated BSPI and preheated BSPI–SA complex followed the order: intestine > gastric > before digestion. Compared with before digestion, preheated BSPI with its SA complex after in vitro digestion exhibited excellent antibacterial activities. Importantly, the preheated BSPI–SA complex enhanced the SA recovery rate during digestion and SA stability, with the highest recovery rate observed for the SA‐grafted BSPI with preheat treatment at 100°C (BSPI100–SA). The principal component analysis sufficiently distinguished preheated BSPI and preheated BSPI–SA complexes. There were partitions between BSPI and BSPI–SA treated at different preheating temperatures. This study contributes to expanding the potential applications of BSPI with its SA complex in food products and offers guidance for designing SA delivery systems. Practical Application: Preheated BSPI–SA complexes could serve as functional ingredients in food or health products. Besides, preheated BSPI has application potential as a carrier for SA delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, proteins, sugars and vitamin C between kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. acephala gongylodes), Savoy cabbage (B. oleracea sabauda), Brussels sprouts (B. oleracea gemmifera), cauliflower (B. oleracea botrytis), radish (Raphanus sativus) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum) microgreens for their antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. In addition, we applied an in vitro-simulated system of human digestion in order to track the bioaccessibility of the selected phenolic representatives, and the stability of the microgreens' antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential in terms of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition after each digestion phase. Using spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC methods with statistical analyses, we found that garden cress had the lowest soluble sugar content, while Savoy cabbage and Brussels sprouts had the highest glucosinolate levels (76.21 ± 4.17 mg SinE/g dm and 77.73 ± 3.33 mg SinE/g dm, respectively). Brussels sprouts were the most effective at inhibiting protein glycation (37.98 ± 2.30% inhibition). A very high positive correlation (r = 0.830) between antiglycation potential and conjugated sinapic acid was recorded. For the first time, the antidiabetic potential of microgreens after in vitro digestion was studied. Kohlrabi microgreens best inhibited α-amylase in both initial and intestinal digestion (60.51 ± 3.65% inhibition and 62.96 ± 3.39% inhibition, respectively), and also showed the strongest inhibition of α-glucosidase post-digestion (19.22 ± 0.08% inhibition). Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and radish had less stable α-glucosidase than α-amylase inhibitors during digestion. Kohlrabi, Savoy cabbage, and garden cress retained inhibition of both enzymes after digestion. Kohlrabi antioxidant capacity remained unchanged after digestion. The greatest variability was seen in the original samples, while the intestinal phase resulted in the most convergence, indicating that digestion reduced differences between the samples. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of various microgreens as sources of bioactive compounds with antidiabetic and antiglycation properties. Notably, kohlrabi microgreens demonstrated significant enzyme inhibition after digestion, suggesting their promise in managing carbohydrate metabolism and supporting metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intradiscal injection is required to deliver therapeutic agents to the intervertebral disc (IVD) nucleus pulposus (NP). However, injectate leakage following needle retraction may result in decreased treatment efficacy and adverse side effects. While enzymatic digestion is a common research approach for simulating degeneration in healthy animal IVDs, contributions to the leakage phenomenon are unknown. In this study, bovine caudal discs were treated with injection into the NP of either a tris buffer control, collagenase (to primarily target collagen), or trypsin (to primarily target proteoglycans) and then injected with fluorescent saline using a through-puncture defect protocol. Pressure–volume records during injection were used to determine volume and pressure at leakage. Discs were then frozen, transected, and photographed to visualize injectate dispersion. Collagenase treatment resulted in a large increase in injectate dispersion, along with a decrease in injection pressure relative to control. Trypsin treatment resulted in a moderate increase in dispersion, with no associated effect on pressure. This study concludes that care should be taken when employing enzymatic digestion to simulate IVD degeneration, as NP tissue disruption may affect both retention and dispersion of subsequent therapeutic injections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review critically evaluates current in vitro gastrointestinal models for assessing infant formulas from a perspective focusing on a process along digestion, absorption and microbial fermentation. Despite their potential, none of the current in vitro gastrointestinal models fully considers the dynamics and continuous upstream‐downstream process of the human digestive tract. Considering the substantial differences between infants and adults, there is a pressing need for whole‐process gastrointestinal models tailored to infants. Developing such models is crucial for accurately assessing infant formula nutritional value and physiological function, enhancing the formulation of infant formulas to better meet the needs of infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenoids are especially hydrophobic and dissolve poorly in water. Encapsulation is used to increase their solubility in water-based food products. However, it is not yet known whether encapsulation with a combination of lecithin and medium-chain triglycerides improves carotenoid bioaccessibility and intestinal cell uptake. The relative bioaccessibility and Caco-2 cell uptake of two water-soluble carotenoid (i.e. lutein and astaxanthin) dispersions in a liquid form (VitaSperse®) and a powdered form (VitaDry®) were compared to the carotenoid ingredient alone. An in vitro digestion model was used to assess bioaccessibility, measuring the micellarized fraction postdigestion. The micelle fraction was incubated with Caco-2 cells to assess intestinal uptake of carotenoids. Encapsulation (by either VitaDry® or Vitasperse®) increased total astaxanthin bioaccessibility 2-2.4× and cell uptake by ∼2× relative to control. Encapsulation also increased total lutein bioaccessibility by 3–5× and cell uptake 2.3× relative to control. There was no significant difference between VitaDry® and VitaSperse® products in regards to Caco-2 cell uptake. Increased bioaccessibility largely drove increased carotenoid cell uptake from the encapsulated formulations. These results suggest further study is warranted to determine if this encapsulation approach increases carotenoid bioavailability in human studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastric fluid plays a key role in food digestion and drug dissolution, therefore, the amount of gastric fluid present in a fasted state may influence subsequent digestion and drug delivery. We aimed to describe intra‐ and interindividual variation in fasted gastric content volume (FGCV) and to determine the association with age, sex, and body size characteristics. Methods: Data from 24 MRI studies measuring FGCV in healthy, mostly young individuals after an overnight fast were pooled. The analysis included 366 participants who had up to 6 repeated measurements, with a total of 870 measurements. Linear mixed model analysis was performed to calculate intra‐ and interindividual variability and to assess the effects of age, sex, weight, height, weight*height as a proxy for body size, and body mass index (BMI). Results: FGCV ranged from 0 to 156 mL, with a mean (± SD) value of 33 ± 25 mL. The overall coefficient of variation within the study population was 75.6%, interindividual SD was 15 mL, and the intraindividual SD was 19 mL. Age, weight, height, weight*height, and BMI had no effect on FGCV. Women had lower volumes compared to men (MD: −6 mL), when corrected for the aforementioned factors. Conclusion: FGCV is highly variable, with higher intraindividual compared to interindividual variability, indicating that FGCV is subject to day‐to‐day and within‐day variation and is not a stable personal characteristic. This highlights the importance of considering FGCV when studying digestion and drug dissolution. Exact implications remain to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Encapsulation efficiency (EE), structure, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of liposomes loaded with chitooligosaccharide–gallic acid conjugate (COS–GAL) as affected by cholesterol (CHO) and ascorbyl palmitate (AP) as stabilisers were investigated. In addition, release kinetics and in vitro digestion of selected liposomes were also studied. The higher EE was obtained for liposome (AP/COS–GAL) stabilised by 0.50% AP, when used to encapsulate 0.10% COS–GAL conjugate. The highest EE was noticed for 0.25% CHO when used to encapsulate 1.00% conjugate (CHO/COS–GAL) as compared to the counterparts (P < 0.05). Almost similar antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were noticed for all COS–GAL liposomes and COS–GAL powder. Microstructure study suggested the formation of bilayer in liposomes. CHO/COS–GAL showed a lower release efficiency than the AP/COS–GAL. CHO/COS–GAL was also able to protect conjugate during the in vitro digestion. Therefore, liposomes could be used as a promising carrier of COS–GAL conjugate in both foods as well as medical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Laminaria japonica polysaccharide, which is an important bioactive substance of Laminaria japonica with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, the molecular weight, functional groups and surface morphology were investigated to evaluate the digestive properties of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide before and after steam explosion. RESULTS: The results indicated that the Laminaria japonica polysaccharide entered the large intestine to be utilized by the gut microbiota after passing through the oral, gastric and small intestinal. Meanwhile, Laminaria japonica polysaccharide of steam explosion promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria Phascolarctobacterium and Intestinimonas, and increased the content of acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which was 2.29‐folds, 2.60‐folds and 1.63‐folds higher than the control group after 48 h of fermentation. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that the effect of steam explosion pretreatment on the digestion in vitro and gut microbiota of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide will provide a basic theoretical basis for the potential application of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide as a prebiotic in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to investigate how substituting fish meal (FM) with mealworm larval (Tenebrio molitor L.) meal (TM) in the diet affects the growth performance, meat quality, nutrient digestibility, and carcass of broiler chicks. A total of one hundred chicks were divided into five groups, each containing twenty birds. The fish meal was replaced with mealworm meal at different levels of 25% (TM25), 50% (TM50), 75% (TM75), and 100% (TM100) in the diets. At the end of the study, replacing different levels the fish meal with mealworms linearly suppressed nutrient digestion, growth, carcass parameters, and water holding capacity and cooking loss. However, the best energy efficiency ratios were obtained in the TM100 group. Consequently, it was concluded that replacement of FM with mealworm up to 25% had no adverse effect on growth performance, carcass parameters, meat quality and nutrient utilization efficiency of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entomophagy is being proposed as a sustainable and nutritious alternative protein source. Additionally, insect consumption is also associated with some health benefits mediated by bioactive compounds produced during gastrointestinal (GI) digestion. The antihypertensive property resulting from the inhibition of the somatic angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE) by small peptides is one of the most common bioactivities related to insect consumption. This study aimed to investigate the potential sACE-inhibitory capacity of six peptides (AVQPCF, CAIAW, IIIGW, QIVW, PIVCF, and DVW), previously identified by the in silico GI digestion of Acheta domesticus proteins, validate their formation after in vitro GI digestion of A. domesticus by LC-MS/MS, and assess the bioactivity of the bioaccessible digesta. The results showed that the IC50 values of AVQPCF, PIVCF, and CAIAW on sACE were 3.69 ± 0.25, 4.63 ± 0.16, and 6.55 ± 0.52 μM, respectively. The obtained digesta demonstrated a sACE-inhibitory capacity of 77.1 ± 11.8 µg protein/mL extract (IC50). This is the first report of the sACE-inhibitory capacity attributed to whole A. domesticus subjected to GI digestion without any pre-treatment or protein concentration. This evidence highlights the potential antihypertensive effect of both the digesta and the identified peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies on animal energetics often focus on standardized metabolic rates to facilitate comparison across systems. Yet these standardized measurements often do not capture the realistic demographic and environmental variation that is common in natural settings. Rather, individuals included in these studies are often non-reproducing, uninjured, resting adults that have not recently eaten–far from a representative sample. We measured the respiratory rates of the sand fiddler crab Leptuca pugilator in air immediately after capture in the field, and compared rates between males, females of different reproductive states, and juveniles. As expected, we show that metabolic rates were influenced by body mass and activity level. We also show that being vitellogenic or gravid had only minor impacts on metabolic costs of females. Importantly, we demonstrate how considering demographics allows for the detection of phenomena that would otherwise go unnoticed. We found that field metabolic rates of L. pugilator in air are as much as an order of magnitude higher than previous standard metabolic rates measured on post-prandial, quiescent individuals. These higher rates may reflect a combination of high activity and active digestion, as fiddler crabs actively feed during low tide periods. Our results highlight the importance of considering differences in sex, life history stage, and reproductive state of organisms in fluctuating environments, such as intertidal habitats, when assessing energy expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese (Mn) is a nutritional element required for fish growth and physiology functions. In this study, we examined the effect of Mn on the intestinal digestive function, antioxidant response, and muscle quality in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Nine hundred salmons with initial weight approximately 0.35 g were fed with six isoproteic and isoenergetic diets formulated to contain 2.4, 8.5, 14.8, 19.8, 24.6, and 33.7 mg/kg Mn for 84 days. The result showed that the activity of trypsin and lipase was elevated, whereas α‐amylase activity was not affected by various Mn diets in intestine. Dietary Mn elevated the activity of Mn‐superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD), total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX), and catalase (CAT), but had no influence on copper/zinc‐superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) in intestine. Dietary Mn at 8.5, 14.8, 19.8, 24.6, and 33.7 mg/kg enhanced the gene expression level of protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In addition, the accumulation of Mn in muscle was enhanced with increasing levels of dietary Mn. Dietary Mn elevated the content of sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), but the content of iron (Fe) and Zn was decreased by dietary Mn in the salmon muscle. The content of fatty acids and amino acids was enhanced by various levels of dietary Mn in muscle. Moreover, a significant quadratic effect was observed on the texture of salmon muscle. The dietary Mn requirement was 16.9–25.7 mg/kg Mn to acquire the highest value of muscle texture using the quadratic regression model. The diets at 14.8 and 19.8 mg/kg Mn had a higher score of sensory evaluation for raw muscle. Our result showed that dietary Mn affected the intestinal digestion function and antioxidant response, which may further result in the change of muscle quality in coho salmon. The result will provide reference for detecting the effect of dietary micronutrients on the muscle quality of salmons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abdominal surgery is a common surgical procedure that is frequently associated with substantial postoperative pain. However, rescue analgesia using opioids is associated with several adverse effects. The transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) has been demonstrated to be effective as part of multimodal analgesia. This study aims to evaluate the effects of rescue analgesia using the TAPB following abdominal surgery. Methods: Ninety patients undergoing abdominal surgery and reporting a numeric rating scale (NRS) score of cough pain ≥4 on the first postoperative day were randomized to receive either sufentanil or TAPB for rescue analgesia. Pain scores and arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) were evaluated before and after the administration of rescue analgesia. Sleep quality and gastrointestinal function were assessed postoperatively. The primary outcome was the degree of pain relief on coughing 30 min after the administration of rescue analgesia. Results: Patients of both groups reported a significantly reduced NRS score on coughing 30 min after receiving rescue analgesia (Ppaired < 0.001 for both groups). Notably, the degree of pain relief was significantly higher in the TAPB group than in the sufentanil group [median (interquartile range), −3 (−4 to −2) vs. −2 (−2 to −1), median difference = −1; 95% confidence interval, −2 to −1; P < 0.001]. Moreover, patients in the TAPB group experienced less pain than those in the sufentanil group during the following 24 h. When evaluated, PaO2 increased significantly after rescue analgesia was administered in the TAPB group (Ppaired < 0.001); however, there were no significant intragroup differences in the sufentanil group (Ppaired = 0.129). Patients receiving the TAPB experienced better quality of sleep than those receiving sufentanil (P = 0.008), while no statistical differences in gastrointestinal function were observed between the two groups. Conclusion: Rescue analgesia with the TAPB on the first postoperative day alleviated pain, enhanced oxygenation, and improved sleep quality in patients undergoing abdominal surgery; however, its effect on gastrointestinal function requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The editorial in the Frontiers in Pharmacology journal explores the potential of probiotics and their metabolites in cancer therapy, emphasizing their role in modulating immune responses and enhancing innate immunity. The research highlights the anticancer properties of probiotics and calls for further human trials and molecular mechanism studies to fully establish their effectiveness. Additionally, the document provides information on various plant species used in Brazilian folk medicine, detailing their traditional names, growth forms, parts used, preparation methods, and applications for treating ailments like headaches, stomachaches, malaria, and skin conditions, showcasing the diverse medicinal practices of different cultures. [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] Understanding the digestion of lipid-based pharmaceutical formulations and food systems is necessary for optimising drug and nutrient delivery and has been extensively studied in bulk emulsion systems using the pH-stat method [1]. However, this approach is not suitable for investigation of individual lipid droplets, in particular the interface where the lipase acts. Microfluidic approaches to study digestion at lipid-water interfaces using droplet trapping have been proposed, however the aqueous phase in that case washes over the interface presenting uncertainty over the stoichiometry of interactions [2]. The internal interface of a Janus-like droplet, containing distinct aqueous and lipid compartments, mimics the interface of a lipid droplet in aqueous solution with controlled stoichiometry [3]. Hence, it was hypothesised that the internal interface of Janus droplets can offer a precise way to study the enzymatic digestion of lipids formulations. Using microfluidic methods, Janus-like droplets were formed by coalescing emulsion droplets containing lipid formulation and pancreatic lipase. Polarised light microscopy (PLM) and in-situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to investigate the droplets. PLM revealed the growth of an aligned inverse hexagonal phase (H 2), and with SAXS showed that this phase transformation and alignment resulted from enzymatic digestion. A subsequent partial transformation from H 2 to inverse bicontinuous cubic phase occurred when simulated intestinal fluid was used instead of Tris buffer. Suggesting that phospholipids and bile salts could diffuse across the internal interface to locally affect their surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The digestion behavior of a food bolus comprising bread particles in the presence of gastric peristalsis remains poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the effect of bread type on in vitro gastric digestion behavior using a human gastric digestion simulator (GDS) that is capable of quantitatively simulating gastric peristalsis. A food bolus consisting of 60 g of bread (white bread, bagel, German bread, French bread, or croissant), 15 mL of a simulated salivary fluid, and 240 mL of a simulated gastric fluid was used for gastric digestion in vitro using the GDS for 3 h at 37 °C. Direct observation of the gastric digestion behavior in the GDS vessel demonstrated that the structure and composition of breads considerably influenced the physical digestion processes of bread particles. These processes include their fracture, rubbing, disintegration, swelling owing to the penetration of gastric fluid, and release of fat from their surface. Fluorescence microscopy enabled an improved understanding of the variations in the microstructure and major component distribution of the breads during the gastric digestion in vitro. The results showed how the different breads influenced gastric digestibility in vitro through quantitative gastric peristalsis. The GDS can also be applicable to studying gastric digestibility in vitro of other types of bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively assess the safety of rimegepant administration in real-world clinical settings. Methods: Data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) spanning the second quarter of 2020 through the first quarter of 2023 were retrospectively analyzed in this pharmacovigilance investigation. This study focuses on employing subgroup analysis to monitor rimegepant drug safety. Descriptive analysis was employed to examine clinical characteristics and concomitant medication of adverse event reports associated with rimegepant, including report season, reporter country, sex, age, weight, dose, and frequency, onset time, et al. Correlation analysis, including techniques such as violin plots, was utilized to explore relationships between clinical characteristics in greater detail. Additionally, four disproportionality analysis methods were applied to assess adverse event signals associated with rimegepant. Results: A total of 5,416,969 adverse event reports extracted from the FAERS database, 10, 194 adverse events were identified as the "primary suspect" (PS) drug attributed to rimegepant. Rimegepant-associated adverse events involved 27 System Organ Classes (SOCs), and the significant SOC meeting all four detection criteria was "general disorders and administration site conditions" (SOC: 10018065). Additionally, new significant adverse events were discovered, including "vomiting projectile" (PT: 10047708), "eructation" (PT: 10015137), "motion sickness" (PT: 10027990), "feeling drunk" (PT: 10016330), "reaction to food additive" (PT: 10037977), etc. Descriptive analysis indicated that the majority of reporters were consumers (88.1%), with most reports involving female patients. Significant differences were observed between female and male patients across age categories, and the concomitant use of rimegepant with other medications was complex. Conclusion: This study has preliminarily identified potential new adverse events associated with rimegepant, such as those involving the gastrointestinal system, nervous system, and immune system, which warrant further research to determine their exact mechanisms and risk factors. Additionally, significant differences in rimegepant-related adverse events were observed across different age groups and sexes, and the complexity of concomitant medication use should be given special attention in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Data on the presentation, management, and outcomes of Lassa fever (LF) in children are limited. Methods Description of the clinical and biological features, treatment, and outcomes of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed LF in children aged under 15, enrolled in the LASsa fever clinical COurse and Prognostic factors in an Epidemic context (LASCOPE) prospective cohort study in Nigeria between April 2018 and February 2023. Results One hundred twenty-four children (aged under 12 months: 19; over 12 months: 105) were hospitalized with RT-PCR-confirmed LF. All received intravenous ribavirin. During follow-up, 99/124 (80%) had fever; 71/124 (57%) had digestive symptoms, vomiting (n  = 56/122, 46%) and abdominal pain (n  = 34/78 aged ≥5 years, 44%) more often than diarrhea (n  = 19/124, 15%); 17/124 (14%) had hemorrhagic signs; 44/112 (39%) had a hematocrit lower than 25%, of whom 32/44 (73%) received transfusions; 44/88 (50%) developed hypotension; 18/112 (16.1%) developed kidney disease improving global outcome (KDIGO) ≥2 acute kidney injury; 10/112 (8.9%) had KDIGO 3 acute kidney failure; 4/124 (3.2%) underwent renal replacement therapy. Seven children died, including 4 aged under 12 months (case fatality rate: under 12 months—22%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7%–48%; over 12 months—2.9%, 95% CI: 0.7%–8.7%). In univariable analysis, age (P  = .003), impaired consciousness (P  = .026), and Lassa RT-PCR Ct value (P  = .006) were associated with Day 30 mortality. Conclusions The fatality rate for children over 12 months hospitalized with LF was lower than that previously reported for adults. Hypotension and acute kidney injury were the most frequent organ dysfunctions. Bleeding was relatively infrequent. Anemia and the need for transfusion were common, the relative contribution of ribavirin-induced hemolysis being unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) is a saprophagous insect belonging to the Stratiomyidae family that can degrade organic waste and convert it into high-quality insect protein and lipid. Corn straw is a kind of prevalent agricultural waste. In this study, black soldier fly larvae were reared with corn straw to obtain larval biomass and consume corn straw. The results showed that most of the black soldier fly larvae could survive and gain weight when fed with corn straw. Gut microorganisms could respond to the substrates, and four cellulase-producing strains isolated from the gut were beneficial to digesting corn straw. Corn straw is considered a renewable biomass energy source, and its unreasonable disposal leads to resource waste and environmental pollution. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL) facilitate the bioconversion of various types of organic wastes. In this study, we found that 88% of BSFL survived, and 37.4% of corn straw was digested after 14 days of feeding with corn straw. Contrary to expectations, the pretreatment of corn straw with alkaline hydrogen peroxide did not promote its digestion but rather reduced the growth and survival rates of BSFL. Acinetobacter, Dysgonomonas, and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae were the abundant genera in the BSFL gut fed with corn straw. Compared with the standard diet, the relative abundances of carbohydrate metabolism genes, such as the gene abundances of β-glucosidase and α-glucosidase, were higher with corn straw as the substrate. These results suggested that the gut microbial community could regulate suitable and functional microorganisms in response to the substrates. Furthermore, four cellulase-producing strains, namely Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Providencia rettgeri, were isolated from the guts of corn straw BSFL. These four strains helped increase the conversion rates of corn straw, the weights of BSFL, and survival rates. In summary, we reared BSFL with corn straw and discovered the functions of gut microorganisms in adapting to the substrates. We also isolated four cellulase-producing strains from the BSFL guts and declared the benefits of BSFL digesting corn straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the effects of feeding a new strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSA2020 with a commercial strain on in vitro rumen fermentation and production performance of dairy cows. Permeate was used as a substrate for the laboratory production of the new strain of S. cerevisiae after the hydrolysis by β-galactosidase (5000 µ/mL at 37°C). Two experiments were conducted: in Experiment 1, the effects of three levels (1, 2 and 3 g/kg dry matter) of S. cerevisiae on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics were evaluated. In Experiment 2, for 60 days, sixty multiparous Holstein cows (639±24.8 kg BW, 3±1 parity, 7±1 days in milk, with a previous milk production of 23±2.0 kg/d) during the previous lactation, were randomly assigned to 3 treatments in a completely randomized design. Cows were fed without any additives (control treatment) or supplemented with 2 g/kg feed daily of laboratory produced (PY) or commercial (CY) S. cerevisiae. In Experiment 1, inclusion of PY and CY increased (P<0.05) gas production, propionate, and nutrient disappearance, while decreased (P<0.05) methane production and protozoal count. Moreover, in Experiment 2, PY followed by CY increased (P<0.01) nutrient digestibility, and serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, and glucose (P<0.05). Higher daily milk yield, and milk energy output were observed with PY and CY without affecting concentrations of milk components or milk fatty acid profile. Compared to control, increased feed efficiency was observed with PY and CY. Compared to PY, CY increased serum concentrations of urea-N and decreased triglycerides, while PY decreased serum aspartate transaminase and increased concentration of conjugated linoleic acids in milk. In early lactating cow diets, both strains of S. cerevisiae improved production performance at 2 g/kg, and minimal differences between strains were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the physicochemical properties and tenderness of vacuum‐packaged beef M. semitendinosus as affected by various dilution ratios (DRs, 1:4, 1:2, and 1:1) of green kiwifruit juice extract (GKJE) with phosphate buffer during storage at 4°C for 7 days. In addition, the formation of peptides with antioxidant activity for GKJE ability to hydrolyze proteins present in beef was evaluated at different steps of in vitro digestion. Beef with GKJE showed higher tenderness than control (CTL, beef with brine solution alone) during storage, and the increased DR increased tenderness as compared to lower DRs. The addition of GKJE increased protein digestibility during in vitro digestion. To increase the antioxidant activity in the body, GKJE having a DR of 1:2 and 1:1 should be applied to the beef muscle with effective antioxidant activity. These results suggest that DRs of phosphate buffer and kiwifruit juice of 1:1 and 1:2 have the potential to be used as a meat‐tenderizing agent and could increase the digestibility of meat as well as the antioxidant capability of bioactive peptides. Practical Application: The dilution ratio of kiwi juice with phosphate buffer at 1:1 has the potential to be used as a meat‐tenderizing agent during refrigerated storage and also increase the digestibility of beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) is a nutrient‐rich fruit and has received enormous interest for its health benefits. The beneficial effects of goji berry are linked to the absorption of bioactive compounds within the gastrointestinal digestion process and colon fermentation. Nonetheless, how certain bioactive compounds were released, and metabolism changed of the consumption of whole goji berries were still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the digestion characteristics of key bioactive compounds in whole goji berries with an in vitro digestion model, and the effects of whole goji berries on the structure of gut microbiota were also investigated. Results showed that a significant release of carbohydrates during the digestion process, peaking within the first 15 min of the intestinal phase (421.4 ± 5.82 mg GE/g, dry weight, respectively), was observed, and the phenolic release reached the highest in the first 15 min of the gastric phase. Meanwhile, the bioaccessibilities of phenolic compounds and carbohydrates were determined to be 63.87% and 80.40%, respectively, after intestinal digestion. In addition, the undigested fractions of goji berries could be further fermented to produce short‐chain fatty acids, which decreased the colon pH value (from 7.38 to 6.71) as well as the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Moreover, the goji berries regulated the composition of gut microbiota by promoting beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Paraclostridium, whereas inhibiting the proliferation of harmful bacteria (e.g., Fusobacterium). Our results indicated that the goji berry exhibited significant bioactivity during the digestion and fermentation stage and might provide some new insights into the utilization of goji berries in healthy food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study traced the cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical profile before and after in vitro digestion of nuts from Sterculia striata A. St.-Hil. & Naudin (Malvaceae) (chichá or monkey's peanut), a native plant from Brazil, in comparison with Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut). The antioxidant activity in the 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP) assays was lower in chichá when compared with peanuts, corroborating the lower concentration of polyphenols. None of the samples studied showed significant cytotoxicity in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromideDAD: diode-array detection (MTT) assays. In vitro digestion altered the phytochemical profile in both plants, increasing the concentration of rutin in fresh and roasted chichá but only in raw peanuts. In roasted peanuts, rutin was converted into quercetin. Chichá nuts have been used by the local population for centuries, and the identification of their bioactive components can be useful to promote their benefits as a functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Algal oil emulsion gel candies were prepared by a cold‐set gelation method, and the oxidative stability was analysed. Then, the release of algal oil and the microstructural changes of gel candies were investigated under in vitro simulated digestion conditions. The formula of gel candy was found to be 65% sucrose, 5% algal oil emulsion, 1.8% sodium alginate, 1.2% high methoxy pectin and 2% D‐glucono‐δ‐lactone. Cold‐set gel candies loaded with algal oil emulsion had good oxidative stability. Emulsion gel candies could maintain a relatively intact gel network structure in a gastric fluid environment, in which the DHA release rate was less than 5%, whereas the gel structure was loosened at 30 min of digestion in simulated intestinal fluid and destroyed at 60 min, with a release rate of about 75%. Altogether, these results lay a theoretical foundation for facilitating the development of novel DHA functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Green tea catechins are efficient absorbers of reactive oxygen species in vitro and can also act as in vivo antioxidants. However, low bioavailability and degradation of catechins during storage and digestion are the key limitations for their use, thus being a hindrance for getting the maximum benefit for one's health. To a certain extent, this problem can be solved using encapsulation. This paper focuses on stability of maltodextrin‐encapsulated green tea catechins subjected to thermal treatment in air. A positive effect of encapsulation on the stability of green tea catechins during thermal treatment was shown. Catechi stabilisation is shown to occur due to catechin–polysaccharide interaction; diffusion hindrance has almost no effect on stability of the resulting particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study assessed the effect of limestone particle size and microbial phytase incorporation on the fate of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) along the gastrointestinal tract in 72 laying hens. 2. Four experimental diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effect of two coarse limestone (CL) inclusion. This included a mix (MIX) of 75% CL (2 − 4 mm) and 25% fine particles (FL, <0.5 mm) or 100% FL, in two different basal diets formulated without (MIX0 and FL0) or with 300 FTU of microbial phytase/kg (MIX300 and FL300). 3. Contents of the crop, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected to determine the mean retention time (MRT) of dry matter (DM), the recovery rate of Ca and P in each segment of the gastrointestinal tract and the apparent fractional digestibility coefficient (AD) of Ca and P in each intestinal segment. 4. In hens fed FL, microbial phytase decreased the MRT of DM along the intestine (p < 0.05). In the crop and the gizzard, Ca recovery increased with MIX incorporation to a greater extent in hens fed without microbial phytase (p < 0.05). The mixed particle size incorporation decreased absorption kinetics of Ca in hens fed microbial phytase. The AD of P and the absorption kinetics of P were significantly decreased in hens receiving FL300, probably due to complex formation between Ca and phytic acid. 5. This study showed that coarse limestone particles incorporation improved mineral utilisation along the digestive tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers are prevalent in both natural and processed foods, serving as thickeners, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. Although specific biopolymers are known to affect digestion, the mechanisms behind their influence on the nutrient absorption and bioavailability in processed foods are not yet fully understood. The aim of this review is to elucidate the complex interplay between biopolymers and their behavior in vivo, and to provide insights into the possible physiological consequences of their consumption. The colloidization process of biopolymer in various phases of digestion was analyzed and its impact on nutrition absorption and gastrointestinal tract was summarized. Furthermore, the review discusses the methodologies used to assess colloidization and emphasizes the need for more realistic models to overcome challenges in practical applications. By controlling macronutrient bioavailability using biopolymers, it is possible to enhance health benefits, such as improving gut health, aiding in weight management, and regulating blood sugar levels. The physiological effect of extracted biopolymers utilized in modern food structuring technology cannot be predicted solely based on their inherent functionality. It is essential to account for factors such as their initial consuming state and interactions with other food components to better understand the potential health benefits of biopolymers. HIGHLIGHTS: Food biopolymers (FBP) impact nutrient distribution differently in various digestion phases. FBP application can help tailor nutritional values for personalized dietary plans. FBP colloidization under complex interactions results challenges in practical applications. Accurate assessment of FBP colloidization requires combination of methodologies. Dietary FBP additives benefits and safety warrant investigation in real food matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The adequate survival of probiotics in the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a crucial role in the expression of their functional properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the survival of commercial probiotics during digestion using a standardised INFOGEST 2.0 model extended with three food matrices simulating three scenarios for the consumption of probiotics: on an empty stomach, with juice, or with food (porridge). All eight products matched the bacterial content stated on the label. After simulated digestion, we observed an average decrease in viability of 1.6 log10 colony forming units (CFU) when the product was co-digested with water, a 2.5 log10 CFU decrease in the presence of juice, and a 1.2 log10 CFU decrease in the presence of porridge. The survival rate of the probiotics was statistically higher in the test samples with porridge (91.8%) than in those with juice (79.0%). For two products, the number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains after digestion was less than <3 × 105 CFU, which can be considered insufficient. The present study has shown that the survival of probiotic strains during GI passage depends not only on their ability to withstand these harsh conditions but may also be influenced by the manufacturing process and by the foods consumed together with the probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to develop a technology for the production of plant-based burgers (PBBs) based on potato protein, also containing high content of iron and appropriately selected fats. The produced PBBs were characterized in terms of their nutritional and bioactive properties both before and after the in vitro digestion process. It was found that the produced burger was characterized by high protein content, ranging from 20.80 to 22.16 g/100 g. It was also shown to have a high dietary fiber content, ranging from 8.35 to 9.20 g/100 g. The main fraction of dietary fiber in the tested samples was insoluble fiber, which accounted for approximately 89% of the total fiber content. In addition, noteworthy is the high digestibility of the protein, reaching approximately 95% for the potato fiber used in the formulation, and about 85% for the oat fiber. Produced PBBs also provide significant amounts of iron, with the use of an organic iron source greatly increasing its quantity in the final product. The analyzed antioxidant properties before and after the digestion process showed a tenfold increase in biological activity after digestion, indicating that the examined PBBs may counteract oxidative stress. Analyzing the chemical and biological properties, it is impossible not to assess consumer attractiveness. It has been shown that PBB1, which contains potato fiber and powdered sprouts enriched with ferritin, received the highest attractiveness ratings among respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient development of effective functional foods and nutraceuticals requires adequate estimation methods of the bioaccessibility of their bioactive compounds. Specially grain-based nutraceuticals and functional ingredients are often enriched in bound/low bioavailable bioactive phytochemicals. The objective of this work was to evaluate the differences in applying static or dynamic digestion models for the estimation of bioaccessibility of antioxidants present in cereal grain-based/fiber-rich ingredients produced using enzymatic hydrolysis and sprouting processes. Main liberated phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity (ABTS•+ and ORAC) and ferric reducing capacity were evaluated in the samples following three digestion protocols with differences based on their dynamism: static, semi-dynamic and dynamic. The samples digested with the dynamic method showed higher antioxidant and reducing capacities than those digested with the static and semi-dynamic protocols. The results obtained from the digests with the dynamic model showed a total phenol content (TPs) ranging from 1068.22 to 1456.65 μmol GAE 100 g−1 and antioxidant capacity values from 7944.62 to 15,641.90 μmol TE 100 g−1 (ORAC) and from 8454.08 to 11,002.64 μmol TE 100 g−1 (ABTS•+), with a reducing power ranging from 2103.32 to 2679.78 mmol Fe reduced 100 g−1 (FRAP). The dynamic character of the protocols used for developing bioactive cereal-based foods significantly affects the estimation of their bioaccessibility, probably giving a better approach to their potential bioavailability in in vivo systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to design multilayer oil-in-water nanoemulsions using a layer-by-layer technique to enhance the stability of β-carotene and evaluate its effect on in vitro release and antioxidant activity. To prepare β-carotene-loaded multilayer nanoemulsions (NEs), a primary NE (PRI-NE) using Tween 20 was coated with chitosan (CS) for the secondary NE (SEC-CS), and with dextran sulfate (DS) and sodium alginate (SA) for the two types of tertiary NEs (TER-DS, TER-SA). The multilayer NEs ranged in particle size from 92 to 110 nm and exhibited high entrapment efficiency (92–99%). After incubation in a simulated gastrointestinal tract model, the release rate of free fatty acids decreased slightly after coating with CS, DS, and SA. The bioaccessibility of β-carotene was 7.02% for the PRI-NE, 7.96% for the SEC-CS, 10.88% for the TER-DS, and 10.25% for the TER-SA. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging abilities increased by 1.2 times for the multilayer NEs compared to the PRI-NE. In addition, the cellular antioxidant abilities improved by 1.8 times for the TER-DS (87.24%) compared to the PRI-NE (48.36%). Therefore, multilayer nanoemulsions are potentially valuable techniques to improve the stability, in vitro digestion, and antioxidant activity of β-carotene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNase II, identified in 1947 and named in 1953, is an acidic DNA endonuclease prevalent across organisms and crucial for normal growth. Despite its expression in nearly all human tissues, as well as its biological significance, DNase II's detailed functions and corresponding mechanisms remain unclear. Although many groups are trying to figure this out, progress is very limited. It is very hard to connect its indispensability with its DNA cleavage activity. In this study, we find that DNase II secreted to saliva can digest RNA in mildly acidic conditions, prompting us to hypothesize that salivary DNase II might digest RNA in the stomach. This finding is consistent with the interesting discovery reported in 1964 that RNA could inhibit DNase II's activity, which has been largely overlooked. This RNA digestion activity is further confirmed by using purified DNase II, showing activity to digest both DNA and RNA effectively. Here, we suggest redesignating DNase II as DNase II (RNase). The biological functions of DNase II are suggested to recycle intracellular RNA or digest external nucleic acids (both RNA and DNA) as nutrients. This discovery may untangle the mystery of DNase II and its significant biofunctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modification of starch by transglycosylases from glycoside hydrolase families has attracted much attention recently; these enzymes can produce starch derivatives with novel properties, i.e. processability and functionality, employing highly efficient and safe methods. Starch-active transglycosylases cleave starches and transfer linear fragments to acceptors introducing α-1,4 and/or linear/branched α-1,6 glucosidic linkages, resulting in starch derivatives with excellent properties such as complexing and resistance to digestion characteristics, and also may be endowed with new properties such as thermo-reversible gel formation. This review summarizes the effects of variations in glycosidic linkage composition on structure and properties of modified starches. Starch-active transglycosylases are classified into 4 groups that form compounds: (1) in cyclic with α-1,4 glucosidic linkages, (2) with linear chains of α-1,4 glucosidic linkages, (3) with branched α-1,6 glucosidic linkages, and (4) with linear chains of α-1,6 glucosidic linkages. We discuss potential processability and functionality of starch derivatives with different linkage combinations and structures. The changes in properties caused by rearrangements of glycosidic linkages provide guidance for design of starch derivatives with desired structures and properties, which promotes the development of new starch products and starch processing for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morocco's management of agri-food waste presents serious environmental problems that threaten natural environment and human health. It has become crucial to use more effective technologies, like composting or anaerobic digestion, for recycling food waste in order to address this problem. Such technologies must to not only provide solutions but also provide beneficial outcomes. Therefore, conducting comparative studies to identify the most effective technologies is crucial. The present study aims to examine the potential of converting this waste into a high-quality biofertilizer by comparing between the aerobic and anaerobic bioconversion with the use of a fungal inoculum in order to enhance the quality and time of the biological process. Additionally, the study examines the effect of using a single type of waste or a variety of wastes on the quality of the biofertilizer produced. A fungus known for its capacity to accelerate biotransformation, Aspergillus niger, was added to a mixture of fish, vegetable, and poultry wastes. In a 20-day process, the impact of waste formulation on nutritional and hygienic potential was assessed based on biofertilization standards. According to the results, a combination of all three waste types with a tiny excess of poultry waste was the best mixture for biofertilization. Regardless of the bioconversion mechanism employed, this mixture was proven to be effective and secure. Anaerobic digestion product had a higher potential for biofertilization than aerobic biotransformation product, according to fertilization tests on tomato crops. Therefore, choosing the most appropriate method of bioconversion is essential to produce a high-quality biofertilizer that can enhance plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) is an important food crop in developing nations, with its tubers and leaves being a source of ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin (vitamins) and calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc (minerals). Malnutrition prevalence in some Kenyan Counties that relied on cassava‐based diets has partly been attributed to processing methods and/or nutrient bioaccessibility. The study area Kilifi County grows Kibandameno and Tajirika cassava varieties and is on record for high prevalence of undernutrition. The levels of vitamins and minerals, and their bioaccessibility in raw, boiled, and deep‐fried tubers, and pounded then boiled leaves of Kibandameno and Tajirika cassava varieties were studied. Digestion was done using static gastrointestinal digestion prior to the determination of vitamins (by HPLC) and minerals (by AAS and AES). Bioaccessibility of both vitamins and minerals was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in boiled followed by deep‐fried and lowest in raw tubers. Bioaccessibility ranged between 27% (Fe)–85% (vitamin C) in boiled, 20% (Fe)–79% (vitamin B1) in deep‐fried, and 15% (Fe)–(72% (K) in raw tubers. Bioaccessibility in processed leaves was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in raw. This ranged between 11% (Fe)–81% (vitamin B1) in processed and between 8% (Fe)–67% (K) in raw leaves. Processing therefore significantly reduced levels of ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc in raw tubers and leaves of Kibandameno and Tajirika Manihot esculenta Crantz varieties. Their bioaccessibility however significantly increased, being higher in tubers than in leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kelp is a traditional healthy food due to its high nutritional content; however, its relatively high contents of iodine and arsenic have raised concerns about its edible safety. This study explored the effects of different cooking treatments on the contents of iodine and arsenic in kelp, evaluated the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iodine and arsenic in kelp using in vitro digestion, and compared the differences in the transport characteristics of iodine in kelp and KIO3 using a Caco-2 monolayer cell transport model. The results show that the content of target elements that reached systemic circulation could be reduced by cooking and gastrointestinal digestion. The highest reductions in iodine and arsenic were 94.4% and 74.7%, respectively, which were achieved by boiling for 10 min. The bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iodine and arsenic were significantly improved by a cooking treatment. However, the contents of iodine and arsenic decreased significantly, with the bioaccessibility of iodine reducing from 3188.2 μg/L to 317.0 μg/L and that of arsenic reducing from 32.5 μg/L to 18.1 μg/L in the gastric phase after boiling. The findings also show that the efficiency of iodine transport in kelp and KIO3 was positively correlated with the transport time and negatively correlated with the concentration of iodine. With the increase in the iodine concentration, the rate of iodine transport in kelp decreased from 63.93% to 3.14%, but that of KIO3 was stable at around 35%, which indicates that the absorption efficiency of iodine from kelp was limited, even when too much kelp was ingested. In conclusion, the edible safety of kelp is significantly improved after cooking. The risk of excessive iodine and arsenic intake caused by consuming kelp is extremely low, and as an effective iodine supplement source, kelp has higher edible safety compared with KIO3. This study clarifies the safety of algae based on iodine and arsenic contents and also provides a basis for the formulation of food safety standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]