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A powerful regime for regulating trade, the Group of Seven (G-7) has increasingly negotiated its digital trade through bilateral and preferential trade agreements, including with non-member states in the Global South. Focusing on the dominant concept shaping these agreements, Japan's "Data Free Flow with Trust" (D.F.F.T.), we trace its discursively contested emergence and meaning within a national ("Society 5.0") vision for Japan's digital transformation, and its subsequent transnationalization in international fora and institutionalization in global digital trade policy. Drawing on our interviews with Japanese government ministers, business elites, and legal experts who contributed to the processual development of D.F.F.T., as well as diverse additional primary sources, we find that the D.F.F.T. has become more than a trade policy, covering a wider range of social and geopolitical issues. In particular, we show that contention over "data localization measures" has restructured international relations of trust, especially across the Global North/South divide. Ultimately, this research report contributes to our understanding of how D.F.F.T. poses threats to human rights, democracy, and the global knowledge economy that may undermine its goals of enhancing innovation capacity and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of information technology, digital trade has become a new engine of international trade growth, and has gradually become an important gripper in optimizing resource allocation. adjusting the structure of trade and building a new development pattern of dual circulation in China. However, there are fewer studies on digital trade-enabled national innovation systems and there is a lack of in-depth discussion on whether and how digital trade can improve the effectiveness of national innovation systems. This paper considers that digital trade can contribute to the construction of national innovation systems by integrating into global innovation networks, empowering scientific research networks, technology development networks and technology diffusion networks, and improving the efficiency of knowledge production, diffusionand application. From the perspective of innovation subjects, digital trade can blur the boundaries of innovation subjects, enrich the types of innovation subjects. and promote the formation of efficient interaction networks among enterprises. universities, research institutions, governments and intermediary organizations and so on; from the perspective of innovation resources, digital trade accelerates the flow of traditional innovation factors such as talents, capital and technology, and further amplifying the value-added effect of data as a core input element of innovation activities: from the perspective of innovation mechanism. digital trade can create an innovative organizational mode of discipline integration and innovation timely response to production division of labor and effective connection between supply and demand; from the perspective of innovation environment, digital trade improves the innovation environment, which is conducive to the formation of an innovative mindset in the whole society and helps to form the entrepreneurial spirit of the new era. Compared with previous literature, this paper expands on two aspects. Firstly, this paper focuses on digital trade as an enabler to improve the effectiveness of the national innovation system. and deconstructs the national innovation system into different components such as innovation subjects. innovation factors, innovation mechanism and innovation environment, and discusses the role of digital trade in each different innovation network. Secondly, this paper identifies the challenges faced by digital trade in enabling the enhancement of the effectiveness of the national innovation system, and puts forward some policy recommendations conducive to the construction of a high-quality innovation system from the perspective of developing digital trade. To a certain extent, this paper reveals the internal logic of the digital trade-enabled national innovation system and deconstructs the national innovation system into different innovation network structures with different components such as innovation subjects, innovation factors, innovation mechanisms and innovation environments. This study embeds the role of the development of digital trade in various knowledge-enabling aspects of the innovation system. which is of great significance in promoting the efficient allocation of factor resources, the reengineering of the industrial chain and the enhancement of the value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing literature on the behaviour of rising powers in global trade governance has yielded inconclusive evidence about their role and impact. This article contributes to this literature by examining China's role in global digital trade governance, an issue area which so far has not received sufficient scholarly attention. Specifically, it addresses the following question: as a self-proclaimed leader of the developing world in digital development, to what extent do its preferences and negotiation approach align with the interests of other developing countries? Analysing China's participation in three sets of negotiations using process tracing, the article argues that China's dual identity both as a self-identified developing country and as a rising power has contributed to its strategic ambivalence. In principle China supports a development-oriented approach to digital trade governance, calling attention to issues such as the digital divide and preserving developing countries' policy space on data localization consistent with its domestic regulatory approaches. Yet China's interest in promoting Chinese technology firms' global expansion leads to increasing divergence with other developing countries on issues such as the e-commerce customs duty moratorium and the global taxation of digital firms, paradoxically increasing its interest alignment with developed countries and limiting its support for fundamental reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The transport sector is a key contributor to the growth of carbon emissions in developing countries, and digital trade could potentially improve efficiency in the transport sector. In this study, the entropy weight TOPSIS model is used to calculate the digital trade index. Based on China's provincial panel data from 2010 to 2021, this study constructs the extended STIRPAT model, a mediating effect model, and panel threshold model to investigate the mechanism and influence of the digital trade on carbon emission reduction of the transportation sector. Empirical results indicate that digital trade significantly reduces carbon emissions in the transport sector. The mediating effect of industrial scale significantly promotes carbon emissions, while the mediating effect of technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading significantly suppresses carbon emissions. Compared to the central and low-income regions, the emission reduction effect of digital trade is greater in the eastern and high-income regions. Digital trade has a threshold effect on carbon emissions in the transportation sector. Specifically, when the clean energy structure and transportation structure exceed a certain level, the carbon reduction effect of digital trade in the transportation industry is greater. Our findings could help shape policies to leverage the role of digital trade in the pursuit of carbon neutrality in the transport sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Digital trade, as one of the vanguards of the global technological revolution and industrial transformation, empowers low-carbon economic cooperation on a global scale. This study based on panel data from 2007 to 2021 of 46 countries with varied development levels, constructed a multi-dimensional indicator system from six aspects: trade potential, digital infrastructure, digital innovation, digital skills and security, scale of digital trade, and digital trade environment, aim to measure the development level of digital trade and explore its impact on carbon emissions, followed by a heterogeneity analysis. The research results indicate that there are significant differences in the development levels of digital trade among countries with different economic strengths. Countries with stronger economic power and larger trade scales have a higher level of digital trade development, while less developed regions lag in digital trade. As the level of digital trade development increases, the impact of digital trade on carbon emissions will also change. Overall, digital trade exhibits a pronounced low-carbon effect, while its impact varies among countries with different development levels.

As a new manifestation of traditional trade in the era of the digital economy, digital trade relies on the cross-border flow of data and information, while promoting global economic and trade growth, enhancing consumer welfare, and creating a new form of global employment; it is also faced with of several problems, such as unbalanced development of the main players, restriction of the cross-border flow of data, big differences in digital privacy protection, too broad a dispute settlement mechanism and imperfect intellectual property rights system. Given the above, we should overcome them one by one by increasing support for weak and small subjects, strengthening coordination and communication in all areas of trade, and emphasizing the construction of intellectual property rules, to build a harmonious, safe, and stable digital trade environment.

Abstract This special issue explores the relationship between digital trade and security, emphasizing the geopolitical implications for the global economy in the digital age. The rapid growth of digital trade has introduced significant challenges and opportunities, necessitating robust data governance to balance national security interests with the free flow of goods, services, and data across borders. The papers explore the different models of data governance championed by the US, China, and the EU, highlighting the complexities of cross-border data flows and their impact on international relations. Through detailed analyses of various international agreements and frameworks, this special issue provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of digital trade and its security implications, with a particular focus on China's evolving approach to data governance and its global influence.

Abstract Amidst the escalating challenge of global climate change, it is imperative to further explore whether digital trade, as an emerging element in the global development landscape, can reduce carbon emissions and achieve sustainable development. This study draws upon panel data encompassing 30 provinces and municipalities in China spanning the years 2013 to 2021. By establishing an index system to gauge regional digital trade development levels, the article examines the impact mechanism and spillover effects of digital trade on carbon reduction from both the supply (enterprises) and demand (residents) perspectives. The research results show that: (1) Digital trade can effectively promote regional carbon reduction, with a more pronounced effect in China's central and western regions and lower carbon emissions regions. (2) Digital trade can incentivize green innovation by enterprises and improve residents' consumption behavior, thereby reducing carbon emissions. (3) Digital trade has spillover effect on carbon emissions, and this “neighborhood effect” is greater than the “local effect”. Digital trade provides strong support for carbon reduction and sustainable development and also provides a strategic direction for government policy formulation.

This special issue explores the relationship between digital trade and security, emphasizing the geopolitical implications for the global economy in the digital age. The rapid growth of digital trade has introduced significant challenges and opportunities, necessitating robust data governance to balance national security interests with the free flow of goods, services, and data across borders. The papers explore the different models of data governance championed by the US, China, and the EU, highlighting the complexities of cross-border data flows and their impact on international relations. Through detailed analyses of various international agreements and frameworks, this special issue provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of digital trade and its security implications, with a particular focus on China's evolving approach to data governance and its global influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article builds on an up-to-date overview of the data governance framework developed by the People's Republic of China to gauge its influence over digital trade policy at the global stage. China has developed a peculiar data governance architecture, predicated upon domestic security. The party-state has been open to discuss only trade-related aspects of information flows while shielding national autonomy from international harmonization. This strategy is coupled with the effort to project China's data governance approach externally both through China's role in international standard setting and via new digital infrastructure, through the Digital Silk Road initiative. In this respect, China's attempts to facilitate penetration by its own companies in foreign digital infrastructure needs to be assessed against the large data access power enjoyed by the state-party vis-à-vis domestic big tech companies. The article argues that such a strategy appears in contrast with the explicit commitment to protect national self-determination, especially when host countries lack adequate legal and administrative safeguards to tackle the economic and data protection challenges brought by digitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of China’s economy and the expansion of China’s foreign trade scale, the carbon emissions generated by China’s trade are attracting extensive attention from political and academic circles. In the context of global ‘decarbonization’, this paper focuses on the new trade model of digital trade and uses China's provincial panel data from 2013 to 2021 to deeply explore the effect of digital trade development on carbon emissions and its transmission mechanism. We find that digital trade development can reduce regional carbon emissions through structural and technological effects; specifically, industrial structure upgrading, consumption upgrading, and green technology innovation play a crucial intermediary role in this process. Subsequent investigation reveals a nonlinear, diminishing trend in the marginal impact of digital trade on emission reduction. Furthermore, once digital trade surpasses the threshold of environmental regulation its marginal effect on emission reduction becomes more pronounced. Additionally, employing a spatial econometric model has revealed that the advancement of digital trade can also contribute to reducing carbon emissions in neighboring regions. Heterogeneity analysis results demonstrate that the eastern region exhibits the most significant emission reduction effect in relation to digital trade, followed by the western and central regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the trends in environmental footprints through energy innovations, digital trade, economic freedom, and environmental regulation from the context of G7 economies. Quarterly observations from 1998-2020 have been utilized for the advanced-panel model entitled Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR). The initial findings confirm slope heterogeneity, interdependence between the cross-sectional units, stationarity properties, and panel cointegration. The results through FM-OLS, D-OLS, and FE-OLS justify that energy innovations, digital trade, and environmental regulations control ecological damages. In contrast, economic freedom and growth are causing more damage to nature, like ecological footprints (EFP). Similarly, the results through MMQR confirm that the impact of energy innovations, digital trade, and environmental regulations is accepted as a panacea to control environmental degradation in G7. However, the magnitude of the coefficient varies across different quantiles. More specifically, the findings show that the impact of energy innovations is highly significant at 0.50th quantile. In contrast, through digital trade, the impact on EFP is only significant under medium and higher order quantiles (i.e. 0.50th, 0.75th-1.0th). Contrarily, economic freedom is causing more EFP across all the quantiles, where the findings are highly significant at 0.75th quantile. Besides, a few other policy implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revealing regional differences and evolutionary patterns is a crucial component of studying digital trade development. This paper constructs an evaluation index system for digital trade development and assesses the level of digital trade development in mainland China of 30 provinces from 2013 to 2020. Using methods such as Dagum Gini coefficient, this study investigates the differences in regional development and the spatial dynamic evolution of digital trade development. The findings indicate that (1) while the overall level of digital trade in China is increasing, it manifests unbalanced growth. Additionally, inter-regional difference, as opposed to intra-regional difference, account for the primary source of digital trade development difference, contributing an annual average of 71.699%. (2) The kernel density distribution of digital trade is gradually narrowing. The absolute difference in the level of digital trade development between China and the four regions (east, central, west, and northeast) is progressively diminishing over time. (3) The Moran's I index is positive, indicating a strong spatial correlation among digital trade development. In the eastern and western regions, there are 'high-high' and 'low-low' clusters between adjacent provinces; the dynamic transfer of digital trade levels occurs between provinces of adjacent levels, demonstrating the positive effect of proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital trade (DT), a key component of today's digital economy, is pivotal in attaining "carbon neutrality and carbon peaking", essential for low-carbon and high-quality growth. This study delves into the intermediary role of carbon emissions (CE) reduction in DT, analyzing both production and consumption angles, and examines the moderating influences of CE in DT through industrial agglomeration and low-carbon pilot policy. The research employs spatial panel and system GMM models for an empirical investigation. On the production side, the scale and technological effects on CE outweigh the structural impact on emissions. In terms of consumption, the mediating role of urban residents' consumption upgrading is to enhance the effect of DT on reducing CE by promoting consumption upgrading, whereas the mediating role of rural residents' consumption upgrading is to promote consumption upgrading but weaken the effect of DT on reducing CE. Regarding regulatory influences, the factor of industrial agglomeration tends to diminish the impact of DT on reducing CE; thus, industrial agglomeration does not amplify the reduction effect of DT on CE. Low-carbon pilot policy(pol)s can enhance the CE reduction effect of DT, showing stronger CE reduction effects in provinces participating in low-carbon pilot programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatiotemporal information, positioning and navigation services have become important elements of new type infrastructure. The rapid development of global digital trade provides a large-scale application scenario for the use of Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) spatio-temporal information to support the certification of origin of agricultural products. The BDS spatiotemporal information agricultural product digital credit system uses such modules as BDS, spatiotemporal information collection, spatiotemporal coding, and spatiotemporal blockchain. It incorporates multi-level joint supervision mechanisms such as government, associations, and users. Starting from the initial production link of agricultural products, it realizes the correspondence and locking of online and offline products, effectively improves the integrity and credibility of information in the production process, finished product quality and circulation process of products, effectively manages the green production and anti-channel conflicts of producers, and provides credible information for consumers, thus realizing the digital credit certification of products. The successful practice of characteristic agricultural products in Yunnan Province has verified the application ability of the BDS spatiotemporal information agricultural product digital credit system. This system has played a significant role in promoting the online and offline locking, credible information, effective supervision and high quality and high price of characteristic agricultural products from the field. The BDS provides services for global digital trade and contributes to the further enhancement of the global application scale of GNSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how digital trade facilitates the optimization and upgrading of the manufacturing industry from the standpoint of structural rationalization, based on panel data collected from 30 provinces between 2013 and 2021 in China. The findings indicate that: first, the growth of digital trade can significantly aid in the manufacturing industry rationalization and upgrading. This can be achieved through four indirect channels, including technological innovation, transaction costs, consumer demand, and human capital, in addition to direct effects. Second, the heterogeneity analysis discovers that the growth of digital trade considerably aids in the manufacturing industry rationalization and upgrading in the central and western areas. Finally, the promotion of digital trade on the rationalization and upgrading exhibits threshold effect characteristics, whether based on a nationwide sample or regional heterogeneity. As digital trade exceeds the certain threshold value, it demonstrates that digital trade greatly increases the manufacturing industry’s level of rationalization and upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As digital trade continues to reshape the global economic landscape, the key objective of this study is to bridge a significant Legal-Technical gap characterised by the discord between rapid technological advancements and slower-evolving legal frameworks. This paper delves into the complexities of this gap and emphasises the need for a holistic approach to understand and address the multifaceted challenges it presents to businesses, policymakers, and the broader international trading system. This research offers a novel theoretical foundation for exploring and bridging the Legal-Technical gap in digital trade. Initially, it discusses the integration of legal and technical knowledge systems, which leads to the emergence of specific transdisciplinary knowledge as described by Andrew Sage's Theory of Systems. Subsequently, it explores the acquisition of universal knowledge about these systems through Herman Dooyeweerd's multi-aspectual philosophy. Furthermore, it proposes the development of a transdisciplinary knowledge representation using Fritz Zwicky's Morphological Method. Our analysis reveals that focusing on lingual, social, economic, and aesthetic aspects enables the prioritisation of critical factors essential for enhancing legal-technical functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A powerful regime for regulating trade, the Group of Seven (G-7) has increasingly negotiated its digital trade through bilateral and preferential trade agreements, including with non-member states in the Global South. Focusing on the dominant concept shaping these agreements, Japan’s “Data Free Flow with Trust” (D.F.F.T.), we trace its discursively contested emergence and meaning within a national (“Society 5.0”) vision for Japan’s digital transformation, and its subsequent transnationalization in international fora and institutionalization in global digital trade policy. Drawing on our interviews with Japanese government ministers, business elites, and legal experts who contributed to the processual development of D.F.F.T., as well as diverse additional primary sources, we find that the D.F.F.T. has become more than a trade policy, covering a wider range of social and geopolitical issues. In particular, we show that contention over “data localization measures” has restructured international relations of trust, especially across the Global North/South divide. Ultimately, this research report contributes to our understanding of how D.F.F.T. poses threats to human rights, democracy, and the global knowledge economy that may undermine its goals of enhancing innovation capacity and economic growth.

Abstract Amid economic globalisation and the rapid development of advanced technologies in recent years, the world economy has shown an increasing trend of digitalisation, whilst digital trade has become the primary pattern of international trade. Based on differences rooted in socio-political systems, as well as the current precarious geopolitical realities, governments adopt different ideas in accordance with their respective interests in the institutionalisation of digital trade. As the world’s second-largest economy and a major digital power, China’s behaviours and ideological stances attract scholarly attention and states’ concern. Whilst Western countries and scholars have criticised China’s ideas of “government intervention in data regulation” and “cyber sovereignty” applied in its existing approach to digital trade, warning that China’s approach poses a threat to Western powers’ adherence to liberalism in the international digital trade system and the idea of “free data flow” in their approaches to digital trade, there has been insufficient research into how China’s approach to digital trade has evolved over time and which ideas and interests have influenced it. To bridge this gap in the literature, this paper divides the evolution of China’s approach to digital trade over the past three decades (1993–2023) into three phases using a longitudinal approach. This research conducts qualitative content analysis using official documents, white papers, and declarations from official Chinese websites, then adopts the 3I analytical framework to analyse which ideas and interests have influenced China’s approach in each phase and how its approach to digital trade has evolved over time.

Amid economic globalisation and the rapid development of advanced technologies in recent years, the world economy has shown an increasing trend of digitalisation, whilst digital trade has become the primary pattern of international trade. Based on differences rooted in socio-political systems, as well as the current precarious geopolitical realities, governments adopt different ideas in accordance with their respective interests in the institutionalisation of digital trade. As the world's second-largest economy and a major digital power, China's behaviours and ideological stances attract scholarly attention and states' concern. Whilst Western countries and scholars have criticised China's ideas of "government intervention in data regulation" and "cyber sovereignty" applied in its existing approach to digital trade, warning that China's approach poses a threat to Western powers' adherence to liberalism in the international digital trade system and the idea of "free data flow" in their approaches to digital trade, there has been insufficient research into how China's approach to digital trade has evolved over time and which ideas and interests have influenced it. To bridge this gap in the literature, this paper divides the evolution of China's approach to digital trade over the past three decades (1993–2023) into three phases using a longitudinal approach. This research conducts qualitative content analysis using official documents, white papers, and declarations from official Chinese websites, then adopts the 3I analytical framework to analyse which ideas and interests have influenced China's approach in each phase and how its approach to digital trade has evolved over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial inclusion is a policy objective indirectly based on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG). The legal framework of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is suitable to contribute to the efforts of implementing financial inclusion around the globe. Complemented by the recent trade liberalization movements in the digital market sectors (bilateral and regional Free Trade Agreements (FTA)) FinTech services and sustainable finance can be extended; in addition, the carve-out provision and the public policy exception justify the enactment of domestic public policy rules that strengthen the access of civil society to financial services of whatever kind. The article outlines how the existing regulations should be interpreted and to what extent new rules appear to be desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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After the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019, many countries started progressing towards race to zero targets. The intricate framework of digitalization and green technologies has the potential to persuade governments to implement policies that promote a zero-carbon economy, i.e., green economy. Hence, this study determines the effect of digital trade (DGT) and green technological innovation (GTI) on environmental sustainability (ENS) by considering the role of renewable energy consumption (REC), globalization (GLOB), and economic growth (EG). The study measured ENS by taking into account three proxy variables, i.e., ecological footprint (EF), carbon dioxide emission (CO2e), and methane emissions (CH4e). POLS and PMG-ARDL techniques are applied to the panel data of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) from 2000 to 2019. Panel Quantile Regression (PQR) along with AMG and CCEMG estimators is applied hereafter for checking the robustness of the empirical results. The long-run empirical outcomes show the positive association of DGT, GTI, REC, and GLOB with ENS. Lastly, this study inscribed the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and highlights policy implications and governmental measures to ensure environmental sustainability in BRICS economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing reliance on digital technologies for cross-border economic activity has sparked the quest for adequate rules. Preferential trade agreements have become the primary platform for digital trade rulemaking and the recently signed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the European Union (EU) and New Zealand is one of the latest additions to these far-reaching regulatory efforts. The EU–NZ FTA is a particularly instructive case study, as it brings together two important legal entrepreneurs in the area of digital trade law that, however, have different positions in the regulatory landscape and different domestic priorities. The article seeks to reveal the points of convergence and divergence between the two parties and also shows how these could be reconciled with the concluded EU–NZ deal. In the latter context, the article evaluates the normative value and the potential impact of the agreement as well as situates it in the broader and geopolitically complex landscape of digital trade rulemaking [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Investigación en Ciencias Económicas (REICE) is the property of REICE: Revista Electronica de Investigacion en Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bangladesh is currently making preparations to transform its entire trade onto a digital platform. Bangladesh is prepared to initiate this transformation through the implementation of logistics, legal, technological, and knowledge-based support mechanisms. This study examines the ways by which the implementation of these supports can be compelled within the structure of international frameworks. To find that possible ways the article seeks to evaluate the evidence that supports including updated laws and regulation, customs house etc., the notion that digital trade is predominantly a tradeable and compatible platform, aligning with the established framework of traditional paper-based transactions. This study employs digital technology to investigate the transformative impact it has had on international trade procedures. This research also investigates the effects of digitization in trade transactions on the global competitiveness of Bangladesh. This research also identifies and analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of digital trade in comparison to traditional trade operations, which is associated with the implementation of the Bangladesh Single Window (BSW) system within the entire transformation of trade in ASYCODA (The Automated System for Customs Data) World Systems. The BSW & ASYCODA systems are designed to enhance the interchange of information and promote connectivity between public and commercial trade-related bodies in Bangladesh. To understand the perceptions of the stakeholders' primary data has collected through a descriptive research where a survey questionnaire has used for this purpose, along with that secondary data sources are also used to achieve the desired outcome. This study finding will enhance our comprehension of the effects of digitization on global trade and offer vital insights that will assist stakeholders in attaining sustainable growth and fostering innovation. The digital trade transition represents a new and promising possibility in the context of Bangladesh in the area of trade transactions. This study identified how a nation undergoes a steady transition from traditional trade practices to digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article aims to examine whether the exports of information and communication technology (ICT) services are complementary to trade in ICT goods and overall merchandise exports. Research Design & Methods: We used panel regression models (log-log specification, Driscoll-Kraay robust standard errors accounting for cross-sectional dependence, heteroscedasticity, and serial correlation) to explore how the ICT service exports depend on trade in ICT goods (both exports and imports) and total merchandises exports. The research sample covered data for 37 developed economies over the 1998-2017 period. Findings: The results show that both the exports and the imports of ICT goods are complementary to the exports of ICT services. We also identified complementarity between total merchandise exports and ICT service exports. Moreover, global demand for services and broadband digital connectivity have been proven to be significant determinants of ICT service exports. Implications & Recommendations: The detected dependencies imply that in the digital era, export-promoting policies should not treat trade in goods and trade in ICT services separately. Moreover, policymakers should consider factors such as broadband digital connectivity and world demand as important drivers of ICT service exports. Contribution & Value Added: This study provides new evidence on determinants of one of the most rapidly growing export categories, i.e. the exports of ICT services. We identified three sources of potential complementarities arising in the digital era between trade in goods and services. Moreover, while most researchers examined the role of traditional internet, we tested our models for broadband connectivity as a determinant of ICT service exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas is the property of Revista Brasileira de Politicas Publicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digital trade is an advanced form of digital transformation in the field of trade. China has made significant strides in the realm of digital trade, particularly in the domain of cross-border e-commerce. It is worthwhile to consider whether the dividend of digital trade benefits enterprises and fosters new competitive advantages at the micro level. This study constructs a framework for analyzing enterprise competitiveness under the background of digital trade. The digital trade development index is measured comprehensively across five dimensions with entropy weight method and TOPSIS, reflecting China's regional diversity. A two-way fixed effects (TWFE) model is utilized to verify the influence of digital trade on enterprise competitiveness based on panel data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2020. The study finds that digital trade has a positive effect on enterprise competitiveness, mainly strengthening the scale factor. Furthermore, the influence of digital trade on enterprises exhibits heterogeneous characteristics. Through moderation effect testing, it is found that the positive effect of digital trade is stronger for enterprises with high participation in digital trade and market competition, while it is weakened for enterprises with high proportion of overseas business. Enterprises in China that participate in and benefit from the digital trade are mainly from non-technology-intensive industries and located in regions with better digital innovation environments, where they are more likely to adapt to the development of digital trade. Both state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises are equally affected by digital trade. Through mechanism testing, the study finds that digital trade promotes enterprise competitiveness mainly through three channels: asset expansion, cost reduction, and efficiency improvement. This research analyzes the micro-level impact effects of digital trade development on individual entities, expanding research perspectives into this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]