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Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, masks proved to be an effective measure in preventing virus transmission. However, many people have reported discomfort and negative perceptions toward wearing masks, especially during physical activity. This study aims to evaluate the discomfort and adverse perceptions related to various mask types among young, healthy adults during light exercise, including sitting, stationary stepping, and stair climbing. The study also examines the extent to which masks influence physiological indicators of physical well-being. Methods: The study was conducted in two stages at the campus hospital of Shantou University. In Stage 1, 20 healthy college students (10 males, 10 females) were recruited to identify the mask with the most substantial physiological and psychological impact among four types: KN95 respirators, surgical masks, cloth masks, and 3D medical masks. These specific types were chosen due to their widespread use and varying levels of filtration and breathability. In Stage 2, 14 healthy college students (7 males, 7 females) were included to examine the effects of the identified mask across various levels of physical exertion. Subjective perceptions were measured using the Mask-Related Discomfort and Perception Score (MRDPS), and physiological parameters such as body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, and vital capacity were recorded. Results: The KN95 respirator and cloth mask were associated with the highest MRDPS, indicating significant discomfort among wearers (p < 0.05). The use of KN95 respirators had the largest impact on MRDPS during stair stepping (β = 10.357, 95% CI [5.755, 14.959]). Physiological parameters showed minor variations across different masks, with KN95 respirators significantly associated with reduced diastolic blood pressure (β=-7.806, 95% CI [-12.294, -3.318]) and pulse rate (β=-10.661, 95% CI [-18.896, -2.425]) in Stage 1. However, after controlling for exercise pace in Stage 2, wearing a KN95 respirator did not significantly affect these parameters. Conclusions: KN95 respirators and cloth masks were found to cause the most discomfort during light physical activity, with males reporting higher discomfort levels than females. While these masks are associated with varying levels of perceived discomfort, their impact on physiological indicators is relatively modest. Future research should include larger and more diverse samples , continuous monitoring of physiological parameters during exercise, and exploration of the underlying mechanisms of gender differences in mask discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole body vibration (WBV) is linked to short- and longer-term adverse health outcomes, including cognitive impairment, stress and memory loss, loss of balance, reduced proprioception, visual and vestibular disturbances, gastrointestinal problems, and musculoskeletal disorders. Epidemiological evidence supports the link between WBV and headache and head discomfort, but few experimental studies have examined this relationship, particularly with increased muscle tension, as an intermediary. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle tension and vibration intensity, between perceived neck pain and headache/head discomfort and vibration intensity, and between muscle tension and reported neck pain and headache symptoms from simulated WBV based on field measurements of all-terrain vehicle operation on farm terrain. We observed significantly higher electromyography amplitude in the High condition (equivalent to EU Directive's Exposure Limit Value) compared to both Low (equivalent to EU Directive's Exposure Action Value) and Control (quiet sitting) conditions at the left upper trapezius muscle but there were no significant time effects. Neck pain and headache/head discomfort significantly increased after both Low (91% increase from baseline) and High (154% increase from baseline) vibration conditions but there were no significant differences between conditions. Based on simple regression modeling, the relationship between muscle activity and neck pain or headache was very weak (R 2 = 0–0.093). Given the possibility of multiple factors contributing to headache symptoms, future research should not only consider the role of muscle tension but also sensory conflict, excessive noise, biodynamic responses, and a combination of these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes the rudiments of a framework for the analysis of social conditions in which time is most likely to be experienced as a problem. To do this, we start from a circumscription of the idea of temporal discomfort, a type of experience of time lived by the actors themselves as a problem or suffering. Based on this clarification ten forms of temporal discomfort are then differentiated, which include different meanings of "lack of time" but also phenomena such as temporal emptiness or problematic relationships with the past and the future. It is then postulated that all these discomforts can be interpreted as a product of contradictions between wanting, duty and power, factors that are socially constituted and are, therefore, different in different structural positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Botulinumtoxin application in the face is amongst the most common aesthetic procedures in the head and neck region. It also has numerous medical uses. One of the main reasons for patients to refrain from it is the subjective discomfort that is experienced during injections. Objectives: The study at hand aimed to determine whether needles with 33G and 34G offer an advantage in terms of individual pain perception during botulinumtoxin injections. Methods: We conducted a prospective study where patients were asked to grade subjective discomfort on a visual analogue scale for each region (forehead, glabella, temple) that was treated directly after treatment and 15 minutes after. Patients were treated with 30G, 33G or 34G needles, respectively. Results: Ninety-nine patients that underwent treatment of 189 regions were included in the study. Patients were evenly distributed amongst the different needle sizes and regions. Subjective discomfort was greatest in all regions for 30G needles (3.9 ± 1.6 forehead, 4.3 ± 1.7 glabella and 4.0 ± 1.6 temple) followed by 33G (2.7 ± 1.5 forehead, 2.7 ± 1.9 glabella and 2.2 ± 1.2 temple) and 34G (1.7 ± 1.2 forehead, 1.6 ± 1.4 glabella and 1.6 ± 1.4 temple). All differences between needle size were statistically significant (p < 0.05) Conclusion: 33G and 34G needles seem to offer smaller discomfort during BTX treatments of the head and neck, with 34G being superior to 33G. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I reflect on how paying attention to the flow of affect between participants and the researcher during interviews unveils knowledge that highlights inequalities and advances a decolonial approach. I specifically discuss the capacity of productive discomfort in revealing valuable insights about the lived experiences of forced migrants and in uncovering knowledge that might otherwise stay hidden. In doing so, I demonstrate how my positionality as an 'insider Other' and my approach to interviews as affective encounters open up profound layers of experiences and sense-making. Expanding upon this, the study presents a unique framework that combines the method of interviews, conceptualized as situated affective encounters, with an affective-discursive analytical framework that views affect as intertwined with meaning and discourse. This fusion emphasizes the significance of emotions as a source of knowledge in the research process. The study highlights how this approach contributes to the reflexivity turn in migration studies and elucidates how the combined framework can guide researchers to work with discomfort. This can be a source of insight, as demonstrated by reflecting on my own research on the lived experiences of Eritrean migrants. I use several excerpts from my data to demonstrate how viewing emotions as meaningful leads to nuanced interpretations, thereby enriching insights into the living conditions of those who arrived as forced migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sleep is essential for (recovery of) health, it is adversely affected by hospitalization, due to disease discomfort, environmental noise, and care routines, causing reduced sleep and increased disturbances. This study evaluates factors affecting sleep quality and quantity in hospitalized children and compares inpatient sleep with sleep at home. Using an observational, prospective study design, we assessed sleep in hospitalized children aged 1–12 years, admitted to a tertiary center, and compared this with home 6–8 weeks after discharge. We measured total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency, awakenings, and subjective sleep quality, using actigraphy, sleep diaries, and PROMIS questionnaires. We explored an array of sleep-disturbing factors. Regression analyses identified key determinants affecting sleep patterns, while mixed linear models compared sleep in hospital to sleep at home. Out of 621 eligible patients, 467 were invited, and 272 (58%) consented to participate. Key determinants of sleep included pain, number of previous admissions, (underlying) chronic illness, and environment-, staff-, and disease-related factors. Parents reported lower perceived sleep quality in the hospital compared to at home, 97-min (SE 9) lower TST, 100-min (5) longer WASO, more difficulties with falling asleep, lower sleep satisfaction, and more awakenings. Actigraphy outcomes revealed shorter TST (20 min (6)), but better sleep efficiency and fewer awakenings in the hospital. Conclusion: Sleep in hospital was compromised in comparison to sleep at home, primarily due to disturbances related to treatment, environment, and staff. These findings underscore the necessity and potential of relative simple interventions to improve sleep quality and minimize sleep disturbances in hospitalized children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social justice is a widely used term across many sectors, societies, and ideologies and has become a buzzword for positive intentions towards tackling inequity or inequality (Atkins and Duckworth, 2019; Ladson-Billings, 2023). However, it is also a slippery concept which could be easily misinterpreted, or the complexities lost in the effort to respond, ultimately leading people to lose 'sight of the big picture and the injustice that prevails' (Ladson-Billings, 2023: 3). Equitable education systems are fundamental and potentially powerful vehicles to achieve a socially just world (Atkins and Duckworth, 2019) though this article questions the validity of any such claims of our current schooling in the United Kingdom (UK) and draws together argumentation for authentic change. The article explores the multifaceted, sometimes misinterpreted, concepts and realities of social justice specifically within educational contexts and the implications for authentic action and change in these spaces. It will re-visit, re-evaluate and further investigate the potential of 'discomfort' as a catalyst for change within educator professional learning which aims at transformation of the status quo. Adding to this discourse is the consideration of emotion within this learning process and the innovative power of humour to humanise and engage with challenging issues. Drawing on current literature and reflecting back to my previous work, this article aims to dare myself, and others in the field, to personally rediscover discomfort as a powerful means for transformative change and engender authentic action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages in a reflection about the use of social media to carry out fieldwork online for contemporary ethnography. The reflection is based on the ethnographer's experiences of discomforts and affects in digital fieldwork, in which she used her own social media accounts to interact with the interlocutors recruited for the project as a means to create reciprocity with them. This article uses these discomforts as generators of ethical, epistemological and political reflections by discussing the positionality of the ethnographer in a digital fieldwork. Firstly, it delves into the potential of these discomforts as a reflective tool for knowledge generation. It also reflects on the power dynamics consequence of the position that the anthropologist occupies in the field. Finally, the article initiates a political reflection on academic life when extensive exposure to fieldwork breaks down the boundaries between work and personal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, masks proved to be an effective measure in preventing virus transmission. However, many people have reported discomfort and negative perceptions toward wearing masks, especially during physical activity. This study aims to evaluate the discomfort and adverse perceptions related to various mask types among young, healthy adults during light exercise, including sitting, stationary stepping, and stair climbing. The study also examines the extent to which masks influence physiological indicators of physical well-being. Methods The study was conducted in two stages at the campus hospital of Shantou University. In Stage 1, 20 healthy college students (10 males, 10 females) were recruited to identify the mask with the most substantial physiological and psychological impact among four types: KN95 respirators, surgical masks, cloth masks, and 3D medical masks. These specific types were chosen due to their widespread use and varying levels of filtration and breathability. In Stage 2, 14 healthy college students (7 males, 7 females) were included to examine the effects of the identified mask across various levels of physical exertion. Subjective perceptions were measured using the Mask-Related Discomfort and Perception Score (MRDPS), and physiological parameters such as body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, and vital capacity were recorded. Results The KN95 respirator and cloth mask were associated with the highest MRDPS, indicating significant discomfort among wearers (p

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effectiveness of the promotion of postural shift intervention using a dynamic seat cushion on the 6-month incidence of neck and low-back pain among high-risk office workers. METHODS: In a cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT), 133 office workers were randomly assigned, at cluster level, to intervention (N=67) and control (N=66) groups. The intervention group received a dynamic seat cushion to encourage postural shifts during sitting, while the control group received a placebo seat pad. Primary outcomes were 6-month incidence of neck and low-back pain. Secondary outcomes included sitting discomfort, pain intensity, disability, and trunk muscle performance. Analyses utilized Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: During the 6-month period, 15% of participants in the intervention group developed neck pain and 10% developed low-back pain. For the control group, this was 65% and 59%, respectively. Hazard rate (HR) ratios, after adjusting for biopsychosocial factors, indicated a protective effect of the intervention for neck pain [HR_adj 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09–0.39, P

Yawen Mo,1,&ast; Wenjuan Zhang,1,&ast; Xiangcheng Tang,1 Rui Zhang,2 Yinghuan Wang,1 Lingling Zheng3 1Department of Strabismus and Amblyopia, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Nursing Administration, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Lingling Zheng, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email zhenglingling@gzzoc.comPurpose: Strabismus surgery is most commonly performed on children under general anesthesia. However, few studies have focused on the postoperative discomfort in children after strabismus surgery. This study aimed to evaluate postoperative discomfort and the associated risk factors in children who underwent strabismus surgery under general anesthesia.Patients and Methods: A single-center prospective observational study including 300 children who underwent strabismus surgery after general anesthesia was conducted. Patients’ characteristics, preoperative anxiety, surgical and anesthesia data, discomfort within 24 hours after postanesthesia care unit were recorded. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative discomfort.Results: Approximately 51.33% of the children complained of at least one of the following types of postoperative discomfort: postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (23.00%), headache (4.33%), dizziness (20.33%) and emergence agitation (EA) (5.33%). Multivariate analysis indicated that history of motion sickness (P< 0.001, odds ratio [OR]=3.72), and surgery in the dominant eye (P=0.010, OR=2.00) were independent predictors of postoperative discomfort; age was an independent predictor of EA (P< 0.001, OR=0.36); prism diopter≥ 40 was an independent predictor of headache (P=0.005, OR=5.53); age (P=0.020, OR=1.12) and history of motion sickness (P=0.001, OR=2.80) were independent predictors of dizziness; history of motion sickness (P=0.001, OR=2.63) and surgery of inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) (P=0.004, OR=3.10) were independent predictors of PONV.Conclusion: The most frequent postoperative symptoms in children after undergoing strabismus surgery under general anesthesia are PONV, dizziness, EA, and headache. Younger age, larger angle of strabismus, history of motion sickness, surgery on the dominant eye, and surgery of IOAT may be additional risk factors for postoperative discomfort.Keywords: strabismus surgery, discomfort, postoperative nausea, vomiting, general anesthesia

AIM: To investigate the effects of placement of the absorbable packing material Nasopore around the anastomosis site on postoperative re-bleeding, discomfort, and on the success rate of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy(En-DCR).METHODS: Prospective randomized controlled study. A total of 101 patients(101 eyes)diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis that underwent En-DCR in the ophthalmology department, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine from November 2020 to October 2021 were collected. The patients were randomly divided into two groups according to whether they were packed with Nasopore at the end of operation, namely, the packed group(49 eyes)and the non-packed group(52 eyes). The postoperative follow-up was 9 mo, the degree of re-bleeding, discomfort, and postoperative success rate(including anatomical success rate and functional success rate)were compared between the two groups of patients.RESULTS: This study included 94 patients, including 45(45 eyes)and 49(49 eyes)in packed group and non-packed group, respectively. The En-DCR was performed successfully in all patients. Postoperative re-bleeding occurred in 1 eye(2%)in the packed group, and 9 eyes(18%)in the non-packed group(P0.05). The postoperative functional success rate was 89%(40/45)in the packed group and 86%(42/49)in the non-packed group(P>0.05). Other complications such as orbital fat prolapse, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, sinusitis, visual impairment and double vision were not observed in all patients during the follow-up.CONCLUSION: Nasal packing absorbable material Nasopore around the anastomosis at the end of En-DCR operation can reduce postoperative re-bleeding and postoperative discomfort of patients, and it has no obvious effect on the postoperative success rate.

Background: In this study, we hypothesized that safety footwear (SF) impacts gait patterns, potentially contributing to the podiatric symptoms reported by workers. The purpose of this work was to compare the gait analyses of workers wearing SF and sneakers using inertial sensors while also examining the occurrence of foot problems. Methods: A consecutive cohort of workers from different occupational sectors who wore SF during their work shifts were prospectively assessed through a gait analysis. The gait analysis was conducted under two conditions: first, while wearing SF, and second, while wearing sneakers. In both conditions, inertial sensors were used (Wiva® MOB). Participants also underwent a podiatric physical examination to evaluate foot problems. Results: This study shows that SF resulted in a worsening gait pattern compared to sneakers in both genders. The impact was particularly pronounced in female participants, resulting in a significant decline in walking speed and cadence. Discomfort was reported by 83.3% of participants, with a higher prevalence in females (46.6% vs. 36.6%). The SF group exhibited an elevated prevalence of foot problems, with no significant gender variations. It seems that foot problems are more likely to occur when a foot deformity, such as flat or cavus foot or hallux valgus, is present. Conclusions: This study suggests that SF may contribute to the reported podiatric symptoms among workers. Certain footwear characteristics, including weight, mis-fit, and inadequate design, may be factors associated with footwear discomfort and adverse gait patterns, potentially leading to increased foot problems among workers.

This study analyses the bioclimate of Cacica and Târgu Ocna resorts and of the salt mines on their territory, based on the Thermo-Hygrometric Index (THI). The bioclimate was analyzed based on hourly data (air temperature and relative humidity) from 2020-2022. The annual and diurnal regime of THI in the two resorts and the two underground salt mines were investigated and periods of bioclimatic comfort were identified. Thus, at Cacica, the comfort period covers the months of June-July-August and partly September, while at Târgu Ocna the period starts one month earlier (in May) and extends by one month compared to Cacica resort (until September). It is worth noting the presence of clusters of days or hours with thermal discomfort caused by heat, especially in Târgu Ocna (in July and August). Over the course of a day, bioclimatic comfort based on the THI index is reached in Cacica, during the summer, from 6.00 a.m. and lasts until midnight. In the transition months, April, May and October, comfort is felt between 11.00 a.m and 6.00. p.m. In Târgu Ocna the bioclimatic comfort is specific to summer throughout the day, with a more pronounced discontinuity in the afternoon hours, when the discomfort caused by the heat sets in. The salt mines benefit from a thermal stability that is reflected in the slightly variable THI values and in a slight cooling discomfort. The stable atmosphere and the microclimatic uniformity give Cacica and Trotuș salt mines certain balneoclimatic qualities recommended both for tourists and patients (with respiratory diseases).

Abstract Background This study conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal discomfort among two-wheeler riders; however, musculoskeletal discomfort refers to pain, discomfort, or impairment in the muscles, bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, or other structures that support the body’s movement. It is a common problem experienced by individuals involved in various physical activities, including motorcycle riding. Methods This investigation was longitudinal research in which the Nordic muscular questionnaire (NMQ) was used to rule out the possibility of musculoskeletal disorders in motorcyclists. In Karachi, Pakistan, data were collected beginning in September of 2021 and continuing through February of 2022 using the convenience sampling method. Sixty-four individuals made up the sample. Participants were males ranging between the ages of 19 and 50 who rode standard motorcycles for their commute for about 6 to 8 h daily. Participants who had a tumor, an infection, or other comorbid are excluded. Results Sixty-four participants were included in this study, out of which 40 (62.5%) reported difficulty and discomfort in their neck, followed by their lower back (48.5%), shoulders (34.4%), and hips (26.6%). Sixteen motorcyclists (25%) complained wrist pain. When asked out their level of discomfort. However, 51.6% of individuals experienced lower back pain at the 12th month, while 46.9% had neck pain. 28.1%, 17.2%, and 14.1% reported shoulder, hip, and upper back discomfort. 51.6% of individuals had not seen a specialist for lower back symptoms. Lower back, neck, shoulders, and hip have been affected the longest, according to participants. Conclusion In conclusion, motorcyclists had a substantially greater rate of musculoskeletal problems than other drivers. Regulating musculoskeletal disorders in motorcyclists helps reduce symptoms and clinical indications of disease.

Objectives: This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the impact of DryShield isolation (DSI) and rubber dam isolation (RDI) system usage on vital signs, behavior, pain and discomfort, and chairside time required among children with different airway patencies based on the Modified Mallampati Classification (MMC). Material and methods: Healthy, cooperative children who required fissure sealant in at least two contralateral, fully erupted, permanent first molars were included. Airway patency was determined by two trained and calibrated dentists using the MMC. The participants were categorized based on their MMC scores into patent airways (classes I and II) and non-patent airways (classes III and IV). The dental procedure was videotaped during treatment, and vital signs, including arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure, were recorded every 3 min. The participants’ subjective pain and discomfort were evaluated using a previously validated Arabic interview questionnaire and a validated Arabic version of the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. The participants’ behavior and behavioral pain were evaluated utilizing the Frankl Behavior Scale and the face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability scales, respectively. Results: There were no significant differences in any of the vital signs between DSI and RDI. DSI use yielded a significant reduction in chairside time (P

Background: This study evaluated the pain and discomfort associated with 3 diagnostic techniques for proximal carious lesions in children aged 5 to 8 years: bitewing (BW) radiographs, DIAGNOcam, and temporary teeth separation. Methods: The study included 60 healthy children between the ages of 5 and 8 years who had no prior history of dry mouth or mouth breathing, were definitely positive or positive based on Frankl Behavioral Rating Scale, had at least one pair of matched bilateral primary molars and/or permanent first molars in close contact with the adjacent tooth, and were free of restorations and frank cavitation. Each patient evaluated all 3 techniques. The pain and discomfort ratings were obtained by the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale immediately after taking 2 standardised BW radiographs or undergoing use of DIAGNOcam and 2 days after temporary teeth separation with elastic separators by a single trained and experienced paediatric dentist. Results: The DIAGNOcam procedure resulted in much higher pain and discomfort (3.69 ± 3.10) than the other 2 diagnostic techniques. Within-participant pain and discomfort scored significantly higher with DIAGNOcam compared to BW radiographs (P < .001) and temporary teeth separation (P = .002). Conclusions: The DIAGNOcam diagnostic technique caused much more pain and discomfort than BW radiographs and temporary teeth separation using orthodontic elastic separators. The report is part of a randomised clinical trial that was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT03685058.

Simple Summary: Conventional closed face masks (CFMs) are used in radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) and brain cancer (BC) but can cause discomfort and anxiety, affecting the patient experience. Recently, open-face masks (OFMs) have been introduced as an alternative. This study reviews and explores the application and use of OFMs in the treatment of HNC and BC, analyzing 19 relevant studies. The analysis shows heterogeneity in the type of OFMs used, especially in BC. In some cases, they are used alone, while in others, they are combined with complementary devices such as mouth bites. For both treatment sites, the review shows that OFMs, especially in combination with surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT), offer significant advantages in terms of patient comfort and positioning accuracy. The results suggest that OFMs can achieve sub-millimeter and sub-degree reproducibility, which supports their clinical integration. Introduction: The main goal of radiotherapy (RT) is to deliver a precise dose to the target while sparing the surrounding normal tissue and minimizing side effects. Appropriate patient immobilization is crucial, especially for head and neck cancer (HNC) and Brain Cancer (BC). Conventional closed-face masks (CFMs), while effective in minimizing head motion, can cause significant discomfort, anxiety, and claustrophobia. Open-face masks (OFMs) have been developed to increase patient comfort while providing precise immobilization. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews and the Arskey and O'Malley framework, an electronic search of EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science was conducted to identify original studies reporting the use and description of OFMs in clinical practice up to April 2024. The inclusion criteria were English-language articles focusing on OFMs for HNC and BC patients undergoing RT. Results: Of 618 titles, 19 articles fulfilled the selection criteria. Most studies were comparative (n = 13) or observational (n = 6). The articles were categorized by treatment site, resulting in three groups: BC (n = 14, 68.4%), HNC (n = 4, 21.4%), and mixed (n = 2, 10.5%), which includes both BC and HNC. Of note, 82.4% (n = 16) of the included studies were published from 2020 onwards, emphasizing the recent adoption of OFM in clinical practice. Conclusions: The reviewed studies show that OFMs, in combination with SGRT, offer significant advantages in terms of patient comfort and positioning accuracy in HNC and BC treatments. Reproducibility in the sub-millimeter and sub-degree range can be achieved, which supports the use of OFMs in clinical practice. Future research should explore innovative combinations of immobilization and monitoring to further improve RT outcomes and ensure precise treatment while increasing patient comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A baby's first spoken communication comes through crying. Before learning to convey their psychological/physiological needs or feelings using language, babies typically express how they feel by crying. Crying is a reaction to an inducement like pain, discomfort or hunger. Nevertheless, it is difficult sometimes to understand why a baby is crying. This will be annoying for a parents/guardian/caretaker, and therefore in this work, we are proposing an infant cry analysis and classification system to classify the kinds of crying of babies to assist parents/guardian/caretaker and attend to the needs of the babies. Presently, five distinct kinds of infant cries are identified: hunger (Neh), belly pain (Eairh), tiredness (Owh), discomfort (Heh) and burping (Eh). The database of this study consists of 456 audio recordings of 7 s each of 0–22-week-old babies. Feature extraction from each crying frame is carried out using Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and the sequential forward floating selection is later used to choose highly discriminative features. Support Vector Machine and Random Forest classifiers are used for classification of infant crying. The results of the experiments has shown the performance of the proposed system with a accuracy of classification of 78% and 90.8% for Support Vector Machine and Random forest classifiers respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we hypothesized that safety footwear (SF) impacts gait patterns, potentially contributing to the podiatric symptoms reported by workers. The purpose of this work was to compare the gait analyses of workers wearing SF and sneakers using inertial sensors while also examining the occurrence of foot problems. Methods: A consecutive cohort of workers from different occupational sectors who wore SF during their work shifts were prospectively assessed through a gait analysis. The gait analysis was conducted under two conditions: first, while wearing SF, and second, while wearing sneakers. In both conditions, inertial sensors were used (Wiva® MOB). Participants also underwent a podiatric physical examination to evaluate foot problems. Results: This study shows that SF resulted in a worsening gait pattern compared to sneakers in both genders. The impact was particularly pronounced in female participants, resulting in a significant decline in walking speed and cadence. Discomfort was reported by 83.3% of participants, with a higher prevalence in females (46.6% vs. 36.6%). The SF group exhibited an elevated prevalence of foot problems, with no significant gender variations. It seems that foot problems are more likely to occur when a foot deformity, such as flat or cavus foot or hallux valgus, is present. Conclusions: This study suggests that SF may contribute to the reported podiatric symptoms among workers. Certain footwear characteristics, including weight, mis-fit, and inadequate design, may be factors associated with footwear discomfort and adverse gait patterns, potentially leading to increased foot problems among workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the process of co-producing an animated film about the migration journeys of Colombian women resident in Antofagasta, Chile. It first establishes the relationship between feminist epistemologies and arts-based methodologies, which hinges on embodiment. It then turns to a detailed discussion of using film co-production as a research method for accessing and expressing embodied experiences of migration. This discussion highlights how moments of discomfort (Gokariksel, Hawkins, Neubert, and Smith, 2021) experienced by the researcher motivated the search for a more collaborative methodological approach that was better attuned to lived experience. This included striving towards more inclusive practices with respect to recruitment, anonymity, and confidentiality. Moments of discomfort also revealed how care and caring responsibilities are entangled with research, and how they gender possibilities of participation and production for community co-producers and artists, as well as for researchers. Finally, through discomfort, lessons were learned about the politics of representing experiences of migration, violence, and endurance, as well as joy. The paper concludes that, whilst by no means a panacea, collaborative arts-based research methods can offer an innovative toolset for exploring embodied experience and for navigating the relational and representational complexities attendant to research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigative interviews are critical to both the investigative process and its subsequent outcome. It is not uncommon, however, for interviewees to be reluctant to disclose all that they can remember due to negative feelings (e.g. shame, embarrassment). To overcome such feelings and facilitate detailed disclosures, researchers and practitioners across a variety of professional contexts have advocated for the use of rapport building. There exists little research, however, where rapport building has been experimentally evaluated within an ecologically valid paradigm. Within the current study, participants underwent an interview regarding a topic that we be believed to be inherently uncomfortable to discuss (i.e. details of their self-pleasuring behaviours) and were questioned using either a Rapport or No Rapport approach. Across N = 39 participants, results indicated (1) the outlined paradigm may be an effective method of examining interviewing tactics in an ecologically valid manner and (2) establishing rapport is an effective method of overcoming feelings of discomfort and facilitating disclosures. Practical and theoretical implications, as well as potential next steps are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the effectiveness of various design strategies in alleviating the impacts of heatwaves in the Mediterranean region, focusing on a densely populated post-refugee urban area in Greece. By analyzing five different design scenarios, the study aims to identify the most efficient approach to mitigate thermal stress outdoors. The five design scenarios include changes in albedo values and coatings and alterations in the number and type of trees. The methodology includes a literature review, field work and microclimate simulations with the use of ENVI-met 5.6.1. The study evaluates ENVI-met data through potential air temperature, PET and UTCI analysis. The experimental results indicate that the most effective strategy is associated with urban greening. In particular, increasing tree cover considerably reduces air temperature, PET and UTCI values by 4 to 10 degrees Celsius. This finding highlights the potential of urban greening to enhance thermal comfort and combat heatwave effects. The research findings may be useful to landscape architects and urban designers, in light of a more climate-responsive urban design in the Mediterranean region. Future research may also assess the combined impact of multiple mitigation strategies on a larger scale, informing evidence-based policies for heatwave resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers in Lady Agatha's Boarding School (Lady Agatha's) find teaching Sex and Relationships Education (RSE) uncomfortable. This paper investigates one aspect of the discomfort that they feel, namely the impact RSE has on their professional status as teachers. I use focus group data to reflect on the professional and personal location of teachers at Lady Agatha's and to explore their understanding of RSE through the recurring themes of professionalism and professional reputation as symbolic capital; deprofessionalisation and risk as symbolic violence; and the connects and disconnects between the doxa and illusio of the school. Findings suggest that by interrogating the sites of symbolic violence which generate RSE discomfort, we can start to unpick the fabric which creates discomfort about RSE, allowing both for a deeper understanding of RSE discomfort in teachers and an opportunity to address this discomfort as a barrier to RSE delivery at Lady Agatha's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard work like climbing a tall coconut tree while balancing and stretching the whole body increases musculoskeletal discomfort and pain. Scratches, cuts and dermatitis problems cause serious health problems. Injury and accidents badly affect the human body, reducing farmers' productivity and quality of work. Sometimes, they are physically incapable of performing such work or die. Sometimes, disasters and environmental conditions have a negative impact on coconut farming. The main aim of this study was to calculate the discomfort level of coconut farmers in the coastal districts of Odisha using the QEC (quick exposure checkup) tool of Ergofellow 3.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Western thinking, the binary gender system has long held a central position, often side-lining identities that exist beyond this binary framework. This facet of gender discourse frequently leads to the omission of non-binary individuals from discourses not only of gender, but more broadly of societal concern. As a result, it is not unusual for these individuals to experience discomfort, both in respect of their gender identity and in relation to societal expectations, often leading to gender dysphoria. It is no chance, in light of the above, that clinical definitions and comprehension of gender dysphoria predominantly center on a binary understanding of gender, even though the experience of gender dysphoria extends beyond this binary framework. Over the past decade, social-media platforms have emerged as dynamic arenas where non-binary individuals can openly express their gender identities. In this context, social-media holds considerable influence as a potent tool (Angouri, 2021) for the construction and portrayal of non-binary identities online. Within this discourse, the articulation of discomfort with one's own physical appearance seems to be a recurring theme. This study explores the articulation of emotional discomfort among non-binary YouTubers, in relation to their gender experience. It employs a methodology relying on Corpus Assisted Discourse Studies (Gillings et al., 2023), using the Sketch Engine software (Kilgarrif et al., 2014), to identify distinctive lexical patterns that characterize the expression of discomfort and dysphoria. The dataset includes YouTube videos from five channels owned by non-binary YouTubers, which could be considered, by virtue of their content and stated purpose, as explicit non-binary communicative gender performances. The paper primarily investigates how discourse surrounding suffering and discomfort contributes to the portrayal of non-binary identities in online spaces, and seeks to observe whether the expression of this discomfort can be construed as a means of seeking validation for these identities within the social-media domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cancer patients try to find answers in the light of their individual experiences and if they cannot adapt in line with the answers, various psychiatric symptoms may occur. There are studies supporting that "forgiveness" helps reduce the emotional burden of patients with cancer in their ability to discomfort intolerance of the disease, find meaning in the life. The aim of this study is to evaluate forgiveness, discomfort intolerance, and psychiatric symptoms in cancer patients. Methods: The data of this study, which was conducted with 208 cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy treatment, Personal Information Form was collected with Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Discomfort Intolerance Scale. Result: It has been determined that cancer patients have a high level of forgiveness, a moderate tolerance to tolerate discomfort, and enable low level of occurrence of psychiatric symptoms. As the level of self-forgiveness and forgiveness of patients increases, the incidence of psychiatric symptoms decreases. Conclusion: In line with the findings, it can be thought that the high level of forgiveness of cancer patients towards their illness allows them to experience less psychiatric symptoms and increase their tolerance to the disorder. Awareness of both patients and healthcare personnel can be increased by preparing training programs that address forgiveness in individuals diagnosed with cancer in healthcare institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeMethodsResultsConclusionsTo analyze changes in tear levels of inflammatory mediators in symptomatic contact lens (CL) wearers after refitting with daily disposable CLs and to identify potential biomarkers of success in CL discomfort (CLD) management.Symptomatic CL wearers (CLDEQ-8 ≥ 12) were refitted (V1) with daily disposable CLs (Delefilcon A). After one month (V2), participants were classified into the post-fitting non-symptomatic (CLDEQ <12) and symptomatic (CLDEQ ≥12) groups. At each visit, the participants were clinically evaluated, tears were collected, and 20 inflammatory mediators and substance P (SP) were measured using multiplex immunobead analysis and ELISA, respectively. The detection rates and concentrations were compared between visits and groups, and logistic regression models were performed.Forty-three subjects (32 women/11 men; mean age: 23.2 ± 4.9 years) were enrolled. The IL-1β and IL-9 detection rates were higher at V2 (p ≤ 0.044). The detection rates of IL-1β, IL-9, MIP-1α/CCL3, and MMP-9 at V1 (p ≤ 0.045) and IL-17A at V2 (p ≤ 0.014) were higher in the post-fitting symptomatic group. The tear IL-9 concentration was increased at V2 (p = 0.018). The tear concentrations of fractalkine/CX3CL1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-3/CCL7, MIP-1β, NGF, RANTES/CCL5, and TNF-α were higher in the post-fitting symptomatic group (p ≤ 0.044). Additionally, levels of fractalkine/CX3CL1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, RANTES/CCL5, and TNF-α at V1 were significantly associated with the post-fitting grouping (p ≤ 0.044).Low tear concentrations of specific inflammatory mediators may be used as a predictive biomarker of success for refitting symptomatic CL wearers with daily disposable CLs. However, complementary treatments might be required for symptomatic CL wearers with higher levels of these inflammatory molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal discomfort among two-wheeler riders; however, musculoskeletal discomfort refers to pain, discomfort, or impairment in the muscles, bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, or other structures that support the body's movement. It is a common problem experienced by individuals involved in various physical activities, including motorcycle riding. Methods: This investigation was longitudinal research in which the Nordic muscular questionnaire (NMQ) was used to rule out the possibility of musculoskeletal disorders in motorcyclists. In Karachi, Pakistan, data were collected beginning in September of 2021 and continuing through February of 2022 using the convenience sampling method. Sixty-four individuals made up the sample. Participants were males ranging between the ages of 19 and 50 who rode standard motorcycles for their commute for about 6 to 8 h daily. Participants who had a tumor, an infection, or other comorbid are excluded. Results: Sixty-four participants were included in this study, out of which 40 (62.5%) reported difficulty and discomfort in their neck, followed by their lower back (48.5%), shoulders (34.4%), and hips (26.6%). Sixteen motorcyclists (25%) complained wrist pain. When asked out their level of discomfort. However, 51.6% of individuals experienced lower back pain at the 12th month, while 46.9% had neck pain. 28.1%, 17.2%, and 14.1% reported shoulder, hip, and upper back discomfort. 51.6% of individuals had not seen a specialist for lower back symptoms. Lower back, neck, shoulders, and hip have been affected the longest, according to participants. Conclusion: In conclusion, motorcyclists had a substantially greater rate of musculoskeletal problems than other drivers. Regulating musculoskeletal disorders in motorcyclists helps reduce symptoms and clinical indications of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent past, practical blood flow restriction (pBFR) using non-pneumatic, usually elastic cuffs has been established as a cost-effective alternative to traditional blood flow restriction (BFR) using pneumatic cuffs, especially for training in large groups. This study investigated whether low-load resistance exercise with perceptually primed pBFR using an elastic knee wrap is suitable to induce similar motor performance fatigue as well as physiological and perceptual responses compared to traditional BFR using a pneumatic nylon cuff in males and females. In a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over study, 30 healthy subjects performed 4 sets (30 - 15 - 15 - 15 repetitions) of unilateral knee extensions at 20% of their one-repetition-maximum. In the pBFR condition, each individual was perceptually primed to a BFR pressure corresponding to 60% of their arterial occlusion pressure. Before and after exercise, maximal voluntary torque, maximal muscle activity, and cuff pressure-induced discomfort were assessed. Moreover, physiological (i.e., muscle activity, muscle oxygenation) and perceptual responses (i.e., effort and exercise-induced leg muscle pain) were recorded during exercise. Moderate correlations with no differences between pBFR and BFR were found regarding the decline in maximal voluntary torque and maximal muscle activity. Furthermore, no to very strong correlations between conditions, with no differences, were observed for muscle activity, muscle oxygenation, and perceptual responses during exercise sets. However, cuff pressure-induced discomfort was lower in the pBFR compared to the BFR condition. These results indicate that low-load resistance exercise combined with perceptually primed pBFR is a convenient and less discomfort inducing alternative to traditional BFR. This is especially relevant for BFR training with people who have a low cuff-induced discomfort tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the impact of DryShield isolation (DSI) and rubber dam isolation (RDI) system usage on vital signs, behavior, pain and discomfort, and chairside time required among children with different airway patencies based on the Modified Mallampati Classification (MMC). Healthy, cooperative children who required fissure sealant in at least two contralateral, fully erupted, permanent first molars were included. Airway patency was determined by two trained and calibrated dentists using the MMC. The participants were categorized based on their MMC scores into patent airways (classes I and II) and non-patent airways (classes III and IV). The dental procedure was videotaped during treatment, and vital signs, including arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure, were recorded every 3 min. The participants' subjective pain and discomfort were evaluated using a previously validated Arabic interview questionnaire and a validated Arabic version of the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. The participants' behavior and behavioral pain were evaluated utilizing the Frankl Behavior Scale and the face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability scales, respectively. There were no significant differences in any of the vital signs between DSI and RDI. DSI use yielded a significant reduction in chairside time (P < 0.001) and was more bothersome (P < 0.001) than RDI use among all participants, regardless of airway patency. DSI was associated with significantly better behavior during the dental procedure (P = 0.002) and less behavioral pain (P < 0.001) among all participants, regardless of airway patency. Irrespective of airway patency, DSI outperformed RDI in terms of behavior, pain, and procedure duration; however, DSI was characterized by noise, pressure on soft tissues, and an increased tendency to induce gag reflexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for virus handling has the side effect of heat stress, which requires intervention to improve. This study aimed to evaluate the comfort of a newly designed PPE ensemble for virus handling. Three types of PPE ensembles were tested: reg-ular PPE as a control, PPE plus breathable cooling wear (cooling wear), and PPE plus a portable airflow cooling device (cooling device). Twelve participants simulated six activities, including physical activities, activities requiring concentration, and manual dexterity activities, for one hour. The microclimate conditions, perceived discomfort, and physiological responses were measured after each experimental activity. The results show that the use of cooling wear and a cooling device had a significant effect on the microclimate conditions, perceived comfort, and physiological responses of users, proving superior to the use of regular PPE. A cooling device can improve the microclimate more than cooling wear, thereby directly increasing perceived comfort and decreasing physiological responses. It can be concluded that the use of cooling wear and a cooling device effectively increases the comfort of wearing PPE. The cooling device is more suitable for use in tropical climates with hot and humid characteristics, so it is a better choice than cooling wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affect is generally characterised as distinct from, and detrimental to, reason in investment appraisal. This paper, in contrast, illustrates that affect is integral to reasoning, particularly when uncertainty disturbs investment appraisal. Investment appraisals produce uncertain projections about the future, which generate discomfort. This causes actors to undertake adaptive activities to craft calculations they can become comfortable with, which we characterise as epistemic participation and shaping the politics of expectations. These activities constitute a dualistic fusion of comfort and reason: discomfort initiates and informs reasoning to regain comfort. We further show the effects of the laborious efforts accompanying this accretion of both knowledge and comfort. Our arguments are supported by an analysis of investment appraisal for a 30‐year capital project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are in a new landscape in performer training in the UK in 2024. Student and staff well-being has been seriously impacted by five years of covid-related and socio-political tension. This context has resulted in increased incidents of mental distress, and increased complaints concerning training techniques, peer oppression and materials covered. Moreover, we are working in a field where the students' bodies and positionalities are the basis for their 'work'. Actor Trainers are charged with developing the performance techniques of students by centring their identity and agency, whilst navigating the particular tension between wellbeing, comfort, and individual boundaries. Aligning myself with Thompson and Carello's guide for 'Trauma Informed Pedagogy' (2022); I reflect upon some practical approaches that may be taken to celebrate students' positionality, recognise the impacts of trauma (in tutors and students) and seed self-awareness and agency for both through knowledge, understanding and resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncomfortable sensations that arise during virtual reality (VR) use have always been among the industry’s biggest challenges. While certain VR-induced effects, such as cybersickness, have garnered a lot of interest from academia and industry over the years, others have been overlooked and underresearched. Recently, the research community has been calling for more holistic approaches to studying the issue of VR discomfort. Focusing on active VR gaming, our article presents the results of two user studies with a total of 40 participants. Incorporating state-of-the-art VR-specific measures (the Simulation Task Load Index—SIM-TLX, Cybersickness Questionnaire—CSQ, Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire—VRSQ) into our methodology, we examined workload, musculoskeletal discomfort, device-related discomfort, cybersickness, and changes in reaction time following VR gameplay. Using a set of six different active VR games (three per study), we attempted to quantify and compare the prevalence and intensity of VR-induced symptoms across different genres and game mechanics. Varying between individuals, as well as games, the diverse symptoms reported in our study highlight the importance of including measures of VR-induced effects other than cybersickness into VR gaming user studies, while questioning the suitability of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ)—arguably the most prevalent measure of VR discomfort in the field—for use with active VR gaming scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: International guidelines recommend a side-lying recovery position for unresponsive individuals with normal breathing who do not require cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, high-certainty evidence about an optimal recovery position is lacking. Recent guidelines recommend a position with the arm extended rather than bent, hypothesizing that venous drainage in the dependent lower arm might be compromised. This cross-over randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effect of recovery positions with bent or extended arm on perfusion of the lower forearm and comfort. Methods: Eight healthy volunteers were placed in each of the recovery positions for 15 min, in random order, with an interval of 15 min in supine position. Various perfusion indices of the dependent arm were assessed by radial artery tonometry, ulnar artery echo doppler, and venous congestion plethysmography, as well as participant discomfort, pain and skin discoloration. Differences in outcomes were analyzed with linear mixed models. Results: Our study found no statistically significant difference in systolic peripheral arterial pressure in the radial artery, peripheral venous pressure at the back of the hand, oxygen saturation, heart rate, subjective pain and discomfort, when comparing both postures. Participants slightly experienced more skin discoloration in the position with extended arm. Conclusions: We conclude that, since perfusion of the dependent arm was shown to be similar in both positions, both recovery positions can be used. These conclusions fill a gap in evidence and can further support the treatment recommendations regarding the recovery position in first aid settings.

In this article, we will present bias-based bullying episodes shared by Norwegian teachers and preservice teachers when talking about the concept of "discomfort". We also investigate how "discomfort" and "pedagogy of discomfort" as a tool are reflected in teachers' and preservice teachers' prevention and intervention of bias-based bullying episodes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among seven preservice teachers in their last year of teacher education and seven teachers, with 7-24 years of experience, working in Norwegian schools. Our main findings indicate that the pedagogy of discomfort might be a useful tool to prevent and intervene against bias-based bullying by using the feeling of discomfort that bias-based bullying creates in a constructive way. However, while the preservice teachers are inspired by theories of discomfort and social justice education and are motivated to try those theories out in practice, the teachers are not so familiar with these theories and tend to manage discomfort by avoiding them. By getting more familiar with the pedagogy of discomfort, teachers may improve the classroom atmosphere and make it easier to explore difficult topics in a way that creates room for differences and inclusion, strengthens students' and teachers' ability to engage in critical thinking, and thus lowers the risk of bias-based bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mining industry, dumper operators are exposed to combined noise and vibration, leading to discomfort. Dumpers are heavy earth-moving machines that are used for carrying bulky material in mining industries. Dumper operators are exposed to physical hazards such as vibration, noise, heat, and humidity, throughout their lifetime of work. Fifty-four dumper operators working in mines were selected for this study. Noise was measured as per the guidelines of the Directorate General Mining Safety, India, and whole-body vibration was measured as per the guidelines of ISO 2631-1::1997. Noise Pro DLX, Type 2 noise dosimeters were used for the measurement of personal noise exposure while SV-106 six channels vibration meters were used for whole body vibration (WBV) exposure measurement. Discomfort was calculated using the regression equation developed by Huang and Griffin (2014). The total discomfort level of mine operators was about 192. A predictive equation was derived by using a regression model to determine the contribution of individual variables causing discomfort. It was observed that for every unit increase in noise (LAeq), discomfort increased by 10.20 units, a one-unit increase in vibration (A (8)) led to a 51.7-unit increase in discomfort, while an increase of one unit of exposure time increased the discomfort level by 5.24 units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the expression levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Toll receptor 4 (TLR4) in patients with different types of neuropathic pain (NP) and their diagnostic value. Methods: A total of 80 NP patients and 100healthy subjects admitted to our hospital from May 2021 to May 2022 were selected as the study subjects. NP patients were included in the NP group, and healthy subjects were included in the control group. The neuropathic pain scale (NPS) was used to distinguish the nature of pain in the NP group (20 cases of dull pain, 28 cases of discomfort, 17 cases of deep pain, and 15 cases of body surface pain) . The expression levels of serum BDNF and TLR4 in the two groups of patients and patients with different types of pain in the NP group were detected. Bivariate Spearman correlation was used to test the correlation between serum BDNF, TLR4 and different types of pain in NP.At the same time, a multivariate Logistic model was established to analyze the influencing factors of different types of pain in NP and compare their diagnostic efficacy. Results: Compared with the control group, the expression level of serum BDNF in NP group was lower,and the expression level of TLR4 was higher (P＜0.05) . There were significant differences in the expression levels of serum BDNF and TLR4 in NP dull pain, discomfort, deep pain and body surface pain (P＜0.05) . Serum BDNF was negatively correlated with NP dull pain,discomfort, deep pain and body surface pain, while serum TLR4 was positively correlated with NP dull pain, discomfort, deep pain and body surface pain (P＜0.05) . Logistic multivariate analysis showed that BDNF and TLR4 were independent risk factors for NP dull pain,discomfort, deep pain and body surface pain (P＜0.05) . The ACU of serum BDNF, TLR4 and BDNF + TLR4 for NP dull pain, discomfort,deep pain and body surface pain were all＞0.70. Conclusion: Serum BDNF and TLR4 are associated with NP of blunt pain, discomfort,deep pain, and body surface pain. They have high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of different NP properties, which is beneficial to provide reference for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to research on citizenship and belonging in the post-Brexit white East European migration to the UK. It explores wearing a garment as an act of citizenship and an embodied methodology. It is formed of two interrelated parts: the first presents the argument that wearing a particular garment at a specific spatio-temporal juncture can be considered an act of citizenship. The second part proposes wearing as an affective method in researching citizenship that has the potential to explore the sensory and emotional dimensions of (non)belonging. White embodiments and discomfort are two threads that connect the main arguments. The article builds on autoethnographic notes made after preparing for a job interview as a white East European woman wearing a Victorian male costume while travelling from East to South London in the wake of the General Election on 12 December 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]