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El proceso del perdón a uno mismo se dificulta cuando nuestra conducta ha dañado a otro de forma muy intensa e injusta y es disonante con nuestros valores o principios. Esta experiencia amenaza la propia identidad y pone en marcha mecanismos de autoprotección para conservar un autoconcepto aceptable. Desde un enfoque individual y recogiendo las aportaciones de la psicología del perdón, el artículo ofrece claves para comprender el proceso de perdón a uno mismo en el victimario de abuso sexual infantil (ASI): revisa brevemente el alcance del daño infligido, para comprender la dificultad de la tarea y las defensas y resistencias presentes durante el proceso, presenta en detalle dos mecanismos de protección con frecuencia presentes en los victimarios ASI y termina identificando los pasos del proceso de perdón a uno mismo que permitirían al victimario reconstruir una identidad aceptable desde el pleno reconocimiento de la ofensa y su responsabilidad.

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Mexico is in a state of epidemiological emergency due to the prevalence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). The increase in glucose levels and the complications from the disease highlight the need for the patient to modify their lifestyle. Implementing effective interventions in modifying behaviors and thoughts associated with lifestyle changes is essential. In order to measure the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral intervention to improve lifestyle and reduce cognitive distortions about the disease in patients with DM2, a pre-experimental study with pre-test and post-test of a single group was carried out. An increase resulted in a large effect size in the nutrition subscales, information on diabetes, therapeutic adherence, and the total lifestyle scale. Also, a substantial reduction occurred in the dichotomous thinking subscale and the total cognitive distortions of the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire to Assess Cognitive Distortions by Lerma et al. In conclusion, results suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy is a valuable resource in changing lifestyles and thoughts in DM2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Intimate partner violence against women is a widespread form of gender-based violence present in societies of all types. Among the possible factors implicated in its existence are gender stereotypes and cognitive distortions of a sexist or violence-justifying nature. Thus, a general population survey was designed with the aim of studying gender differences in the acceptance of gender roles and stereotypes, and violence against women in intimate relationships. Method: A total of 391 participants from the general population (61.9% women) aged from 18 to 67, responded to measures of the internalization of gender norms or mandates based on differential socialization, distorted thoughts about women and the use of violence, beliefs about intimate partner violence, and social desirability. Results: Men scored higher on different types of sexism and stereotypes, on stereotypes related to motherhood, and romantic love generally attributed to women. Converse, no gender differences in the justification of violence were observed. Likewise, no significant differences were found for the educational level factor. Conclusions: The implications of the results for the contents of prevention and intervention programmes asre discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the consolidation of the cognitive psychology and its diffusion around the world, the cognitions have taken a place of great relevance in order to explain a large variety of psychological events and phenomena. Nowadays the cognitive psychology is the dominant paradigm in the wide world of psychology, including obviously the Ibero-american countries. One construct that had been used in the field of clinical and forensic psychology is related to cognitive distortions, which have predictive power over the violent and aggressive behavior in children, adolescents, and adult people (Peña & Andreu, 2012). The cognitive distortions can be defined as a kind of negative and irrational cognitions (Ellis, 1999) that are used to explain or justify the aggressive behavior, and they are also linked to delinquent behavior (Roncero et al., 2016). Cognitive distortions can be classified in two types: self-serving and self-debasing cognitive distortions. In the first case, there are four types of self-serving cognitive distortions: Self-centered, Blaming others, Minimizing/Mislabeling, and Assuming the worst. In the second case, there are also four self-debasing cognitive distortions: Catastrophizing, Over-generalizing, Personalizing, and Selective abstraction. Both types have great influence in people's beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors (Barriga et al., 2008). Several instruments have been applied to measure cognitive distortions. Some of them are orientated to measure the self-serving cognitive distortions and some others are orientated to measure the self-debasing type, such as The Cognitive Errors Questionnaire or The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. One of the most used tests to assess the self-serving cognitive distortions is the How I Think Questionnaire, that has been validated in Spanish-speaking population such as Spain, with adequate goodness of fit indexes and reliability; but there is not a validated version in Peru (Rojas et al., 2019). The present research pretends to analyze the psychometrical properties of the How I Think Questionnaire, a mental test that measures the cognitive distortions. Following that aim, this instrument was applied in a sample of adolescents from Arequipa (Peru), comprised of 2 803 middle and upper High School students (48.9 % female and 51.1 % male) between 13 and 19 years old. The version used of the How I Think Questionnaire was the one developed and validated by Barriga and Gibbs (1996), which has 54 items with five levels of Likert's scale response. The psychometrical process implies the analysis of validity by confirmatory factor analysis, reliability by the internal consistency method, and factorial invariance according to the sex of the adolescents that participated in the sample. The psychometrical results indicate that the How I Think Questionnaire possesses construct validity with three factors: Blaming others/Assuming the worst (which contains two factors from the original version), Minimizing and Self-Centered. It also has adequate reliability indexes, estimated by McDonald's Omega Test, and there are no trends to male or female scores according to the factorial invariance applied, taking sex as a comparison criterion. It is concluded that the How I Think Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess Peruvian adolescents who live in Arequipa, although it presents some variations compared to its original structure. And the How I Think Questionnaire can be applied in male and female adolescents from Arequipa without the risk of biased scores. However, it is recommendable to perform new psychometric studies that include adolescent's samples from all of Peru to obtain a standardized version for the Peruvian population that could be used in several fields of psychological work. The version presented in this research is a useful instrument to assess cognitive distortions in educational, social, and forensic psychology, by mental health specialists in Arequipa Metropolitan City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Esta investigación estudia la relación entre Dependencia Emocional y Distorsiones Cognitivas en mujeres víctimas de violencia conyugal. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo de alcance correlacional. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 42 mujeres con edades comprendidas entre 18 a 54 años víctimas de Violencia Doméstica quienes asisten a instituciones públicas que brindan asistencia jurídica y psicológica a estas personas. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional y el Inventario de Pensamientos Automáticos. El análisis de datos se realizó con el programa estadístico SPSS 20. Los resultados indican que existen relaciones positivas entre la mayoría de las dimensiones de dependencia emocional y los tipos de distorsiones cognitivas.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la aceptación de creencias distorsionadas sobre los roles de género y sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en una muestra de futuros y futuras docentes de España y Latinoamérica. Metodología: La metodología del estudio ha sido cuantitativa y el diseño, transversal. El muestreo fue intencional y no probabilístico. Participaron 2395 docentes en formación de universidades y centros de formación superior de Argentina, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, España y México. La información se recolectó por medio de un cuestionario estructurado que incluyó el Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y el Uso de la Violencia - Revisado (Echeburúa et al., 2016). Los análisis empleados (chi-cuadrado, t de Student y ANOVA) han permitido evaluar la influencia del sexo y del país. Resultados: Los resultados reportan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los países de la muestra en la aceptación de las creencias distorsionadas. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres, tienden a presentar más distorsiones cognitivas sobre los roles de género y la violencia íntima de pareja contra las mujeres. Conclusión: El sistema educativo es uno de los principales agentes socializadores, por lo que la formación del profesorado en materia de igualdad es esencial para eliminar los sesgos de género y contribuir al fomento de una sociedad libre de violencia contra las mujeres.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer las distorsiones cognitivas referentes a la inferioridad de las mujeres, la culpabilización, la desresponsabilización y creencias erróneas sobre los roles sexuales que legitiman la violencia como forma de solucionar los conflictos. Método: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo y comparativo entre mujeres y hombres, en las regiones sureste, suroeste y norte de la República Dominicana, con una muestra de 2,045 participantes, un 69.34 % (n = 1,418) mujeres y 30.66 % (n = 627) hombres, mayores de 18 años y de nacionalidad dominicana. La edad media de la muestra fue de 41.5 años (rango: 18 – 82, DT = 12.8). Resultados: aunque hombres y mujeres presentaron distorsiones cognitivas, los hombres mostraron una mayor presencia de distorsiones. En cambio, entre las regiones no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a la presencia de distorsiones. Conclusiones: la población dominicana presentó distorsiones cognitivas acerca de la mujer y el uso de la violencia, lo que supone un sesgo cultural de género. Analizar las distorsiones cognitivas puede ser de utilidad en campañas publicitarias de prevención y concienciación sobre la violencia contra la pareja.

Introduction: Cognitive distortions of child sexual offenders have been researched because they might be the foundation for tort conduct. Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze cognitive distortions in individuals convicted for statutory rape against children and/or teenagers and verify connections with their family of origin, early maladaptive schema, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, as well as to assess the predictive power of these variables in the occurrence of cognitive distortions. Method: this was a descriptive, correlational and explanatory research performed with 49 men currently serving time without parole. The following instruments were administered: Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, as well as a documentary review of the legal proceedings of the participants. Results: the study revealed connections between cognitive distortions and substance abuse by the father (r=0,417; p=0,034), as well as vulnerability to harm (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectiveness (r=0,405; p=0,013), and grandiosity (r=0,339; p=0,040) schema. The vulnerability to harm scheme was the only predictive variable for cognitive distortions, accounting for 73,4 % of the variance. Conclusion: importance of analyzing cognitive distortions in child sexual victimizers and the possibility of schema therapy as an alternative treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este estudio era analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Children’s Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CNCEQ) en una muestra de población joven. El CNCEQ es uno de los procedimientos de autoinforme más utilizados para medir cuatro tipos de distorsión cognitiva (pensamiento catastrófico, sobregeneralización, personalización y abstracción selectiva) en tres áreas de contenido (social, académica y deportiva). A pesar de ello, no existen estudios que analicen las propiedades del instrumento entre los jóvenes. El estudio utilizó una amplia muestra (N = 2040; entre 12 y 22 años; 50,7% hombres y 47,3% mujeres) de diferentes centros educativos. La validez de constructo se evaluó mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio, y la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. También se realizaron contrastes de medias para evaluar la validez discriminante y se llevó a cabo un análisis de correlación y regresión para explorar la validez de criterio. Los resultados indican que el CNCEQ permite evaluar las distorsiones cognitivas autodegradantes entre los jóvenes con suficientes garantías psicométricas. Su uso por parte de los profesores les permitirá adaptar sus actividades para tener en cuenta la presencia de distorsiones cognitivas entre sus estudiantes.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la asociación entre distorsiones cognitivas y estrés laboral en el personal de salud pública. El estudio tomó un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo no experimental y transversal de alcance descriptivo-correlacional. Se aplicó el Inventario de Pensamientos Automáticos (IPA) de Ruiz y Luján (1991); y el Cuestionario para la evaluación del estrés construido por Villalobos (2010), citado por el Ministerio de la Protección Social (MPS, 2010), a un total de 92 profesionales del campo de la salud pública. Se llevaron a cabo tres tipos de análisis: descriptivo, inferencial y de asociación. Se obtuvieron frecuencias, porcentajes y medidas de tendencia central en donde se aplicó el Chi cuadrado para establecer las relaciones estadísticamente significativas con un nivel de significancia del .05. Finalmente se utilizó el Odds Ratio (OR) para determinar la probabilidad de ocurrencia. Como principales resultados se obtuvieron 24 relaciones estadísticamente significativas con las 15 distorsiones cognitivas relacionados con 3 de las 4 dimensiones del estrés laboral, todos ellos cumpliendo con un nivel de P

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Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre las distorsiones cognitivas y el riesgo de suicidio en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos y colombianos. Método: Este es un estudio descriptivo correlacional, de corte no experimental y transversal. El riesgo de suicidio se estableció con la Escala de Suicidalidad de Okasha y se identificaron las distorsiones cognitivas mediante el Inventario de Pensamientos Automáticos de Ruiz y Lujan. Ambas pruebas se realizaron en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos (n = 200; Colegio Alma Mater) y colombianos (n = 200; Institución educativa Santa Librada) entre los 13 y 18 años de edad. Se seleccionó la muestra mediante un muestreo no probabilístico e intencional, y los participantes se separaron en grupo con riesgo de suicidio y grupo sin riesgo de suicidio (control). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la muestra, y una comparación de las distorsiones cognitivas entre los grupos. Finalmente, el análisis inferencial de los datos identificó la relación e intensidad entre distorsiones cognitivas y riesgo de suicidio. Resultados: Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre las distorsiones cognitivas y riesgo de suicidio, y las siguientes distorsiones presentaron la mayor intensidad en chilenos y colombianos: Filtraje, Interpretación del Pensamiento, Pensamiento Polarizado y Sobregeneralización. La correlación entre los resultados de adolescentes chilenos y colombianos es positiva y alta. Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio permitirán prevenir el riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes chilenos y colombianos mediante la evaluación de estas distorsiones cognitivas, las que también podrán guiar intervenciones psicoterapéuticas reduciendo significativamente la severidad y riesgo de cometer suicidio.

Objetivo. EQUIPAR para Educadores (EpE; DiBiase et al., 2010) es un programa educativo cuyo objetivo es equipar a los jóvenes con habilidades y conocimientos para su vida diaria, a fin de prevenir conductas antisociales. El presente estudio se propone analizar los efectos de la aplicación del programa en las distorsiones cognitivas, el clima de aula y las actuaciones del alumnado en situaciones de acoso escolar. Método. Participaron 123 estudiantes de 3º y 4º de ESO. Se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental pretest/postest con un grupo control (128 estudiantes). Resultados. Se observaron cambios positivos en las actuaciones ante el acoso escolar, pero las distorsiones cognitivas y el clima de aula percibido no mostraron cambios después de la aplicación del programa. Conclusión. Una percepción muy positiva del clima de aula y el bajo nivel de distorsiones cognitivas antes de la intervención podrían explicar la falta de efectos, junto a aspectos relacionados con la implantación del programa EpE.

Background: Given the differential cognitive strategies used by emotional dependents in the present study, it is intended to deepen the analysis of cognitive distortions and the coping strategies most used by young people involved in an affective-dependent relationship. Method: 241 Spanish students, with ages between 16 and 26 years old (M = 19.97; SD = 2.510), have participated in the research. The Emotional Dependence Questionnaire (CDE), the Automatic Thoughts Inventory (IPA) and the COPE-28 Coping Questionnaire have been applied. Results: It has been found that 24.89% of participants have emotional dependence. These young people employ coping strategies such as Social Support, Religion, Denial, Self-Inculpation, Disconnection and Relief, as well as all cognitive distortions evaluated, except the Fallacy of reason, compared to young people without dependence. It has been proven that boys tend to modify their plans and seek attention as representative aspects of dependence. No differences were found in levels of emotional dependence according to age level and relationship time. Conclusions: young people with emotional dependence have a characteristic cognitive profile with cognitive distortions and coping strategies that chronify their differential perception of the affectivedependent relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Students' role in traditional bullying and cyberbullying was investigated in relation to self-serving cognitive distortions (SSCD), perception of school moral climate and bullying observation. Participants were secondary school students from Spain (n = 568; 286 girls) and the Netherlands (n = 421; 223 girls). The results demonstrated that in both country samples, bullies and bully-victims had higher levels of SSCD. Both Spanish and Dutch students who were directly involved in traditional bullying situations showed more negative perceptions of the school moral climate. In cyberbullying situations, bystanders scored higher on school moral climate perception than bullies and bully-victims. Furthermore, school moral climate perception was negatively associated with traditional bullying observation in the group of victims, and with cyberbullying observation in the case of victims and bystanders. The present findings suggest that future research should focus on the cause-effect relations of these factors, which could include measuring the effects on bullying prevalence of an intervention aimed at SSCD reduction in bullies and bystanders and the improvement of the school moral climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de diferentes aportaciones teóricas y empíricas que abordan la relación entre las conductas agresivas y antisociales en la adolescencia y un conjunto de procesos cognitivos distorsionados que interfieren en la percepción y comprensión de los eventos o experiencias sociales. A partir de las diferentes aproximaciones teóricas, en esta revisión se sugiere la necesidad de contar con una perspectiva más integradora que permita una mejor conceptualización y tipificación de estos procesos cognitivos distorsionados, a fin de clarificar la naturaleza y la función específica que cada uno de ellos desempeña en la explicación del comportamiento agresivo y antisocial en adolescentes.

La imperante necesidad de atajar el problema social de la violencia de género, nos obliga a reconducir su planteamiento y tratar de reducir los casos desde la intervención psicológica. La negación de la conducta es denominador común en la mayoría de los casos. En este estudio se intentará que la asunción del problema sea patente a través de las estrategias aportadas. Estudiaremos los resultados del Programa de Intervención para Agresores (PRIA), llevado a cabo en el Centro de Inserción Social (C.I.S) de Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz) con hombres condenados por delitos de violencia de género. Desde el paradigma cognitivo-conductual veremos la efectividad del tratamiento sobre las distorsiones cognitivas preconcebidas, como detonante favorecedor de las acciones violentas, sin olvidar la motivación al cambio de los usuarios. Para ello, se realizó una evaluación pretest-postest con objeto de obtener las diferencias encontradas antes y después de la aplicación del programa. Los datos recogidos nos ofrecen una ligera tendencia positiva tanto en la evolución de las distorsiones cognitivas con respecto a la mujer, como en el uso de la violencia como estrategia para la resolución de conflictos, aunque el tamaño de la muestra nos limita para poder generalizar los resultados.

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There are few studies on pathological gambling (PG) tests and prevalence for Colombian population. The aim of this paper was to obtain both psychometric properties of the Pathological Gambling Short Questionnaire (PGSQ), as well as to calculate the prevalence of pathological gambling (PG) for a non-randomized sample of university and technical courses from all Colombian capital cities. Results showed a PGSQ good internal reliability (0.74) and convergent validity with a cognitive distortions indicator -r(5618)= 0.462, p < 0.001-. The prevalence of possible pathological gamblers was similar to other studies which have used broader measures of pathological gambling (19.2%). Men, youngest people and members of low social class had higher scores in PG. According to these results, it should be confirmed PG prevalence with other measures, in order to boost legal and socio-health actions for prevention of PG in high risk groups and to know utility of PGSQ for Colombian clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1994 batterer intervention programs are implemented in Spain in cases of intimate partner violence against women, initially of a puntual mode and increasingly in a widespread form. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects that the intervention programs implemented in Spain with batterers in cases of intimate partner violence have on cognitive distortions, measured by the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts on Women and Violence (IPDMV). A systematic review of the scientific literature identified a total of 182 records, corresponding to studies realized in Spain and published between 1994 and January 2014. Of these, 7 records, reporting from 10 interventions, were included in the meta-analytic study. The results show that these programs get results inconclusive, and even contradictory in their effects on cognitive distortions. These results as well as its scope and limitations are discussed, particularly in relation to the measuring instrument applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study are: (a) adapt the Gambling Cognition Inventory (GCI) to a nonrandom sample of Colombian students (n=4.300) from all regions of the country, (b) study the prevalence of cognitive distortions on games of chance and (c) compare the scores in accordance with sex, socioeconomic level and age. In the results, the scale showed good internal reliability and a one-dimensional structure. Around 50% of the subjects showed 2 to 7 cognitive distortions, and the highest scores in the GCI were observed in men, in persons of lower social classes, in the youngest and in those who thought that if they won much money, all their problems would be solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo corresponde al reporte de un estudio de caso único sobre el homicidio cometido por una adolescente en perjuicio de sus padres. Se analizan variables como los factores psicosociales, las motivaciones, los esquemas de pensamiento y las distorsiones cognitivas que influenciaron el hecho. Se recurre a contrastar los resultados en los instrumentos diagnósticos aplicados a la joven durante el proceso de valoración judicial y la investigación en términos cualitativos para comprender, cuáles pudieron ser las causas del comportamiento violento de la persona, así como para obtener una perspectiva cognitiva de la visión de mundo de la joven. Por último, se discute lo referente al fenómeno multicausal que motiva la toma de decisiones de este tipo.

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Este artículo trata sobre la autoestima como un aspecto de enorme relevancia en la vida de la persona, por cuanto contribuye a que su existencia sea más satisfactoria. La estima propia es una necesidad humana, configurada por factores tanto internos como externos, un proceso dinámico y multidimensional que se construye y reconstruye a lo largo del ciclo vital. En el ámbito concreto de la educación, se considera que facilitar el logro de una estima positiva debe ser el propósito más alto del proceso educativo. Se analiza la relación entre la autoestima y el autoconcepto y como ambos se vinculan con variables relacionadas con las actitudes de la población estudiantil hacia las actividades académicas y el éxito escolar. Se estudia asimismo los diversos componentes de la autoestima: autoimagen, autovaloración, autoconfianza, autocontrol, autoafirmación, autorrealización y las metas de superación personal en cada componente. Se hace referencia al tema de las características y actitudes de las personas con una alta o una baja autoestima y los factores vinculados con éstas. Se incluye también los temas de la influencia de las distorsiones cognitivas y de personas significativas en la construcción de la autoestima y finalmente se enfatiza en la relación entre autoestima y resultados educativos. This paper deals with self-esteem as an aspect of great relevance in the life of each person, as it contributes to a satisfying existence. Self-esteem is a human need, it is comprised of internal and external factors, resulting in a dynamic and multidimensional process that is built and rebuilt along the life cycle. In the field of Education, providing the means for students to achieve a positive self-esteem should be a major goal. The relationship between self-esteem and self-concept is analyzed, as well as the ways in which both interact with students´ attitudes towards academic activities and school success. In addition, the following components of selfesteem and personal development goals for each of them are studied: self-image, self-worth, self-confidence, selfcontrol, self-assertion, and self-actualization. Characteristics and attitudes of persons with high or low self-esteem and the factors associated with those, are mentioned. The influence of cognitive distortions and significant others in the construction of a person’s selfesteem are also included. The relationship between self-esteem and achievement is emphasized.