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Objectives: To assess the effect of Community Water Fluoridation (CWF) in the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in 12-year-old children living in Israel. Considering that CWF is important in the prevention of dental caries. Between 2002 and 2014, the water in communities of at least 5,000 individuals was fluoridated. In 2014, CWF in Israel stopped. Method and materials: Data on 12-year-old children from all areas in Israel from the national cross-sectional epidemiological survey conducted in 2011 to 2012 were stratified by city water fluoridation and by city and school socioeconomic status. Two dependent variables were defined: (1) DMFT index of caries experience in the permanent dentition; (2) dental fluorosis in central incisors using the Thylstrup-Fejerskov classification of fluorosis. Results: Data from 2,181 12-year-olds were analyzed. The average DMFT was 1.17 ± 1.72, and 49% were caries-free. Based on DMFT, the caries experience was significantly higher in nonfluoridated cities (1.38 vs 0.98 in fluoridated cities) and there were more caries-free children in fluoridated cities (56.4% vs 40.6% in nonfluoridated). DMFT was higher in cities with lower socioeconomic status than high socioeconomic status (1.29 vs 1.05, respectively, P < .001) and there were fewer caries-free children in low socioeconomic status cities (44.5% vs 53.0% in high socioeconomic status cities, P < .0001). Almost all the 10.3% of children with signs of fluorosis (scoring at least 1 in the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index), had questionable to mild fluorosis (9.3%). Conclusions: CWF is a cheap, simple method of dental health protection that reaches all socioeconomic levels, and cessation of water fluoridation reduced the health of Israel's children. Clinical significance: Water fluoridation provides substantial caries prevention, by reaching a substantial number of people. The relevance of this work is for policymakers to consider CWF as clinically proven method for reducing health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hormonal, vascular, and behavioral changes during pregnancy can negatively impact a woman's oral health, resulting in conditions such as gingivitis, dental sensitivity, and caries. Although oral health is critical during pregnancy, it remains frequently overlooked. In this study, the oral health status and hygiene practices of pregnant women attending two university hospitals in southern Italy were evaluated. Methods: A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted with 72 pregnant women. Data were collected through an anonymous questionnaire that evaluated oral hygiene habits, dental visits, and oral pathologies, followed by a clinical examination. The examination included the assessment of the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) scores. Results: Among the participants, 61% were in their 9th month of pregnancy. The mean DMFT score was 7.9, and the mean OHI score was 3.6. Only 19.4% of participants had visited a dentist in the past 6 months, while 97.2% reported brushing their teeth just once per day. Gingival bleeding was reported by 72.2% of the women, and 38.9% experienced dental sensitivity, with both conditions worsening during pregnancy. Conclusions: The need for greater oral hygiene education and regular dental care during pregnancy is highlighted in this study. Integrating oral health maintenance into prenatal care programs is essential for preventing pregnancy-related oral diseases and promoting maternal and fetal well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary patterns affect different aspects of overall health, especially oral and dental status. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and nutritional status using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010) among health care workers.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a population participating in the first phase of the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Employees’ Health Cohort Study (SUMS-EHCS) from August 2018 to the end of March 2019. Demographic data, occupational status, DMFT index, AHEI index using the semi-quantitative food frequencyquestionnaire (FFQ) were determined. The relationship between DMFT and AHEI-2010 was assessed too.Results: Totally, 1,116 SUMS-EHCS participants (mean age of 41.55±6.81 years, 52.9% female) were enrolled. The mean DMFT and AHEI-2010 were 10.46±5.45 and 65.23±13.05, respectively. A significant inverse linear relationship between DMFT and AHEI-2010 was observed (Spearman’s rho: -0.060; p=0.04). In addition, the multiple linear regression showed that DMFT index to be significantly decreased when AHEI-2010 increased [coefficient: -0.048 (95% confidence interval: -0.088, -0.008); p=0.01]. Moreover, according to multiple quantile regression, the significant inverse relationship between AHEI-2010 and DMFT could be generalized to the 50th quantile of DMFT, in which with every 10-unit increase in AHEI-2010 resulted in a decrease in DMFT by 0.41 teeth (p=0.006).Conclusion: Greater adherence to AHEI-2010 may improve oral health. Moreover, lower age and sufficient educational level was related to a higher DMFT score.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare oral hygiene, trauma incidence, DMFT, dmft, PUFA, pufa, and the PUFA/pufa index among children with special health care needs based on their disability status. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 159 children (mean age 9.5±4 years) from special education institutions in Elazig. Age, gender, disability, presence of dental caries, dental trauma, dental abrasions, oral hygiene and cooperation status of the children were recorded. DMFT/dmft and PUFA/pufa index were used for dental caries scoring. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used for data analysis with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Statistically significant differences (p

The electronic, magnetic and optical properties of the double perovskites Ca2NiOsO6 and Fe-doped derivative were calculated using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave technique through the GGA + U with PBE exchange correlation functionals. The calculations show that both of the systems are half-metallic with Fe-doped system as a ferromagnet, whereas the undoped system shows the ferrimagnetic ordering. Additionally, the study is extended for calculating the Mott parameters through dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) with the maximum entropy model (MEM). It is found that the MIT model parameters (U, β) for Ca2NiOsO6 and Ca2Fe 0. 5 0 Ni 0. 5 0 OsO6 systems are (5.7 eV, 6.0 (eV) − 1 ) and (6.0 eV, 6.0 (eV) − 1 ), respectively. Furthermore, the calculations agree with optical Drude peak analysis. The optical conductivity, reflectivity, absorptivity, ELOSS function, dielectric function refractive index and sum-rule are also explored in relation to the photoinduced behaviors of the materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate socioeconomic inequality in caries experience in an adult Norwegian population. Methods: This population‐based study included 4549 dentate participants aged 25–94 years from the cross‐sectional HUNT4 Oral Health Study conducted in Central Norway in 2017–2019. Participants were randomly sampled from the larger HUNT4 Survey and answered questionnaires and underwent clinical and radiographic examinations. Caries experience was measured as numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT index) and socioeconomic position was denoted by education and household income. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate associations between caries experience and socioeconomic position. Results: Lower levels of both education and income were associated with higher caries experience, particularly pronounced for missing teeth. Socioeconomic gradients were observed for all outcomes DMFT, DT, MT and FT (p‐value linear trends <.001). Gradients were similar for both income and education and were apparent for all age groups but were most evident in middle‐aged and older individuals. High level of education was associated with a 50% lower mean number of missing teeth compared with basic level education, whereas high income was associated with a 24% lower mean number of decayed teeth and a 15% higher mean number of filled teeth than low income. Conclusions: There was a socioeconomic gradient for caries experience in the study population that was present from early adulthood and increased with age. The gradient was particularly pronounced for missing teeth. Findings indicate that inequality was more associated with treatment given than with untreated disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are at a higher risk of developing dental caries. Few scoping reviews have been conducted in India to understand their issues. We aimed to summarise the distribution and risk factors of dental caries among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in India. Methods: A scoping review was conducted based on the Arksey O Malley framework. Quality assessment of studies, descriptive and thematic analyses were also conducted. Results: We charted, collated, and summarised from four databases. Thirty‐one studies met the study criteria consisting of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Median caries prevalence was 70%, decayed missing and fIlled permenant teeth (DMFT) was 2.4, decayed missing and filled decidous teeth (dmft) was 2.36, and DMFS was 3.7. Major determinants were the severity of disability, socioeconomic status and parents' education. Oral care and dental visits were inadequate. Conclusion: Further exploration is required to improve access and reduce caries experience and prevalence among children with intellectual and developmental disabilities in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In postmenopausal women (PMW), vasomotor symptoms, emotional oscillations and sleep disturbances can affect physiological and psychological functioning. However, the effect of menopause on oral health‐related parameters is not been thoroughly studied. Objective: To evaluate oral health, taste perception, eating habits, nutritional status and emotional well‐being in PMW compared with a group of young and healthy pre‐menopausal women (PrMW). Materials and Methods: Two groups (Group I: PMW and Group II: PrMW) with 30 participants each, participated in the cross‐sectional study. The study proforma contained measures of oral health, taste perception, nutritional status and anxiety levels of the women in both groups using validated and previously used tools were designed and implemented. The data were analysed with student t, Mann–Whitney U, and chi‐squared tests to evaluate the differences between the two groups. Results: The cross‐sectional study indicates no major differences in oral health, taste perception, nutritional and emotional status between PMW and PrMW. Nonetheless, there was a significant difference in perception of 'front teeth lengthening in size' and change in hot and cold sensations between the groups. Furthermore, the study group with PMW tends to have fewer natural teeth than the reference group. Conclusion: Overall, menopause does not appear to affect oral health, taste perception, nutrition or emotional health. It is suggested that oral health and taste perception, as well as nutritional and emotional status, are associated with gradual aging processes that may or may not be affected by menopause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes is among the most prevalent endocrine disruptors. One of the most significant symptoms reported by diabetic patients is dry mouth, which results in reduced saliva buffering capacity and an increased risk of dental caries. So, the purpose of this study was to compare the oral health indicators of type 2 diabetic patients with non-diabetic controls. Methods: In this case-control study, A total of 306 individuals included in the study (103 T2DM cases and 203 non-diabetic controls) in the age range of 40 to 60 years old. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire including socio-demographics and oral health related to dry mouth factors. The clinical examination included full-mouth probing depths and an assessment of oral mucosal conditions to determine the DMFT index and identify any mucosal lesions. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software with a significance level set at 5 %. Results: The patients had more probing depths >4 mm, tooth mobility, furcation involvement and missing teeth. The mean score of dry mouth and DMFT indexes were 3.38±2.64, 2.17±1.09 and 19.33±9.54, 15.48±6.93 in the case and control groups respectively. Also, the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95 % confidence Intervals (CI) reported a significant association as 2.96 (1.36–6.45), 5.90 (2.26–15.39), 0.23 (0.08–0.63) and 4.07 (1.74–9.49) for the above variables respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study highlight that chronic periodontitis, tooth mobility, furcation and involvement were more prevalent among T2DM patients compared to non-diabetic controls. By recognizing these relationships and implementing targeted interventions, healthcare providers can improve oral health outcomes. Zusammenfassung: Einführung: Typ-2-Diabetes gehört zu den häufigsten endokrinen Disruptoren. Eines der wichtigsten Symptome, über das Diabetiker berichten, ist Mundtrockenheit, die zu einer verringerten Speichelpufferkapazität und einem erhöhten Kariesrisiko führt. Ziel dieser Studie war es daher, die Mundgesundheitsindikatoren von Typ-2-Diabetes-Patienten mit nicht-diabetischen Kontrollpersonen zu vergleichen. Methoden: In dieser Fall-Kontroll-Studie wurden insgesamt 306 Personen (103 T2DM-Fälle und 203 nicht-diabetische Kontrollpersonen) im Alter zwischen 40 und 60 Jahren untersucht. Die Teilnehmer wurden anhand eines strukturierten Fragebogens interviewt, der soziodemografische Daten und Angaben zur Mundgesundheit im Zusammenhang mit Mundtrockenheitsfaktoren umfasste. Die klinische Untersuchung umfasste eine vollständige Sondierungstiefe des Mundes und eine Bewertung des Zustands der Mundschleimhaut, um den DMFT-Index zu bestimmen und etwaige Schleimhautläsionen zu identifizieren. Die Datenanalyse wurde mithilfe der SPSS-Software mit einem Signifikanzniveau von 5 % durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Patienten wiesen mehr Sondierungstiefen >4 mm, Zahnbeweglichkeit, Furkationsbeteiligung und fehlende Zähne auf. Der Durchschnittswert der Mundtrockenheits- und DMFT-Indizes betrug 3,38 ± 2,64, 2,17 ± 1,09 und 19,33 ± 9,54, 15,48 ± 6,93 in der Fall- bzw. Kontrollgruppe. Auch die angepassten Quotenverhältnisse (AOR) und ihre 95 %-Konfidenzintervalle (CI) zeigten einen signifikanten Zusammenhang von 2,96 (1,36–6,45), 5,90 (2,26–15,39), 0,23 (0,08–0,63) und 4,07 (1,74–9,49) für die oben genannten Variablen. Fazit: Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie, dass chronische Parodontitis, Zahnbeweglichkeit, Furkation und Beteiligung bei Patienten mit Typ-2-Diabetes häufiger auftraten als bei nicht-diabetischen Kontrollpersonen. Durch das Erkennen dieser Zusammenhänge und die Umsetzung gezielter Interventionen können Gesundheitsdienstleister die Mundgesundheit verbessern.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of caries in the first permanent molars of children aged 8 to 10 years in Najaf, Iraq. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey involving 1232 children aged 8 to 10 years in schools in Najaf, Iraq. Caries was assessed using the DMFT index and caries severity of permanent teeth was assessed using the PUFA index. Results: The prevalence of caries in the first permanent molars was 56.1% (n=691). The caries severity of the first permanent molars (PUFA index) was 38.7%, meaning that the children have more severe caries in the first permanent molars. Conclusion: Caries prevalence and severity increased with age and was high in first permanent molars.

Background and purpose: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder associated with chronic hyperglycemia and a disfunction in carbohydrate metabolism, fat, and protein. Oral complications of diabetes include gingival hyperplasia, periodontitis, dental caries, and xerostomia. Although diabetes can be effective on oral and dental health, limited studies have investigated the increase of oral and dental caries in children with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy children. This study compares oral health and quality of life in two to five-year-old children with type 1 diabetes with healthy children in Sari City in 2022. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 33 children aged 2-5 with type 1 diabetes (case group) and 33 healthy children matched in terms of age and gender (control group) referred to BuAli Hospital in Sari were included using the census method. After obtaining informed consent from the parents, the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was provided to them. This questionnaire was classified into two areas: the child impact section (CIS) and the family impact section (FIS). Generally, the sum of the raw scores of this index varies from 0-52, which includes 0-26 scores for the CIS section and 0-16 for the FIS section. The higher score in the ECOHIS index suggests worse oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL). Children were examined for dmft index under sufficient light. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22 statistical software. Results: In this investigation, 36 boys (54.5 %) participated, of which 19 (57.6%) were in the case group and 17 (51.5%) were in the control group. The girls also made up 45.5 % (30 cases) of the sample size, of which 42.4 % (14 cases) were in the case group and 45.5 % (16 cases) were in the control group. The findings revealed that the mean FIS, ECOHIS, and dmft scores in the case group were significantly higher than the control group (P0.05). Conclusion: According to the current results, the oral health-related quality of life according to the ECOHIS index in type 1 diabetic children is more inappropriate than healthy patients at the same age. Moreover, as the child with type 1 diabetes grows older, the oral health-related quality of life decreases. The results of the present study also show that children with type 1 diabetes are at risk of dental caries (more dmft), which increases with age but does not have any significant association with sex.

Background/purpose: It is known that COVID-19 patients show many clinical oral symptoms due to the immunological mechanisms triggered by the virus. Aim of this study is to analyze the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, and to evaluate the oral health status of hospitalized patients. Materials and methods: 160 patients with COVID-19 confirmed by SARS-CoV-2–specific RT-PCR testing and 160 healthy volunteers (HI) with similar age, gender and systemic status were included to compare the bio-chemical and oral manifestations. Oropharyngeal swab specimens were collected to evaluate the salivary interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10) and immunoglobulins (sIgA, sIgG, sIgM). Oral findings (DMFT, plaque index, salivary flow rate), socio-demographic information and systemic conditions were also recorded. Chi-square, Mann–Whitney U and Spearman's ratio tests were applied to determine the possible correlations between the factors (P = 0.05). Results: The mean DMFT scores of COVID-19 patients (12.71 ± 7.3) were significantly higher than the HI (7.39 ± 2.8), whereas cases of total or partial edentulism were more common among COVID-19 patients (P 0.05), salivary parameters were found statistically different (P

Introduction: Measurement of dental caries is imperative for its prevention and control. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a dental caries index that is reliable, reversible, and valid. A cross-sectional study was designed and conducted at the outreach dental clinics of a dental school in India. Methods and Material: A total of 219 patients visiting outreach centres participated in the study. Patients attending outreach dental clinics aged 15 years and above, who were dentate and affected by dental caries, were included. Clinical examination was done under clinical conditions with dental chair lighting. Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Index of Caries Experience (ICE) were recorded using the visuo-tactile method according to the index criteria. Results: The relationship between the DMFT and ICE was determined. Results showed that the DMFT from ICE had good correlation. The decayed teeth index (DTI) score varied from decayed teeth (DT) according to age and sex. DTI was significantly higher for females than for males and higher among younger age groups than older ones, but DT did not exhibit the differences. Conclusions: ICE is a new system in which the proviso is to measure the non-cavitated lesions and health of permanent dentition. DMFT and ICE have good correlation. DTI is more sensitive than the DT score.

Abstract Objective There are more than one million children and adolescents living with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and their number is steadily increasing. Diabetes affects oral health through numerous channels, including hyposalivation, immune suppression, and the inflammatory effect of glycation end-products. However, patients with type 1 diabetes must follow a strict sugar free diet that is proven to be carioprotective. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate whether children with type 1 diabetes have a difference in Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth index (DMFT), salivary function, and periodontal status than children without diabetes, with an emphasis on glycemic control. Materials and Methods PubMed, Embase and Cochrane libraries were screened for articles, using predefined search keys without any language or date restrictions. Two independent authors performed the selection procedure, extracted data from the eligible articles, carried out a manual search of the reference lists, and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed in R using the random-effects model. Effect sizes were mean differences; subgroup analysis was performed on glycemic control. Results 33 studies satisfied the eligibility criteria. 22 studies did not show a significant difference regarding the DMFT index between the diabetes and non-diabetes groups; six studies found that children living with diabetes had higher DMFT scores, compared to five studies that found significantly lower scores. Meta-analysis found no statistically significant differences in plaque, gingival, and calculus indexes, however it found significant differences in pooled DMFT indexes, and salivary flow rate. Subgroup analysis on glycemic control using DMFT values found significant differences in children with good and poor glycemic control with results of 0.26 (CI95%=-0.50; 1.03) and 1.46 (CI95%=0.57; 2.35), respectively. Conclusions Children with poor glycemic control face higher risk of developing caries compared to good control and non-diabetes children. Regular dental check-ups and strict control of glycemic levels are highly advised for children living with type 1 diabetes, further emphasizing the importance of cooperation between dentists and diabetologists.

Background: Inequalities in immigrants' oral health are often masked in population-level data. Therefore, this paper was planned to assess the prevalence data on oral health diseases, namely dental caries, and periodontitis, among immigrants worldwide. Methods: Following a systematic search in Scopus, Embase, and PubMed for studies published between 2011 and 2023, 1342 records were identified. Following title and abstract screening, 76 studies remained for full-text eligibility-screening based on predefined inclusion criteria. Thirty-two studies were included in the review. Results: Dental caries figures were higher in immigrant populations compared to the local population, regardless of host countries, age, gender, or nationality. In children, the overall mean and standard deviation (SD) for decayed, missing, and filled teeth in the primary dentition (d3mft) was 3.63(2.47), and for D3MFT (permanent dentition), it was 1.7(1.2). Upon comparing overall mean caries counts in children and adults with their control groups in the included studies, untreated dental caries (D3T and d3t) constituted the dominant share of caries experience (D3MFT and d3mft) in immigrant children. For the local population, the highest proportion of caries experience was attributed to filled teeth (FT and ft). Dentin caries prevalence among immigrants ranged from 22% to 88.7% in the primary dentition and 5.6% to 90.9% in the permanent dentition. Gingivitis ranged from 5.1% to 100%. Oral health varied greatly between studies. Regarding oral health accessibility, 52% to 88% of immigrant children had never been to a dentist, suggesting a very limited level of accessibility to dental health services. Conclusion: It is imperative to develop interventions and policies that have been customized to address the oral health disparities experienced by immigrant populations. Additionally, host countries should actively implement measures aimed at enhancing the accessibility of oral health care services for these individuals. The utilization of available data is crucial in establishing a hierarchy of objectives aimed at enhancing the oral health of immigrant populations. Trial registration: The Scoping review protocol was registered at OSF Registries with registration number (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MYXS4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Most research examining vitamin D and dental caries focuses on children and younger adults. This study investigated the association between vitamin D levels and dental caries in older adults using data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2016. Methods: Data were analyzed from 2723 participants aged 65 years and older who completed both dental examinations and serum 25(OH)D tests. Dental caries assessments included the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and the presence of untreated dental caries. Vitamin D levels were measured as serum 25(OH)D concentrations and categorized as severely deficient (<25 nmol/L), deficient (25–49.9 nmol/L), insufficient (50–74.9 nmol/L), and normal (≥75 nmol/L). Logistic regression and Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between vitamin D levels and dental caries, adjusting for demographic factors. Results: The mean DMFT score was 17.73 ± 8.34, with 35.1% of participants having untreated dental caries. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with a 1.44 times higher likelihood of untreated caries (95% CI: 1.15, 1.81), which weakened after adjustment for demographic factors (adjusted OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.55). Severe vitamin D deficiency correlated with a 1.13 times higher DMFT score (95% CI: 1.06, 1.20), with the association remaining similar after adjustment (adjusted RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.20). Significant differences in vitamin D levels were observed across gender, race/ethnicity, and country of birth. Conclusions: This study suggests the potential importance of adequate vitamin D levels for maintaining dental health among older adults. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of poorer DMFT scores. Public health strategies that include vitamin D screening and supplementation, particularly for high-risk groups, may improve oral health outcomes in the older adult population. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which vitamin D influences dental health and the potential for vitamin D supplementation to reduce the burden of dental caries in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder associated with chronic hyperglycemia and a disfunction in carbohydrate metabolism, fat, and protein. Oral complications of diabetes include gingival hyperplasia, periodontitis, dental caries, and xerostomia. Although diabetes can be effective on oral and dental health, limited studies have investigated the increase of oral and dental caries in children with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy children. This study compares oral health and quality of life in two to five year-old children with type 1 diabetes with healthy children in Sari City in 2022. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 33 children aged 2-5 with type 1 diabetes (case group) and 33 healthy children matched in terms of age and gender (control group) referred to BuAli Hospital in Sari were included using the census method. After obtaining informed consent from the parents, the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was provided to them. This questionnaire was classified into two areas: the child impact section (CIS) and the family impact section (FIS). Generally, the sum of the raw scores of this index varies from 0-52, which includes 0-26 scores for the CIS section and 0-16 for the FIS section. The higher score in the ECOHIS index suggests worse oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL). Children were examined for dmft index under sufficient light. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22 statistical software. Results: In this investigation, 36 boys (54.5 %) participated, of which 19 (57.6%) were in the case group and 17 (51.5%) were in the control group. The girls also made up 45.5 % (30 cases) of the sample size, of which 42.4 % (14 cases) were in the case group and 45.5 % (16 cases) were in the control group. The findings revealed that the mean FIS, ECOHIS, and dmft scores in the case group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the CIS score. The mean scores of CIS and ECOHIS in the control group were statistically significant between boys and girls (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in these variables in the case group (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the current results, the oral health-related quality of life according to the ECOHIS index in type 1 diabetic children is more inappropriate than healthy patients at the same age. Moreover, as the child with type 1 diabetes grows older, the oral health-related quality of life decreases. The results of the present study also show that children with type 1 diabetes are at risk of dental caries (more dmft), which increases with age but does not have any significant association with sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that COVID-19 patients show many clinical oral symptoms due to the immunological mechanisms triggered by the virus. Aim of this study is to analyze the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, and to evaluate the oral health status of hospitalized patients. 160 patients with COVID-19 confirmed by SARS-CoV-2–specific RT-PCR testing and 160 healthy volunteers (HI) with similar age, gender and systemic status were included to compare the bio-chemical and oral manifestations. Oropharyngeal swab specimens were collected to evaluate the salivary interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10) and immunoglobulins (sIgA, sIgG, sIgM). Oral findings (DMFT, plaque index, salivary flow rate), socio-demographic information and systemic conditions were also recorded. Chi-square, Mann–Whitney U and Spearman's ratio tests were applied to determine the possible correlations between the factors (P = 0.05). The mean DMFT scores of COVID-19 patients (12.71 ± 7.3) were significantly higher than the HI (7.39 ± 2.8), whereas cases of total or partial edentulism were more common among COVID-19 patients (P < 0.05). While plaque index scores were similar for both groups (P > 0.05), salivary parameters were found statistically different (P < 0.05). Severe and moderate cases showed higher proinflammatory interleukin levels (IL-1 = 68.74 pg/ml, IL-6 = 53.31 pg/ml) amongst all (P < 0.05). While secretory immunoglobulins were almost depleted at baseline, (sIgA = 0.11 mg/ml, sIgG = 0.21 mg/ml, sIgM = 0.08 mg/ml) they reached to threshold levels after 4 weeks. Higher proinflammatory interleukin levels indicated that traces of ongoing "Cytokine Storm" in COVID-19 patients which can also be observed in oral environment. Poor oral hygiene and malnutrition due to edentulism can pave the way for having a severe COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nudge theory proposes using subtle interventions to encourage individuals to make better decisions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Nudge theory in plaque control and assess caries experience among third-grade primary schoolchildren with refugee and immigrant backgrounds in Mashhad, Iran. Moreover, Afghan and Iranian schoolchildren were compared to assess differences in oral health outcomes. A quasi-experimental field trial was conducted in three public primary schools, comprising 309 participants approximately 9 years old. Interventions were randomly assigned to three schools: School I Messages based on Social Norms (MSN), School II Messages based on Fear of Negative Outcome (MFNO), and School III control group (C). MSN and MFNO received customized motivational video clips at baseline, while C only received Oral hygiene instruction (OHI). All participants received OHI, a brush, and toothpaste. Baseline plaque index (PI) and caries experience in primary and permanent dentition (dmft/DMFT) were recorded. PI was reassessed at two weeks, two months, and six months post-intervention. All data were subjected to statistical analysis. The mean PI decreased significantly in all three groups at the two-week follow-up (p < 0.01). The PI improvements declined over a six-month follow-up period in all groups, and the mean PI difference after six months compared to the pre-intervention was significant only in MSN and MFNO (p < 0.01), while C reverted almost to the pre-study level. Schoolchildren with at least one filled tooth or Iranian nationality showed a greater PI reduction (p < 0.01, p = 0.05). The overall mean ± SD dmft and DMFT were 4.24 ± 2.11 and 1.70 ± 1.24, respectively. Among all the examined participants, 32 (10.40%) individuals were caries-free. The mean dmft was statistically significantly higher in Afghan children than in Iranians (p = 0.01). MSN was more effective on PI reduction in the short term, while MFNO was more long-lasting. Using the Nudge theory via visual aids was more effective in motivating children to perform better oral self-care than solely traditional OHI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There are more than one million children and adolescents living with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and their number is steadily increasing. Diabetes affects oral health through numerous channels, including hyposalivation, immune suppression, and the inflammatory effect of glycation end-products. However, patients with type 1 diabetes must follow a strict sugar free diet that is proven to be carioprotective. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate whether children with type 1 diabetes have a difference in Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth index (DMFT), salivary function, and periodontal status than children without diabetes, with an emphasis on glycemic control. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane libraries were screened for articles, using predefined search keys without any language or date restrictions. Two independent authors performed the selection procedure, extracted data from the eligible articles, carried out a manual search of the reference lists, and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed in R using the random-effects model. Effect sizes were mean differences; subgroup analysis was performed on glycemic control. Results: 33 studies satisfied the eligibility criteria. 22 studies did not show a significant difference regarding the DMFT index between the diabetes and non-diabetes groups; six studies found that children living with diabetes had higher DMFT scores, compared to five studies that found significantly lower scores. Meta-analysis found no statistically significant differences in plaque, gingival, and calculus indexes, however it found significant differences in pooled DMFT indexes, and salivary flow rate. Subgroup analysis on glycemic control using DMFT values found significant differences in children with good and poor glycemic control with results of 0.26 (CI95%=-0.50; 1.03) and 1.46 (CI95%=0.57; 2.35), respectively. Conclusions: Children with poor glycemic control face higher risk of developing caries compared to good control and non-diabetes children. Regular dental check-ups and strict control of glycemic levels are highly advised for children living with type 1 diabetes, further emphasizing the importance of cooperation between dentists and diabetologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our study investigated the association between dental caries, periodontal diseases, and tooth loss with diabetes mellitus (DM) among the elderly population, representing the first study of its kind in Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional community-based study as a part of the second wave of the Birjand longitudinal aging study (BLAS, 2021–2022) for people older than 60. We used the Comprehensive Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Tool (CGOHAT) for the oral health evaluation. Participants were initially categorized into diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Those patients with DM were further categorised into uncontrolled and controlled diabetes based on their HbA1c level. The association between periodontitis, gingivitis, and edentulism with type II diabetes mellitus and uncontrolled diabetes was assessed using logistic regression. Results: Among the 1,011 participants, 324 (32.04%) had DM. The mean ± SD DMFT was 27.06 ± 7.71 and 27.07 ± 7.72 among those with and without DM, respectively (p = 0.976). The M index comprised 85.46% of the total DMFT among those without DM and 84.51% among those with DM. The prevalence of periodontitis was higher among those without DM (110, 32.84%, p = 0.390). The prevalence of gingivitis was higher among those with DM (73, 45.06%, p = 0.617). Among the diabetic group, 137 (42.28%) had controlled DM. Based on the adjusted matched multivariate logistic model, decayed teeth (1.24, 95%CI: 1.06 – 1.46, p-value = 0.006), periodontitis (2.78, 95%CI: 1.02 – 7.56, p-value = 0.044), and moderate tooth loss (5.73, 95%CI: 1.13 – 28.88, p-value = 0.034) were significantly associated with increased odds of uncontrolled DM. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, tooth loss was highly prevalent among the elderly Iranians regardless of their diabetes status. Also, periodontitis, tooth loss, and decayed teeth were significantly associated with increased odds of poor glycemic control among those with DM. Thus, it can be concluded that improving the oral health of the geriatric population may be a crucial part of improving the glycemic control among those with diabetes which has been frequently neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the link between fast-food consumption and oral health outcomes as measured by the mean number of decayed, missing due to dental disease, or filled permanent teeth (DMFT) and teeth with untreated dental caries. This study utilized data obtained from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). The data used was collected from 11,288 participants aged 20 and above from 2015 to 2018. The frequency of fast-food consumption was divided into two groups: "less than two meals over the past seven days" and "two meals or more over the past seven days." The mean number of DMFT and teeth with untreated dental caries were used to assess the participants' oral health. The link between fast-food consumption and these mean values was explored using Poisson regression analysis, in which confounding variables such as income, race, age, and sex were adjusted for. After adjusting for these variables, the results revealed that individuals who reported consuming two or more fast-food meals during the preceding seven days had higher mean numbers of DMFT and teeth with untreated dental caries compared to those who consumed less than two fast-food meals during the same period (adjusted mean ratio = 1.05; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.10 and mean ratio = 1.22; 95 % CI 1.01–1.47, respectively). Conclusion: This study revealed a link between poor oral health outcomes and fast-food consumption. Consequently, public health officials must focus on fast-food settings and availability of high-sugar-content items. Interventions that target fast-food outlets and what they offer may have a positive impact on oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a prevalent dental condition among children under six years, characterized by tooth decay linked to microbial interaction with sugary substances. ECC poses significant health risks, including pain, infections, and tooth loss, impacting oral health and overall well-being. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the epidemiology of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Nigeria. The study seeks to consolidate existing literature, assess study quality, and analyze data on ECC prevalence, distribution, and severity across different regions of Nigeria. Methods: Following Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines, databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, and African Journals Online were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria encompass cross-sectional and cohort studies reporting ECC prevalence in healthy Nigerian children under six. Data extraction will utilize standardized protocols, focusing on WHO criteria such as dmft scores and caries severity. Quality assessment will be conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies. Results: Initial searches identified a scarcity of comprehensive studies, predominantly from southern Nigeria, highlighting the absence of national-level data on ECC in Nigeria. Data synthesis will explore geographic and demographic factors influencing ECC prevalence and severity, aiming to provide a holistic understanding of the disease burden. Conclusion: This review addresses the critical gap in ECC epidemiology within Nigeria, aiming to inform targeted interventions and policy decisions. By synthesizing available data, the study aims to contribute towards improving oral health outcomes among Nigerian children.

Background. The objectives were to assess the impact of dental caries on the daily living of the geriatric population and determine the factors that influence the relationship between dental health and the daily living of the geriatric population. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out over six months at Rawalpindi’s public and private dental hospitals. Participants aged≥60 years, both male and female, were selected. The calculated sample size was 281. Desired sample from one of the dental hospitals was collected using a non-probability consecutive sampling strategy. Data about sociodemographic characteristics and the DMFT index were collected. Adapted validated tool dental impact on daily living (DIDL) was used to assess the impact of dental health on daily living. Results. Chi-squared test of association showed a positive association between the DIDL and sociodemographic variables, including age (P=0.001), gender (P=0.001), education (P=0.001), income (P=0.001), occupation (P=0.029), marital status (P=0.001), living arrangement (P=0.001), and history of chronic illnesses (P=0.001). The association between the DMFT index and DIDL also showed statistically significant results (P=0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that gender (OR=6.98, P=0.005) and the individual’s dental health (OR=6.43, P=0.001) were the strongest predictors of the impact experienced in daily life activities. The overall model was statistically significant (χ2=51.24, P=0.001), and the variables were responsible for 32.4% of the variance in the outcome variable. Conclusion. The study provides strong evidence that sociodemographic factors, DMFT index, gender, and individual dental health significantly contribute to the impact of dental health on daily living. Gender and individual dental health emerge as particularly influential predictors. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and awareness programs, especially for groups with a higher risk of experiencing a significant impact on daily life due to dental issues.

Background. The oral cavity is a mirror that reflects and unravels many of the human body's internal secrets. Some of these manifestations are disease-specific and help raise a high degree of suspicion for the alert clinician and dentist. So, the goal of this case-control study is to determine whether there is a link between gastric diseases and dental caries. Methodology. Examinations were performed on (250) patients, all of them suffering from dental caries in varies degree: We relied on statistical information that we gathered through a questionnaire form, which included the results of numerous different clinical outcomes for both (150) healthy people and those 100 with gastric disorders from a variety of genders, ages, residency, and we calculate DMFT index for both groups. Results. There was a statistically significant differences in the mean DMFT between health and gastric disease participants. Conclusions. A noteworthy correlation exists between gastric disorders and dental caries, as well as oral manifestation lesions and associated consequences like erosion

Background and purpose: Congenital heart defects (CHD) are conditions that arise from birth and affect the structure and function of the baby's heart. Children with CHD have a higher number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth due to caries (DMFT) and have poorer oral health than healthy children. Most researchers believe that knowledge and attitude about oral hygiene are effective factors in oral health-related behaviors. In addition, psychological factors increase a person's willingness to act to observe hygiene. Therefore, the current study aims to compare the deft index as well as the oral health-related quality of life in children aged 3-6 years with congenital heart disease (CHD) and healthy children. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 28 children aged 3 to 6 years with CHD and 28 healthy children referred to Toubi Clinic were selected by census sampling method. After obtaining informed consent from the parents, the Childhood Oral Health Impact Index (ECOHIS) was provided to them. This questionnaire contained 13 questions and was classified into two areas: child impact scale (CIS) and family impact scale (FIS). The CIS section had 4 components: disease symptoms (1 question), child performance (4 questions), psychological (2 questions), child's self-confidence and social interactions (2 questions). The FIS section also included areas of parents' concerns (2 questions) and family function (2 questions). In general, the total raw scores of this index ranged from 0-52, which was 0-36 in the CIS section and 0-16 in the FIS section. The higher the final number of the ECOHIS index the more oral health problems and the more inappropriate OHRQOL. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V.25 software and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: A total of 56 people participated in this study, of which 24 (42.9%) were girls. The average age of the participants was 4.64 years. Based on the findings of this study, the average dmft index in CHD group children was 6.42 ± 3.27, and in healthy children, this number was 5.92±2.9. The observed differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (P=0.492). The mean score of the CIS section of the questionnaire was 2.57±3.96 in CHD children and 4.64±5.15 in healthy children (P=0.082). In addition, the mean score of the FIS section was 2.5±3.06 in CHD children and 4.4±4.4 in healthy children, which was statistically significant in this study (P=0.026). Conclusion: In this study, the difference in the dmft index between CHD and healthy children was not statistically significant, but this index was higher in the CHD group. CHD children showed better quality of life related to oral health than healthy children. The quality of life in CHD children can be better than that of healthy children and the higher dmft index in CHD children may be due to the higher number of f and m compared to healthy children, and for this reason, a child with congenital heart disease may experience less dental pain than a healthy child.

Abstract Background Head and neck cancer survivors suffer from xerostomia and sleep disturbances after radiotherapy, both of which affect their quality of life. This study aimed to explore the role of salivary flow in the oral health and sleep quality of head and neck cancer survivors. Methods We recruited 120 head and neck cancer survivors who were experiencing symptoms of dry mouth or sleep disturbances post-radiotherapy from a dental clinic. We gathered their socio-demographic and clinical data, measured their salivary flow rate, and recorded their dry mouth score using the summated xerostomia inventory. Additionally, a dentist collected the DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) index. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was employed to assess their sleep quality. Results In this study, xerostomia was observed in nearly 80% of the cancer survivors. The concurrent prevalence of sleep disturbance and xerostomia was at 55%. After five years post-radiotherapy, there was a significant improvement observed in both the quality of sleep (p = 0.03) and the stimulated salivary flow rate (p = 0.04). Additionally, these improvements were noted to have commenced from the third year onwards. A significant association was found between stimulated salivary flow and dry mouth scores with poor sleep quality (p

Objective: There are currently no integrated data on the trend of dental caries amongst distinct age groups in Iran. We aimed to assess the national and subnational trend of dental caries of permanent teeth in Iran from 1990 to 2017. Methods: A literature search about dental caries and the decayed-missing-filled teeth index (DMFT) was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and 3 national databases (in Persian). All eligible national oral health surveys in these 28 years were included. We categorised and aggregated the DMFT values and their components based on age (5-year-based groups from 5 to 9 to 60+ years), sex, year, and province. The data for missing spots were estimated using the spatiotemporal Bayesian hierarchical model. We used the bootstrap method in multilevel models to predict the uncertainty interval (UI) of the modelled results. Results: Nationally, the all-ages mean DMFT increased by nearly 58.0% (6.8 [95% UI, 4.1–10.5] in 1990 to 10.8 [95% UI, 7.5–14.5] in 2017). Decayed teeth (DT) and missing teeth (MT) rose by 84.5% and 31.6% during this period, respectively. Filled teeth (FT) showed almost a 2.6-fold increase in the same period from 0.6 (95% UI, 0.01–1.6) in 1990 to 1.7 (95% UI, 0.6–2.8) in 2017. The proportion of DT and FT continuously increased in both sexes. In 2017, the highest DT, MT, and FT were estimated in the 25–29 (4.9 [95% UI, 2.5–7.2]), 60+ (21.5 [95% UI, 17.5–25.4]), and 35–39 (2.6 [95% UI, 1.3–4.0]) year age groups. Conclusions: Caries of permanent dentition levies a growing burden on the Iranian population. Considering the continuous increase in caries during the 1990–2017 period, Iranian policymakers should pay heed to these findings and react more proactively to mitigate this perpetuating issue. Implementing nationwide interventions such as sugar consumption management should be encouraged to achieve sustainable outcomes in this regards.

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term impact of children's dental care programs on children and adolescents to reduce oral health inequalities. It measured and assessed the improvement effects of children's dental care programs on the oral health of children and adolescents as part of the efforts to decrease oral health disparities in this age group. It included 406 individuals who participated in student and children's dental care program between 2013 and 2019 at screening facilities in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul. A frequency analysis was conducted for demographic characteristics, and a binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing the prevalence of dental caries as the dependent variable. The data were analyzed using PASW Statistics with the statistical significance level set at α = 0.05. Regarding oral health status based on the frequency of participation in children's dental care program for children and adolescents, participants with seven or more sessions had lower prevalence rates of dental caries, malocclusion, and periodontal disease than those with only one session. Second, when comparing oral health status in children's dental care program between primary and adolescent age groups, individuals under continuous oral health care showed a decrease in permanent teeth affected by dental caries, dental caries prevalence, and malocclusion prevalence (excluding primary school age). Third, a binary logistic regression analysis revealed significant influences (p < 0.05) of the developmental stage and frequency of program participation on dental caries prevalence. Children's dental care programs are essential for alleviating oral health inequalities among children and adolescents and preventing oral diseases. Furthermore, the developmental stage of children and the frequency of program participation are crucial factors in preventing oral conditions, such as dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Saliva enables the maintenance of oral and systemic health. Evaluation of saliva is very valuable for multiple parameters to be evaluated as they are easy to collect, allow easy and safe sample collection, are non-traumatic, can be repeated with ease, and are non-invasive in nature. Salivary enzyme systems have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and similar functions which aid in the maintenance of homeostasis in the oral cavity. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals from cells and prevent or reduce the damage caused by oxidation. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the pH and antioxidant capacity of the saliva were evaluated. Subjects were categorized as GROUP A: Vegetarians: Diets were entirely devoid of eggs or meat of any type (for more than 20 years). GROUP B: Non-vegetarians: Diets included both red and white meat, consumed either daily or frequently. GROUP C: Eggetarians: Otherwise vegetarian diets which includes eggs, consumed frequently. Ten samples of each group were collected. The pH profile and antioxidant activity of the samples were analysed. Each of the individuals was subjected to oral examination for grading of the status of oral hygiene, caries teeth, missing and extracted teeth, and the health of gingiva. For the same Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHIS), Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Gingival Status indices were used and the observations were noted. Observations and Results: The average salivary pH for the vegetarians was 7 ± 0.5, that for eggetarians was 7.1 ± 0.5, and in the non-vegetarian group, the average pH was equal to 7.3 ± 0.5. Using the DPPH method, the percentage antioxidant activity of saliva in vegetarians was 20.9 ± 2.1%, while those of eggetarians and non-vegetarians were equal to 5 ± 0.6% and 11.4 ± 2%, respectively. Each individual was subjected to oral examination for grading of the status of oral hygiene (OHIS); decayed, missing, extracted teeth, filled teeth index (DMFT); and the health of gingiva (gingival status index). Overall, eggetarians had a high OHIS index (mean 1.08). The DMFT index was high in non-vegetarians with values ranging from 1 to 8. Statistical analysis using the T-test revealed that the antioxidant potential of the vegetarian group was significantly higher than those of the eggetarian and non-vegetarian dietary groups (P < 0.001). However, the eggetarian and non-vegetarian dietary groups did not significantly differ from each other with respect to this parameter. Conclusion: The antioxidant capacity is markedly high in vegetarians, 20.9+/-2.1%, as compared to non-vegetarians, 11.4+/-2.1%, and was the lowest in eggetarians, 5+/-0.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The objectives were to assess the impact of dental caries on the daily living of the geriatric population and determine the factors that influence the relationship between dental health and the daily living of the geriatric population. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out over six months at Rawalpindi's public and private dental hospitals. Participants aged = 60 years, both male and female, were selected. The calculated sample size was 281. Desired sample from one of the dental hospitals was collected using a non-probability consecutive sampling strategy. Data about sociodemographic characteristics and the DMFT index were collected. Adapted validated tool dental impact on daily living (DIDL) was used to assess the impact of dental health on daily living. Results. Chi-squared test of association showed a positive association between the DIDL and sociodemographic variables, including age (P = 0.001), gender (P = 0.001), education (P = 0.001), income (P = 0.001), occupation (P = 0.029), marital status (P = 0.001), living arrangement (P = 0.001), and history of chronic illnesses (P = 0.001). The association between the DMFT index and DIDL also showed statistically significant results (P = 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that gender (OR = 6.98, P = 0.005) and the individual's dental health (OR = 6.43, P = 0.001) were the strongest predictors of the impact experienced in daily life activities. The overall model was statistically significant (?2 = 51.24, P = 0.001), and the variables were responsible for 32.4% of the variance in the outcome variable. Conclusion. The study provides strong evidence that sociodemographic factors, DMFT index, gender, and individual dental health significantly contribute to the impact of dental health on daily living. Gender and individual dental health emerge as particularly influential predictors. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and awareness programs, especially for groups with a higher risk of experiencing a significant impact on daily life due to dental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between diabetes and dental caries remains uncertain. The main objective of this study was to quantify dental caries in children and adolescents with and without poorly-controlled diabetes to examine whether poorly-controlled diabetes influences caries prevalence and severity. This was a case-control study of children and adolescents with poorly-controlled diabetes and age-matched controls attending paediatric clinics at Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE in August 2022. Dental caries was diagnosed by visual examination and dental probing to derive total number of decayed, missing, and filled tooth or surface (DMFT/DMFS) indices. Differences in caries metrics between subjects with diabetes and controls were assessed using chi-squared or Mann Whitney U-tests. Fifty-seven children and adolescents without diabetes and 42 with poorly-controlled (HbA1c ≥ 7.5) diabetes were recruited. The median (interquartile range, IQR) DMFT index was 4 (5) and the DMFS index was 4 (11). There were no significant differences in DMFT % [14.0 (21.5) vs.13.0 (20.0); p = 0.602], DMFT index [4 (5) vs. 3 (6); p = 0.749], nor DMFS index [5 (12) vs. 4 (11); p = 0.484] between patients and controls. Diabetes either has no effect on caries risk or its effect is so small that it is masked by dominant risk factors such as diet and obesity that require addressing through robust public health measures. While poor glycaemic control does not appear to influence caries risk, diet and obesity remain serious and addressable risk factors affecting oral health.

IntroductionBladder cancer is one of the most important diseases that threatens oral and dental health due to its nature and side effects of chemotherapy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between oral health literacy and oral health-related quality of life in patients with bladder cancer.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with bladder cancer in Ahvaz, 2023. Subjects were selected randomly from the patients those were registered in Cancer Registry Center in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences and invited to Golestan Hospital for data collection through clinical evaluation, the Oral Health Literacy Adult Questionnaire (OHL-AQ), and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14PER) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and analysis of variance.ResultsThe number of participants was 194. The mean oral health literacy in patients with bladder cancer was 9.74 ± 2.39, indicating insufficient oral health literacy. A significant association was observed between OHL-AQ and DMFT index, but no significant association was found between OHIP-14PER and DMFT index. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between OHL-AQ and OHIP-14PER (r = −0.68) in patients with bladder cancer.ConclusionBased on the findings of the present study, all dimensions of oral health literacy have correlation with the oral health-related quality of life in patients with bladder cancer. Therefore, adopting oral health behaviors and increasing oral health literacy can be the best way to improve the oral health-related quality of life to among patients with bladder cancer.

Oral and dental health is one of the most important factors that affect the quality of life of children. It relates to oral health and evaluates the physical, social, and psychological effects caused by the state of oral health. This study shows the impact of oral and dental health in children aged 8 to 10 years old in Shirazon their quality of life.Materials&Methods:The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in a cross-sectional way on 315 8-10-year-oldboys and girls in Shiraz in 2017. People were clinically examined and the DMFT/dmft index was recorded for each one to evaluate their oral health status. To analyze the data, Spearman's correlation coefficient tests, T-test, and One-way ANOVA were used (p value < 0.05).Results:Mean Child-OIDP score was 11.41 with a standard deviation of 13.55.The Child-OIDP index had no significant relationship with children's age (p value =0.42). The average Child-OIDP index was not significantly different between boys and girls (p value = 0.27). There was a direct and significant relationship between the average child-OIDP index and the caries index of primary teeth (dmft) and the total caries index in the mouth (DMFT+dmft) (p value = 0.000).Conclusion:The results showed the significant impact of oral and dental diseases in reducing the quality of life of children. Therefore, to increase the quality of life-related to oral health in children, necessary measures should be taken to improve their access to treatment and prevention

Objectives: Analyze the flow of appointments at the Dental Hygiene Clinic for People with Disabilities at FMDUL, characterize their clients, and relate their dental health status with their main disability, level of dependency, difficulties in oral hygiene, and frequency of appointments. Methods: This observational, analytical, cross-sectional study included a sample of 555 patients who attended the Dental Hygiene Clinic for People with Disabilities at FMDUL between 2015 and 2019. The decayed missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, bleeding index, and debris index were collected from clinical records. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with a significance level of 5%. Results: During the study period, 3120 appointments were carried out. The DMFT index was 9.51(±7.49) and was higher in individuals with intellectual disabilities (p

Aim: This nationwide study assessed the prevalence and severity of dental caries in 6-, 12-, and 15-year-old school children across Saudi Arabia. This study examined differences between genders and among regions regarding the mean values of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT), the care index (CI), and the significant caries index (SiC index). Materials and methods: Data from 19,870 participants, 10,435 males and 9435 females, were collected using stratified multistage cluster random sampling. The survey team divided Saudi Arabia into five regions (northern, eastern, western, southern, and middle). To represent each respective region, a large city, two random towns (peri-urban), and four random rural areas were selected for surveying. Lastly, the sampling technique was applied by choosing random schools and random classes within the selected schools. Dental caries were assessed using the dmft/DMFT score, CI, and the top 30% and 10% of the sample dmft/DMFT scores (SiC30 and SiC10, respectively). Results: The overall prevalence of caries was 65.6%, with 72.1 occurring in primary teeth and 61.7% in permanent teeth. The percentages of individuals with missing teeth and filled teeth were 9.0% and 20.5%, respectively. The mean dmft was 3.93 ± 3.60, while the mean DMFT was 2.42 ± 2.52; most of the DMFT components were significantly higher in females than males, while the dmft components were higher in males. The northern region had the highest and worst DMFT/dmft ratios of the five regions. The mean SiC30 and SiC10 values were significantly higher than the overall average DMFT/dmft values (P

Young adults represent the age group with the highest ability to understand the need of maintaining good oral health and the highest chance to adopt correct oral hygiene behaviors. Great attention should also be paid to risk factors for oral conditions, especially sugary aliments intake, which creates a suitable environment for developing dental caries. Young adults should be aware about the importance of reducing the frequency of consumption of these aliments. Smoking has negative effects on both general and oral health. It creates and maintains conditions favorable for developing oral diseases. Quitting smoking should be seen as an important recommendation, to ensure good oral health and quality of life. The impairment of oral health is strongly connected with quality of life. To quantify the impact of oral health on quality of life, the OHIP-14 questionnaire is widely used. Regarding the severity of the impact oral conditions have on quality of life, the most accused domains by subjects are physical pain, psychological discomfort and psychological disability. Oral health is directly influenced by caries experience, OHRQoL being lower as the caries prevalence is higher. To quantify the prevalence of dental caries, the DMFT index is one of the most used indicators. It evaluates, on one hand, the caries experience, and on the other hand, the exact number of decayed, missing and filled teeth. OHRQoL is a mandatory toll that helps understand the impact of oral conditions on general health. Both the OHIP-14 questionnaire and the DMFT index, are a real help to quantify the connection between oral conditions, most common of them being dental caries, and their negative effects on general health and on quality of life.

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor oral health. Using a life course theoretical framework, this study explored the associations of specific and cumulative ACEs with caries and toothbrushing frequency in a Norwegian adolescent population. Methods Participants were adolescents (n = 6351) age 13–17 years from The Young-HUNT4 Survey. Clinical data were retrieved from dental health records. Oral health outcomes were toothbrushing frequency, dentine caries experience (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth – DMFT), and enamel caries. ACE exposure variables were physical abuse, sexual abuse, witness to violence, parental separation/divorce, parental alcohol problems, and bully victimization. Negative binominal regression models (incident rate ratios, IRRs; 95% confidence intervals, CIs) were used to determine the associations of the various ACEs with caries; logistic regression analyses (odds ratios, ORs; 95% CIs) were used to estimate associations with toothbrushing frequency. Potential effect modification by age was assessed using likelihood ratio test. Results Adolescents exposed to physical abuse by others, sexual abuse by peers, parental separation/divorce, bullying, or who had witnessed violence, were more likely to report non-daily toothbrushing compared with those with no exposure to the given ACEs. Each cumulative increase in ACE exposure was associated with a 30% higher likelihood of non-daily toothbrushing (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.19–1.42). Similarly, increasing number of adversities were associated with both higher dentine caries experience (IRR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.09) and higher enamel caries (IRR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03–1.11). This effect was modified by age (13–15 vs. 16–17 years) for dentine caries experience. Furthermore, there was evidence of effect modification by age with bully victimization for both toothbrushing frequency (Pinteraction = 0.014) and dentine caries experience (Pinteraction < 0.001). Specifically, bully victimization was associated with a higher likelihood of non-daily toothbrushing (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.80–3.72) and higher dentine caries experience (IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14–1.50) among 16–17-year-olds. Conclusions Several specific ACEs were associated with non-daily toothbrushing and a higher caries experience among Norwegian adolescents in the Young-HUNT4 Survey.

Background. The oral cavity is a mirror that reflects and unravels many of the human body's internal secrets. Some of these manifestations are disease-specific and help raise a high degree of suspicion for the alert clinician and dentist. So, the goal of this case-control study is to determine whether there is a link between gastric diseases and dental caries. Methodology. Examinations were performed on (250) patients, all of them suffering from dental caries in varies degree: We relied on statistical information that we gathered through a questionnaire form, which included the results of numerous different clinical outcomes for both (150) healthy people and those 100 with gastric disorders from a variety of genders, ages, residency, and we calculate DMFT index for both groups. Results. There was a statistically significant differences in the mean DMFT between health and gastric disease participants. Conclusions. A noteworthy correlation exists between gastric disorders and dental caries, as well as oral manifestation lesions and associated consequences like erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Measurement of dental caries is imperative for its prevention and control. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a dental caries index that is reliable, reversible, and valid. A cross-sectional study was designed and conducted at the outreach dental clinics of a dental school in India. Methods and Material: A total of 219 patients visiting outreach centres participated in the study. Patients attending outreach dental clinics aged 15 years and above, who were dentate and affected by dental caries, were included. Clinical examination was done under clinical conditions with dental chair lighting. Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Index of Caries Experience (ICE) were recorded using the visuo-tactile method according to the index criteria. Results: The relationship between the DMFT and ICE was determined. Results showed that the DMFT from ICE had good correlation. The decayed teeth index (DTI) score varied from decayed teeth (DT) according to age and sex. DTI was significantly higher for females than for males and higher among younger age groups than older ones, but DT did not exhibit the differences. Conclusions: ICE is a new system in which the proviso is to measure the non-cavitated lesions and health of permanent dentition. DMFT and ICE have good correlation. DTI is more sensitive than the DT score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between oral health of schoolchildren living in the North Sardinia area and socioeconomic deprivation was assessed to evaluate a potential spatial correlation. Methods: A total of 10,947 subjects were examined (5281 aged 3–5-years, and 5666 aged 6–11-years). The WHO dmft index score was calculated following clinical examination by calibrated examiners. The Sardinian Deprivation Index (IDMS) of the children's municipalities was also considered. Descriptive, bivariate and multinomial data analysis was conducted to assess the association between clinical data and socioeconomic deprivation. The presence of systematic spatial variation regarding caries experience (dmft) and deprivation status was investigated using a spatial autoregressive analysis. Results: Caries figures were statistically different in the two age groups (dmf > 0, 13.79% in the younger group vs. dmf > 0, 34.20% in the older one, p < 0.01). In a multinomial logistic regression model for caries experience, all the covariates were statistically significantly associated (p < 0.01) in comparison with the base outcome "caries-free". Linear regression analysis showed a dependence of dmft on IDMS (p < 0.01). Based on this equation, the dmft of the 39 municipalities that did not participate in the survey was estimated. IDMS was statistically significantly associated (p < 0.01) with caries prevalence in the spatial regression model. Conclusions: The deprivation index significantly increased the risk of caries for all categories of caries experience and prevalence compared to caries-free. The relationship between IDMS and caries data was also confirmed by spatial analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This nationwide study assessed the prevalence and severity of dental caries in 6-, 12-, and 15-year-old school children across Saudi Arabia. This study examined differences between genders and among regions regarding the mean values of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT), the care index (CI), and the significant caries index (SiC index). Data from 19,870 participants, 10,435 males and 9435 females, were collected using stratified multistage cluster random sampling. The survey team divided Saudi Arabia into five regions (northern, eastern, western, southern, and middle). To represent each respective region, a large city, two random towns (peri -urban), and four random rural areas were selected for surveying. Lastly, the sampling technique was applied by choosing random schools and random classes within the selected schools. Dental caries were assessed using the dmft/DMFT score, CI, and the top 30% and 10% of the sample dmft/DMFT scores (SiC30 and SiC10, respectively). The overall prevalence of caries was 65.6%, with 72.1 occurring in primary teeth and 61.7% in permanent teeth. The percentages of individuals with missing teeth and filled teeth were 9.0% and 20.5%, respectively. The mean dmft was 3.93 ± 3.60, while the mean DMFT was 2.42 ± 2.52; most of the DMFT components were significantly higher in females than males, while the dmft components were higher in males. The northern region had the highest and worst DMFT/dmft ratios of the five regions. The mean SiC30 and SiC10 values were significantly higher than the overall average DMFT/dmft values (P < 0.001). Dental caries remain a public health challenge among school children in Saudi Arabia. The SiC and CI analysis indicated that caries management had a high overall efficacy, but that certain groups of the population may need targeted management in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) is an important measure of patients’ needs and progress. Identifying the links between clinical and non-clinical factors with OHRQoL in a specific population will facilitate the development of effective preventive strategies. The aim of the study was to assess the OHRQoL of Sudanese older adults, and to identify the possible relations between clinical and non-clinical predictors with OHRQoL using Wilson and Cleary model. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among older adults attending the out-patient clinics in Khartoum State’s Health Care Centers, Sudan. OHRQoL was assessed using the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). Two modifications of Wilson and Cleary’s conceptual model were tested using structural equations modeling including: oral health status, symptom status, perceived difficulty of chewing, oral health perceptions, and OHRQoL. Results 249 older adults participated in the study. Their mean age was 68.24 (± 6.7) years. The mean GOHAI score was 53.96 (± 6.31) and trouble biting/chewing was the most commonly reported negative impact. Wilson and Cleary models showed that pain, Perceived Difficulty Chewing (PDC), and Perceived Oral Health had a direct effect on OHRQoL. In model 1, age and gender had direct effects on oral health status, while education had direct effects on OHRQoL. In model 2, poor oral health status is associated indirectly with poor OHRQoL. Conclusions The OHRQoL of the studied Sudanese older adults was relatively good. The study partially confirmed Wilson and Cleary model as Oral Health Status was related directly to PDC and indirectly to OHRQoL through functional status.

Objective: Dental caries in permanent teeth is one of the most common health issues—despite being preventable in early stages—due to inadequate regulation of preventive dental services in many countries. This study evaluates the association between regulation of preventive dental services and oral health outcomes. Methods: This mixed-method study analysed data from 19 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Oral health outcomes were measured using decayed missing and filled teeth (DMFT) indexes for children aged 12 to 18 years. Oral health expenditures were measured as a percentage of each country's gross domestic product (GDP). We conducted web-based research and systematically extracted and coded data on dental policy regarding children's preventive dental services. Preventive care was assessed based on legal policy mandating children receive preventive services, availability of free services for children, and regulation of the services provided. We assessed the relationship amongst oral health policy, outcomes, and expenditure using bivariate regression analysis. Results: The most common preventive policy category is the availability of free dental services for children (78.95%), and the least common is policy mandating dental services for children (26.32%). The oral health expenditure is correlated with DMFT index (−4.42, P < 0.05). The legal policy mandating dental services for children is correlated with DMFT index (−1.32, P < 0.05) and correlated with average oral health expenditure (0.16, P < 0.05). Conclusions: A percentage increase in oral health expenditure is associated with a 4.42 reduction in DMFT. The existence of legal policy mandating dental care for children is associated with a 1.32 reduction in mean DMFT score and a 0.16% increase in oral health expenditure. These findings highlight the importance of preventive care and may aid policymaking and health system reforms.

Abstract Background This study aimed to determine the relationship between dental anxiety and oral health in adult patients who applied to the Department of Restorative Dentistry at the Faculty of Dentistry at Suleyman Demirel University. Methods The study included 500 subjects. The dental anxiety levels of the patients were determined using a modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS). Information on sociodemographic details, oral hygiene and nutritional habits were recorded. Intraoral examinations of the subjects were performed. Caries prevalence of individuals was determined using the decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) and decayed, missing, or filled surfaces (DMFS) indices. Gingival health was evaluated using the gingival index (GI). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-square tests and Spearman correlation analysis. Results The ages of the 276 female and 224 male participants ranged from 18–84 years. The median MDAS value was 9.00. The median DMFT and DMFS values were 10.00 and 23.00, respectively. The median MDAS values ​​of women were higher than those of men. Individuals who postponed their appointment had a higher MDAS median value than those who did not (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.05). No statistically significant correlation was found between dental anxiety level (MDAS) and GI, DMFT and DMFS index scores (Spearman correlation analysis, p > 0.05). Conclusion The MDAS values of individuals who did not remember the reason for their dental visit were higher than those who visited the dentist for routine control. Based on the findings of this study, further research on the relationship between dental anxiety and oral health is necessary to determine the factors that pose a risk for dental anxiety and to ensure the regular benefits of dental services.

Nudge theory proposes using subtle interventions to encourage individuals to make better decisions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Nudge theory in plaque control and assess caries experience among third-grade primary schoolchildren with refugee and immigrant backgrounds in Mashhad, Iran. Moreover, Afghan and Iranian schoolchildren were compared to assess differences in oral health outcomes. A quasi-experimental field trial was conducted in three public primary schools, comprising 309 participants approximately 9 years old. Interventions were randomly assigned to three schools: School I Messages based on Social Norms (MSN), School II Messages based on Fear of Negative Outcome (MFNO), and School III control group (C). MSN and MFNO received customized motivational video clips at baseline, while C only received Oral hygiene instruction (OHI). All participants received OHI, a brush, and toothpaste. Baseline plaque index (PI) and caries experience in primary and permanent dentition (dmft/DMFT) were recorded. PI was reassessed at two weeks, two months, and six months post-intervention. All data were subjected to statistical analysis. The mean PI decreased significantly in all three groups at the two-week follow-up (p < 0.01). The PI improvements declined over a six-month follow-up period in all groups, and the mean PI difference after six months compared to the pre-intervention was significant only in MSN and MFNO (p < 0.01), while C reverted almost to the pre-study level. Schoolchildren with at least one filled tooth or Iranian nationality showed a greater PI reduction (p < 0.01, p = 0.05). The overall mean ± SD dmft and DMFT were 4.24 ± 2.11 and 1.70 ± 1.24, respectively. Among all the examined participants, 32 (10.40%) individuals were caries-free. The mean dmft was statistically significantly higher in Afghan children than in Iranians (p = 0.01). MSN was more effective on PI reduction in the short term, while MFNO was more long-lasting. Using the Nudge theory via visual aids was more effective in motivating children to perform better oral self-care than solely traditional OHI.

Purpose: This study aimed to obtain the oral health-related factors of patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) from family caregivers and to relate caregiver-perceived risk factors to dental treatment needs of patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 dyads of patients (mean [SD] age = 29.1 [8.4] years) and their family caregivers (mean [SD] age = 56.5 [9.5] years) were included. Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires by caregivers and oral examinations by a dentist. Oral health conditions of patients were analysed in different age groups using paired t-tests. Caregiver-perceived oral health conditions of patients and dentistassessed caries and periodontal disease were compared using Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Relationships between patient factors and treatment needs were analysed using multiple logistic regression. Results: Tooth pain, chewing difficulty, and reasons for the last dental visit were associated with high numbers of decayed teeth (DT) (p < 0.05). Overall oral health condition of patients rated by caregivers was related to high DT and the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score (p < 0.05). Well-maintained dental care of caregivers was associated with lower numbers of DT and less urgent treatment needs of patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There were caregiver-perceived factors indicating dental treatment needs of patients with IDD. Proxy reports by caregivers can be used as risk predictors for ongoing dental problems of patients with communication limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]