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The dynamic behavior of a glycerol aqueous droplet impacting on a thin water film was experimentally investigated with a high-speed camera. Numerous splash behaviors with different impact velocities (2.0-4.5 m/s), liquid film thicknesses (140-700 μm) and glycerol solution concentrations (30 wt%, 60 wt% and 80 wt%) were statistically analyzed, and finally classified based on morphological features. The laser-induced fluorescence images illustrate that the prompt splash secondary droplets mainly originated from the thin water film, while the components of delayed splash secondary droplets came from both the glycerol aqueous droplet and the thin water film. The results show that increasing viscosity suppresses prompt splash, inhibits the crown expansion and accelerates the crown collapse, while decreasing droplet viscosity facilitates prompt splash. The decreasing film thickness promotes passive delayed splash and increases the crown height. A splash morphology regime map was presented based on Weber number, dimensionless film thickness and solution mass concentration, delineating a threshold between prompt splash and coalescence. It also found that the occurrence of crown lamella rupture is sensitive to the film thickness and We. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of substrate roughness and impact angle on the spreading behavior of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) slurry droplets during the spraying process using a dispersing disk are investigated, aiming to enhance the quality of lithium-ion battery separators. In this study, through theoretical modeling and simulation analysis, mathematical expressions for the maximum spreading coefficient and the final shrinking coefficient of the droplets are derived. A simulation model for droplet impact and diffusion on the substrate surface is established based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) and the Lagrangian function. Simulation results indicate that the maximum spreading coefficient of the droplet decreases with increasing substrate roughness and impact angle, while the final shrinking coefficient increases with substrate roughness but decreases as the impact angle increases. Finally, spray coating experiments for lithium-ion battery separators are conducted, and the results show that as the surface roughness and impact angle of the substrate increase, the average diameter of the droplets decreases, thereby validating the accuracy of the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using propagating Lamb waves along the inclined curved surfaces, we present a technique to reduce the impact of rainy days on-camera performance. Our experimental results show that Lamb waves, generated at a location distant from a point of droplet impact, can suppress the formation of satellite droplets during partial rebound. Additionally, a high-fidelity numerical simulation model was developed, revealing that the liquid’s surface tension significantly affects the occurrence of satellite droplets during partial rebound. Moreover, by applying Lamb waves, the droplet on the curved surface can be propelled at different speeds. Combining numerical simulations, we can clearly observe the deformation of the gas-liquid interface after the droplets impact the substrate. Afterward, we systematically investigated the effects of droplet impact height, inclination angle, and applied input power on the Lamb Waves on droplet removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray cooling, of which the essence is droplet impacting, is an efficient thermal management technique for dense electronic components in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Nanofluids are pointed as promising cooling dispersions. Since the nanofluids are unstable, a dispersant could be added to the fluid. However, the added dispersant may influence the droplet, thereby impacting behaviors. In this work, the effects of dispersant on the nanofluid droplet-impacting dynamics are studied experimentally. The base fluid is deionized water (DI water), and Al2O3 is the selected nanoparticle. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as the dispersant. Five different concentrations of nanofluids are configured using a two-step method. Droplet impacting behaviors are observed by high-speed imaging techniques. The other effects, i.e., the nanofluid particle volume fraction and the Weber number on droplet impact dynamics, are also systematically investigated. The results illustrate that the surface tension of the Al2O3 nanofluid increases with increased nanofluid concentrations. The surface tension of Al2O3 nanofluid with SDS is lower than that of DI water. And the increase in droplet impact velocity increases the spreading morphology. Nanofluid droplets exhibit spreading and equilibrium process when SDS is added. Furthermore, as the concentration of the nanofluid increases, the spreading process is inhibited. Whereas without SDS, the droplets undergo spreading, receding, and equilibrium processes. Moreover, there is no appreciable change in the impacting process with concentration increase. The empirical models of maximum spreading factor should be established without SDS and with SDS, respectively. This study can provide theoretical basis and specific guidance for experimental characterization of UAVs' electronic devices based on the mechanism of nanofluid droplet impact on the wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The dynamic behavior of a glycerol aqueous droplet impacting on a thin water film was experimentally investigated with a high-speed camera. Numerous splash behaviors with different impact velocities (2.0-4.5 m/s), liquid film thicknesses (140-700 μm) and glycerol solution concentrations (30 wt%, 60 wt% and 80 wt%) were statistically analyzed, and finally classified based on morphological features. The laser-induced fluorescence images illustrate that the prompt splash secondary droplets mainly originated from the thin water film, while the components of delayed splash secondary droplets came from both the glycerol aqueous droplet and the thin water film. The results show that increasing viscosity suppresses prompt splash, inhibits the crown expansion and accelerates the crown collapse, while decreasing droplet viscosity facilitates prompt splash. The decreasing film thickness promotes passive delayed splash and increases the crown height. A splash morphology regime map was presented based on Weber number, dimensionless film thickness and solution mass concentration, delineating a threshold between prompt splash and coalescence. It also found that the occurrence of crown lamella rupture is sensitive to the film thickness and We.

Ice accretion from the impingement of supercooled water droplets on the rotating components of aero-engines reduces engine efficiency and poses significant in-flight safety risks. In the present study, we experimentally investigate the impact of water droplets on the center of a rotating disk to gain insights into the icing mechanisms on these components. The effects of impact velocity and disk rotation speed on dynamic behaviors are systematically explored by visualizing the phenomena and quantitatively analyzing the evolution of droplet diameters during long time durations. Three distinct regimes of impact dynamics are identified based on the final states: stable rotation, stable ring, and ring ejection. The experimental results reveal that the spreading phase is primarily governed by inertial effects, with minimal influence from disk rotation, while the latter significantly affects the retraction phase. The maximum spreading factor increases with the impact velocity and shows little dependence on rotation, and the spreading time remains nearly unchanged. Scaling laws for the maximum and equilibrium spreading factors as functions of the Weber number and rotational Bond number are established. While the maximum spreading factor increases with impact velocity on static disks, the retraction time decreases as both the impact velocity and rotation speed increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a numerical investigation of the three-dimensional dynamics of droplet impact on a thin liquid substrate using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The LBM solver is employed to simulate the fluid dynamics of the droplet-substrate interaction and the subsequent formation of waves on the substrate surface. The study specifically focuses on the influence of Weber number on the collision dynamics between the droplet and substrate, as well as the resulting wave patterns. The simulation results provide insights into the behaviour of the droplet-substrate interface, including the formation of a 'neck' region and the fluid recirculation around it. Moreover, the study examines the impact of Weber's number on the amplitude and frequency of the resulting waves. This research holds significant implications for applications in microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS*), where a thorough understanding of droplet impact dynamics is crucial for the design and optimisation of inkjet print heads and other droplet-based systems. By offering an in-depth understanding of the droplet-substrate interaction, this study contributes to the development of more efficient and precise droplet production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic behavior of droplets with various surface tensions impacting on a super-hydrophobic surface is experimentally investigated. Two possible impact behaviors, named complete rebound and fragmentation-splashing, are observed on water and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) droplet. Besides these two types of behavior, another behavior named partial rebound is only observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate droplet. A phase diagram is provided to quantitatively elucidate the dependence of droplet impact behaviors on the Reynolds number Re and sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration. The increased SDS concentration (i.e., the decreased droplet surface tension) can prevent complete rebound behavior and make gradual decrease in the critical Reynolds number for complete rebound and partial rebound and that for partial rebound and fragmentation-splashing. As for detailed behaviors of impact, the droplet retraction time tr is more significantly affected by the droplet impact velocity and surface tension, while the spreading time ts varies in a small range. As compared with ts, the droplet retraction time tr is much longer and possesses different evolving features with various droplets as Re varies. For the water droplet, tr gradually decreases with increase in Re; and the trend shows to be opposite for the SDS droplet. Based on energy conservation principles, an analytic model for maximum spreading factor (βmax) of droplets with various surface tensions impacting on a super-hydrophobic surface is proposed, where the parameter for maximum spreading time is defined as ts = Dm/2 . As compared with the experimental data, the predicted results are highly acceptable with the errors less than 10% and most errors less than 7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics / Jisuan Lixue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics Editorial Office, Dalian University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the hydrothermal behavior of leaky dielectric and perfect dielectric droplets impacting a superheated wall within a specific range of Weber numbers (We≤30) $(We\le 30)$ under an electric field. Through this investigation, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics involved in droplet‐superheated surface interactions under electric fields, which can be useful in various applications, such as the design of cooling systems and combustion chambers. The study utilizes the level‐set and ghost fluid techniques to capture the interface accurately. Under an electric field, different behaviors are observed during the impact process, depending on the electrical properties of the droplet. A perfect dielectric droplet experiences a reduction in spreading extent and an increase in contact time. However, no remarkable enhancement in total heat removal occurs in this case. For the leaky dielectric droplet exhibiting prolate deformation at the stationary state, increasing the electric field magnitude results in a slight decrease in the droplet spreading extent, while the droplet contact time and total heat removal from the surface increase. At an electric capillary number of 1.55E − 2 and a Weber number of 25, the enhancement in the contact time and total heat removal is about 43% and 15%, respectively. For the leaky dielectric droplet with oblate deformation at the stationary state, the spreading extent and total heat removal increase, with negligible changes in contact time. At the above‐mentioned electric capillary and Weber numbers, the enhancement in the spreading extent and total heat removal is about 7.5% and 15%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with a numerical study of a drop impacting a moving film as a transient three-dimensional and its comparison with static film. For the modeling, the CLSVOF (Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid) method has been used for drop impact analysis. The parametric effects of film Reynolds number (830 < Ref < 4478), non-dimensional film thickness (0.25 < h* < 0.75), drop Weber number (249 < We < 1762), non-dimensional time (0.5 < τ < 4.0), and impact angle (0°, 30°, and 60°), on the interface evolution, was investigated. Further, the results have been compared to drop-impacting static film obtained by previous researchers, whereby in most cases consists of the results with drop-impacting static film have been observed. However, the drop impacting the moving film indicated a different behavior in some cases because of the unique effect of the moving film movement. Doubling the film velocity as well as a 57% reduction in the drop velocity, caused an 8.3% and 6.66% increase in the crown asymmetry and suppression of the downstream crown. The crown slip toward the downstream flow was observed in all cases. Doubling the fluid film velocity, on average, reduced the crown height by 18.5% and increased its diameter by 10.48%. However, its effect on the crater diameter was negligible (1%). An increase in the film thickness from 0.5 mm to 1 mm (h* from 0.25 to 0.5), fed the upstream crown, and on average, increased its height by 10.57%. At a low impact velocity of 3 m/s (We = 249), the crown diameter was, on average, 26.7% larger than its diameter at the velocity of 7 m/s (We = 1358). By increasing the drop impact angle to 60 degrees and overcoming the effect of the fluid film velocity, the crown behavior was the same as its behavior with the drop impact on the static film. Finally, to predict the upstream crown height, downstream crown height, crown diameter, and crater diameter, four novel five-variable correlations (depending on τ, θ, Ref, We, and h*) are developed. It is concluded that a good agreement exists between the numerical data, and correlation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation of droplet-wall impact process based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is of great significance for understanding the dynamic behavior of droplets spreading on the solid wall, and can provide technical support for the design of superhydrophobic structures and the development of anti-icing coating. The difficulty lies in how to accurately describe the evolution process of the contact line and the dynamic contact angle in the model. Herein, 4 typical dynamic contact angle models were summarized, and their application ranges were analyzed theoretically. With the UDF function in FLUENT the dynamic contact angle model was applied to the wall boundary conditions, and the dynamic process of droplet impact on smooth wall was numerically simulated. The quantitative analysis of the changes of droplet shape parameters and the comparison with the experimental results show that, the Seebergh dynamic contact angle model is more suitable for simulating the motion of droplets with lower capillary numbers. The Kistler model and the Jiang model are more widely used and can accurately describe the motions of droplets with higher capillary numbers. Then, based on the Kistler dynamic contact angle model, the impact and spreading processes of droplets on the microstructure surface were simulated. It is found that, the application of the dynamic contact angle model will lead to the change of the internal flow fields of droplets with the surface tension playing a dominant role, and the simulated droplet contact angle value in equilibrium is close to the theoretical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spreading behavior of droplets impacting solid surfaces is of significant importance in numerous industrial and medical applications. This study specifically focuses on the droplet impact behaviors of shear-thinning fluids. Extensive impact experiments were conducted using high-speed visualization techniques. Image sequences in the DI water and xanthan gum solution droplets impact process are captured at a We range of around 3.2–388 and Ren of 18–8145. The morphologies of spreading droplets on hydrophilic, moderate, and hydrophobic surfaces was observed with temporal evolution. The experimental results showed that the spreading behavior of shear-thinning droplets varies with the impact velocity, surface wettability, and fluid concentration. The droplets spread more widely and rapidly at larger We with the time evolution of the spreading factor. In addition, the spreading of the droplets becomes suppressed on a hydrophobic surface or with a higher xanthan concentration. With the increase of We, the effect of fluid viscosity gradually surpasses the surface wettability. The fluid viscosity with the shear-thinning properties has more influence on the spreading behavior at high We. Furthermore, the experimental data of the maximum spreading factor could be scaled with the We and Ren at low and high We, respectively. Finally, the maximum spreading of shear-thinning droplets was correlated with a universal rescaling model. The correlation shows good accordance with the experimental results of droplet impact from this study and the literature in a wide range of impact conditions and shear-thinning properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the classical problem of droplet impact and droplet spread on a smooth surface in the case of an ideal inviscid fluid. We revisit the rim–lamella model of Roisman et al. (Roisman et al. 2002 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A458, 1411–1430 (doi:10.1098/rspa.2001.0923)). This model comprises a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs); we present a rigorous theoretical analysis of these ODEs, and derive upper and lower bounds for the maximum spreading radius. Both bounds possess a We1/2 scaling behaviour, and by a sandwich result, the spreading radius itself also possesses this scaling. We demonstrate rigorously that the rim–lamella model is self-consistent: once a rim forms, its height will invariably exceed that of the lamella. We introduce a rational procedure to obtain initial conditions for the rim–lamella model. Our approach to solving the rim–lamella model gives predictions for the maximum droplet spread that are in close agreement with existing experimental studies and direct numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an improved cumulant collision model for the pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to increase the stability of multiphase flow simulations involving low viscosities. This model is based on the work of Kharmiani et al. in (J Stat Phys 175: 47, 2019), which can be extended regardless of the collision model. The original cumulant collision model (Geier et al. in Comput Math Appl 70:507, 2015) causes a non-physical shape of droplets in pseudo-potential LBM because only the first-order central moments are considered in the forcing scheme. The improved cumulant collision model proposed in this paper applies the central moment forcing scheme to the original cumulant model to cover the high-order central moments. Several numerical simulations were carried out to validate the proposed model. First, the problem of a stationary liquid layer was solved, where the proposed model was demonstrated to be thermodynamically consistent. Second, the problem of a stationary droplet was solved, where the result agreed well with Laplace’s law. Third, the problem of a droplet impact on a liquid film was solved, where the crown radius agreed well with the analytical and numerical results available. Fourth, the simulation results carried out with the raw moment, central moment, and the proposed improved cumulant collision models were compared, as the liquid and vapor viscosities were gradually lowered. With all else being equal, only the lattice Boltzmann method with the proposed improved cumulant collision model was able to successfully simulate a density ratio of 720 and a Reynolds number of 8.7 × 10 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Droplet impact is a common occurrence in nature, agriculture, and industry. The research on the multi‐droplet impact is fundamental to understanding the tangled nature of reality. This paper numerically studies the successive oblique impact of dual droplets on the liquid film by building an effective three‐dimensional model. The leading and trailing droplets are set to pass a certain impact point with the same velocity. The main contribution of this paper is the investigation of the effects of Weber number, liquid film thickness, impact angle, and impact time interval on the interface morphology evolution after the droplet impact. Results show that splash pattern conversion of the primary or secondary crown occurs with the change of these factors. Besides, the variations of the maximum crater radius in upstream, lateral, and downstream directions with time are quantitatively analyzed. The crater radius analysis is carried out from three perspectives, the variation during the single droplet impact, the change during the dual droplets impact, and the comparison between them. It is found that the crater of dual droplets impact exhibits shape distortion in the deformation period and appears a marked dimensional increase in the secondary expansion period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing microstructures on smooth surfaces is significant for 3D printing technology and surface self-cleaning effects in engineering applications. This paper uses the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to study the droplet impact behavior on different microstructured surfaces: right-triangle, semicircular, and rectangular microstructures. The formulas for calculating the surface wetting characteristics of different microstructures are derived theoretically, the difference between simulation results and those from theoretical analyses is less than 5 %. The increase of the microstructure column height h may eventually lead to the disappearance of the Wenzel mode. The droplet impact on the microstructured hydrophilic surface can accelerate the droplet to the stable stage and reduce the excessive impact effect. The droplet impacts on the superhydrophobic microstructured surface can accelerate the rebound separation and shorten the time to reach the stable stage. When droplets impact the superhydrophobic surface of the right-triangle microstructure, a secondary separation phenomenon will occur, resulting in the maximum rebound height and the maximum reduction of the near-wall density. The superhydrophobic right-triangle microstructured surface can more effectively promote self-cleaning.

This study investigates the dynamic propagation of solution droplets in frost-free air source heat pump systems, focusing on calcium chloride and ethylene glycol solutions. The research examines three key stages: droplet impact on a surface, collision with stationary droplets, and impact on a stabilized liquid film. Key findings include that increased surface contact angle and solution concentration inhibit droplet spreading, while higher impact velocity enhances it. Droplet retraction is influenced by surface tension and adhesion, with calcium chloride droplets showing variable retraction and ethylene glycol droplets consistently retracting less as concentration increases. Collisions with stationary droplets lead to behaviors such as merging, spreading, and rebound, with higher velocity accelerating these processes. In the final impact stage, a stable liquid film formation results in crown sputtering and oscillation, where sputtering height is inversely related to concentration but increases with impact velocity. These insights contribute to optimizing droplet management in air treatment systems.

Spraying dust suppression liquid on the coal surface is a common dust suppression method for coal-related industrial enterprises, and the wetting process of dust suppression droplets impacting the coal surface is of great significance to the dust suppression effect. In order to study the dynamic wetting process of dust suppression droplets on the coal surface and further evaluate the wetting performance of droplets, the index of dynamic wettability during droplets impacting on the coal surface is proposed. The dynamic wetting process of droplets on the coal surface is investigated based on CLSVOF numerical simulation method. The wetting performance in the process is evaluated by using the dimensionless wetting length and the dimensionless wetting area, and the theoretical expressions of the maximum dimensionless wetting length and the maximum dimensionless wetting area are derived. At the same time, they are compared with the wettability evaluation ability of surface tension. The results show that the CLSVOF method can better simulate the impact and dynamic wetting process of droplets on the coal surface, and can be used to evaluate the dynamic wetting ability of different droplets on the coal surface under different conditions. The droplet drops on the coal surface, and first spreads as a disk. When the maximum spreading is reached, there is a velocity difference between the edge and the center of the disk droplet. When the velocity difference is small, the droplet retracts and coalesces into a sphere. When the velocity difference is large, the droplet breaks and forms many tiny droplets. And the larger the droplet size is, the earlier the breakage behavior appears and the more obvious the phenomenon is. Once the droplet breaks on the coal surface, the dimensionless wetting length and the dimensionless wetting area do not maintain the consistent trend, and the evaluation ability of the dimensionless wetting area is better. When the droplet size is the same, the larger the We number of droplet impacting the coal surface, the better the wetting ability. Increasing the droplet size at the same velocity has less effect on its wetting ability. Compared with surface tension, the dimensionless wetting length and dimensionless wetting area have better ability to evaluate wettability of droplets, which reflects the potential application value in the evaluation and optimization wetting agents.

In order to study the effect of the cold surface on the anti-frosting performance of the superhydrophobic coating and the impact contact behavior of droplets, a fluorine-based self-assembled superhydrophobic coating was sprayed on the surface of carbon fibers. Subsequently, the frosting, droplet icing and droplet contact behaviors of the sample on a semiconductor refrigeration table were observed visually, and the variation mechanisms of frost formation, droplet icing and droplet impact contact behaviors over time on the surface of superhydrophobic coatings were analyzed. Results showed that unlike ordinary surfaces, condensation droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces did not freeze at-5 ℃. At temperatures of-10,-15 ℃, the frost suppression effect of superhydrophobic surfaces was significantly better than that of ordinary surfaces, with frost formation times delayed by 34 s and 22 s, respectively. Besides, the delayed freezing times of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces at-5,-10,-15 ℃ were 16 times, 10 times and 9 times longer than those on ordinary surfaces, respectively. The maximum spreading diameter of droplets after colliding with low-temperature superhydrophobic surfaces was the same at different temperatures. The droplet partially rebounded at-5 ℃ and-10 ℃, and rebounded 11 times on the superhydrophobic surface at 25 ℃.

Recent experiments have demonstrated an extremely high output voltage of 260 V by impinging droplets on an electret surface with top and back electrodes. However, the mechanism underlying the generated high voltage remains elusive. Through high‐speed imaging of the impinging water droplet, it is found that the recorded voltage is proportional to the change rate of contact length l between the droplet and the top electrode over time, that is, dl/dt. By combining an electrostatic model with multi‐physics simulations, the time‐dependent charge distribution on the top electrode is analytically described as a function of several key factors pertaining to the spreading dynamics of droplet and the geometrical dimensions of device. These results show that the high voltage originates from the accumulation of charge in the spreading droplet and the ensuing instantaneous discharge upon high‐speed contact with the top electrode. Using the model‐optimized parameters, the experimentally generated voltage from a falling 64 µL droplet with a 2 mm salt can be boosted to 1030 V, giving rise to an energy conversion efficiency as high as 3.3%. This conversion efficiency will further increase by 14 times if the surface charge density of the electret can be enhanced to its limit using state‐of‐the‐art fabrication techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro/nanostructured surfaces with extreme wettability, such as superhydrophobic surfaces, are useful for various applications. Herein, we used Ar plasma to form polydimethylsiloxane films while immobilising SiO2 nanoparticles, which were prepared on polyester fabric surfaces under mechanical stretch–release to obtain micro/nanostructures. The treated fabrics exhibited a large contact angle of 169.06° with small sliding angle of 5°. We developed corresponding micro/nanostructure models to establish the relationships between the structural parameters and the hydrostatic pressure and water-droplet bouncing. The model is useful for guiding the regulation of water pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spreading and splashing behavior of high-velocity metal liquid droplets upon impact with a substrate is a fundamental scientific concern in thermal spray and additive manufacturing for metal deposition. A thorough understanding of the spreading and splashing tendencies of individual liquid droplets, along with the factors influencing them, is crucial for improving the quality of sprayed coatings and additively manufactured components. In this research, high-speed photography was employed to document the propagation process, splashing events, and alterations in droplet structure following the impact of tin droplets onto stainless steel surfaces at varying velocities. The study unveiled that as the impact velocity rises, the droplet's dynamics undergo a series of transformations, encompassing retraction, spreading, and splashing, accompanied by dynamic fluctuations in the contact angle. Elevated impact velocities result in an augmentation of the droplet's maximum spreading diameter, coupled with a simultaneous reduction in spreading duration. Splashing occurs at relatively higher speeds and near the maximum forward contact angle. The paper verified a splashing prediction model based on the pressure balance of the liquid film and boundary conditions, successfully predicting the onset of droplet splashing. The results of the experiments can be applied to advanced technologies in thermal spray and additive manufacturing for metal deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work compares the impact dynamics of ethanol/propanol and ethanol/water droplets on the heated plate and a novel unique bubble shrinkage phenomenon is observed and analyzed for ethanol/water droplets. This work aims to investigate the effect of liquid physical properties on the behavior of binary droplets impact on the heated smooth aluminum alloy plate with a high-speed imaging system. Two groups of mixed solutions with similar boiling point differences are selected as the working liquid, in which the low-boiling-point components are both ethanol and the high-boiling point components are propanol and water, respectively. Compared to the ethanol/propanol binary droplets, the experimental results show that the ethanol/water binary droplets have diverse impact phenomena and significantly broad transition boiling regimes, as well as the reduced droplet residence time and increased Leidenfrost temperature point. With the decreasing ethanol content in ethanol/water binary droplets, these effects become more prominent. For secondary atomization, the ethanol/water binary droplet undergoes parent droplet breakup into fragment droplets with larger diameters (Ds > 0.3 mm). Both binary droplets produce satellite droplets with small diameters (Ds < 0.3 mm) by puffing and ejection. In terms of the ethanol/propanol binary droplet impact, the probability of puffing is higher and the satellite droplet diameters are small. In the ethanol/water binary droplet impact, the probability of ejection is higher and the satellite droplet diameter distribution is wider. When an ethanol/water binary droplet of 25 vol.% ethanol content impacts the heated wall at Ts = 120 °C, a novel large bubble shrinkage phenomenon occurs at the late stage of droplet evaporation. This phenomenon is proposed to be relevant to the increasing surface tension and saturation temperature with decreasing ethanol content, as well as the decreasing ambient temperature above the top surface of the bubble. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental study on impact phenomena, bouncing time, maximum spreading time, maximum spreading ratio, maximum elongation, and restitution coefficient for a water-based liquid marble impinging on hydrophilic surface. [Display omitted] Liquid marbles are droplets coated by hydrophobic particles. At low Weber numbers (We), when impacting a hydrophilic surface, the marble may bounce on the substrate repeatedly without any rupturing until the quiescence condition is achieved. The marble bouncing has gained far less attention, although its rich underlying physics is due to the interaction between liquid core, hydrophobic grain, and surrounding air. Accordingly, this research experimentally scrutinizes the marble impact and subsequent bouncing on a hydrophilic surface for the first time. Additionally, the conversion of kinetic, gravitational potential, inertial, and surface energies occurring regularly during the impact is exhaustively surveyed. Moreover, the effect of Weber and gravitational Bond numbers (Bo) on the bouncing time, maximum spreading time, maximum spreading ratio, maximum elongation ratio, and maximum restitution are investigated, which characterize the marble impact and bouncing dynamics. This study is one of the limited investigations exploring the effects of the gravitational Bond number on the results. Dimensionless correlations are proposed for the mentioned parameters based on the experimental data. Furthermore, utilizing the simplifying theoretical presumptions, correlations are suggested based on the scale analysis for the spreading time and maximum spreading ratio. The results imply that the mentioned parameters behave differently at low and moderate Weber numbers, though the distinction is more pronounced in the case of the bouncing time, maximum spreading time and maximum spreading ratio. Although increasing with the Weber number when W e < W e c r , the restitution coefficient decreases with the We number for W e > W e c r . In addition, the maximum elongation ratio linearly grows with the Weber number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]