1. Regulation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of viral proteins: An integral role in pathogenesis?☆
- Author
-
Alex J. Fulcher and David A. Jans
- Subjects
Simian virus 40 T-ag ,Nuclear import ,viruses ,PML, promyelocytic leukaemia protein ,Human papillomavirus E1 ,BRAP2, BRCA1-associated protein 2 ,RbBS, retinoblastoma binding site ,medicine.disease_cause ,Nup, nucleoporin ,HTLV, human T-cell leukaemia virus ,Nuclear protein ,Nuclear pore ,RPP, Rabies virus phospho-protein ,Phosphorylation ,Rb, retinoblastoma ,biology ,CK2, protein kinase CK2 ,NES, nuclear export sequence ,CTD, C-terminal domain ,Cell biology ,STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Virus Diseases ,T-ag, large tumour antigen ,dsDNA-PK, double stranded DNA-dependent protein kinase ,EBV, Epstein–Barr virus ,BPV, bovine papillomavirus ,CK1, protein kinase CK1 ,IMP, importin ,Viral protein ,CBP, CREB binding protein ,Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ,KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus ,NPC, nuclear pore complex ,Importin ,DLC-AS, DLC-association sequence ,NLS, nuclear localisation sequence ,Article ,VZV, varicella zoster virus ,Viral Proteins ,MT-AS, MT-association sequence ,Cyclin-dependent kinase ,PKC, protein kinase C ,medicine ,GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3 ,Animals ,Humans ,DLC, dynein light chain ,EXP, exportin ,IFN, interferon ,SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome ,Molecular Biology ,PKA, protein kinase A PKC, protein kinase C ,SV40, simian virus 40 ,FG, phenylalanine–glycine ,HCMV, human cytomegalovirus ,Cell Biology ,Crm1, chromosome region maintenance protein 1 ,Virology ,HPV, human papilloma virus ,Rabies virus P ,CAV, chicken anaemia virus ,Human cytomegalovirus ppUL44 ,Cell nucleus ,RV, Rabies virus ,Viral replication ,biology.protein ,NE, nuclear envelope ,Cdk, cyclin dependent kinase ,LANA2, latency associated nuclear antigen 2 ,Nuclear transport ,MT, microtubule - Abstract
Signal-dependent targeting of proteins into and out of the nucleus is mediated by members of the importin (IMP) family of transport receptors, which recognise targeting signals within a cargo protein and mediate passage through the nuclear envelope-embedded nuclear pore complexes. Regulation of this process is paramount to processes such as cell division and differentiation, but is also critically important for viral replication and pathogenesis; phosphorylation appears to play a major role in regulating viral protein nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, along with other posttranslational modifications. This review focuses on viral proteins that utilise the host cell IMP machinery in order to traffic into/out of the nucleus, and in particular those where trafficking is critical to viral replication and/or pathogenesis, such as simian virus SV40 large tumour antigen (T-ag), human papilloma virus E1 protein, human cytomegalovirus processivity factor ppUL44, and various gene products from RNA viruses such as Rabies. Understanding of the mechanisms regulating viral protein nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is paramount to the future development of urgently needed specific and effective anti-viral therapeutics. This article was originally intended for the special issue “Regulation of Signaling and Cellular Fate through Modulation of Nuclear Protein Import”. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience caused., Research highlights ► Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of viral proteins is central to viral infection. ► Posttranslational modification is a key means to regulate viral protein trafficking. ► Nuclear trafficking of viral proteins can be a target for development of anti-virals.
- Published
- 2011